This revised, updated edition provides a comprehensive and rigorous description of the application of Hamilton's principle to continuous media. To introduce terminology and initial concepts, it begins with what is called the first problem of the calculus of variations. For both historical and pedagogical reasons, it first discusses the application of the principle to systems of particles, including conservative and non-conservative systems and systems with constraints. The foundations of mechanics of continua are introduced in the context of inner product spaces. With this basis, the application of Hamilton's principle to the classical theories of fluid and solid mechanics are covered. Then recent developments are described, including materials with microstructure, mixtures, and continua with singular surfaces.

Radical Theory of Rings distills the most noteworthy present-day theoretical topics, gives a unified account of the classical structure theorems for rings, and deepens understanding of key aspects of ring theory via ring and radical constructions. Assimilating radical theory's evolution in the decades since the last major work on rings and radicals was published, the authors deal with some distinctive features of the radical theory of nonassociative rings, associative rings with involution, and near-rings. Written in clear algebraic terms by globally acknowledged authorities, the presentation includes more than 500 landmark and up-to-date references providing direction for further research.

This book provides a broad, interdisciplinary overview of non-Archimedean analysis and its applications. Featuring new techniques developed by leading experts in the field, it highlights the relevance and depth of this important area of mathematics, in particular its expanding reach into the physical, biological, social, and computational sciences as well as engineering and technology. In the last forty years the connections between non-Archimedean mathematics and disciplines such as physics, biology, economics and engineering, have received considerable attention. Ultrametric spaces appear naturally in models where hierarchy plays a central role - a phenomenon known as ultrametricity. In the 80s, the idea of using ultrametric spaces to describe the states of complex systems, with a natural hierarchical structure, emerged in the works of Fraunfelder, Parisi, Stein and others. A central paradigm in the physics of certain complex systems - for instance, proteins - asserts that the dynamics of such a system can be modeled as a random walk on the energy landscape of the system. To construct mathematical models, the energy landscape is approximated by an ultrametric space (a finite rooted tree), and then the dynamics of the system is modeled as a random walk on the leaves of a finite tree. In the same decade, Volovich proposed using ultrametric spaces in physical models dealing with very short distances. This conjecture has led to a large body of research in quantum field theory and string theory. In economics, the non-Archimedean utility theory uses probability measures with values in ordered non-Archimedean fields. Ultrametric spaces are also vital in classification and clustering techniques. Currently, researchers are actively investigating the following areas: p-adic dynamical systems, p-adic techniques in cryptography, p-adic reaction-diffusion equations and biological models, p-adic models in geophysics, stochastic processes in ultrametric spaces, applications of ultrametric spaces in data processing, and more. This contributed volume gathers the latest theoretical developments as well as state-of-the art applications of non-Archimedean analysis. It covers non-Archimedean and non-commutative geometry, renormalization, p-adic quantum field theory and p-adic quantum mechanics, as well as p-adic string theory and p-adic dynamics. Further topics include ultrametric bioinformation, cryptography and bioinformatics in p-adic settings, non-Archimedean spacetime, gravity and cosmology, p-adic methods in spin glasses, and non-Archimedean analysis of mental spaces. By doing so, it highlights new avenues of research in the mathematical sciences, biosciences and computational sciences.

This book is about Lie group analysis of differential equations for physical and engineering problems. The topics include: -- Approximate symmetry in nonlinear physical problems -- Complex methods for Lie symmetry analysis -- Lie group classification, Symmetry analysis, and conservation laws -- Conservative difference schemes -- Hamiltonian structure and conservation laws of three-dimensional linear elasticity -- Involutive systems of partial differential equations This collection of works is written in memory of Professor Nail H. Ibragimov (1939-2018). It could be used as a reference book in differential equations in mathematics, mechanical, and electrical engineering.

How can social bonds in society be strengthened? How do we learn and develop prosocial behaviour?
This comprehensive textbook provides up-to-date coverage of the social phenomenon of prosocial behaviour, incorporating all the major developments in the fields of developmental and social psychology. The first section identifies different forms of prosocial behaviour, including estimates of prevalence in everyday situations and the controversy between biological and cultural perspectives as explanatory models of prosocial behaviour. The second and third sections focus on learning and development, with emphasis on social learning, responsibility, empathy and guilt. The fourth section explores the prevalence of prosocial behaviour, in particular the situational and personality factors which inhibit urgently needed prosocial behaviour. The final section is devoted to practical applications, such as how to increase the likelihood that people will work as volunteers in community organisations and how to heighten the willingness to offer first aid.
This book will be an invaluable resource for both undergraduate and postgraduate students of social psychology and sociology, as well as anyone with an interest in social services and voluntary organisations.

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This book is devoted to the structure of the absolute Galois groups of certain algebraic extensions of the field of rational numbers. Its main result, a theorem proved by the authors and Florian Pop in 2012, describes the absolute Galois group of distinguished semi-local algebraic (and other) extensions of the rational numbers as free products of the free profinite group on countably many generators and local Galois groups. This is an instance of a positive answer to the generalized inverse problem of Galois theory. Adopting both an arithmetic and probabilistic approach, the book carefully sets out the preliminary material needed to prove the main theorem and its supporting results. In addition, it includes a description of Melnikov's construction of free products of profinite groups and, for the first time in book form, an account of a generalization of the theory of free products of profinite groups and their subgroups. The book will be of interest to researchers in field arithmetic, Galois theory and profinite groups.

This book presents the theory of optimal and critical regularities of groups of diffeomorphisms, from the classical work of Denjoy and Herman, up through recent advances. Beginning with an investigation of regularity phenomena for single diffeomorphisms, the book goes on to describes a circle of ideas surrounding Filipkiewicz's Theorem, which recovers the smooth structure of a manifold from its full diffeomorphism group. Topics covered include the simplicity of homeomorphism groups, differentiability of continuous Lie group actions, smooth conjugation of diffeomorphism groups, and the reconstruction of spaces from group actions. Various classical and modern tools are developed for controlling the dynamics of general finitely generated group actions on one-dimensional manifolds, subject to regularity bounds, including material on Thompson's group F, nilpotent groups, right-angled Artin groups, chain groups, finitely generated groups with prescribed critical regularities, and applications to foliation theory and the study of mapping class groups. The book will be of interest to researchers in geometric group theory.

Reliability is a fundamental criterium in engineering systems. This book shows innovative concepts and applications of mathematics in solving reliability problems. The contents address in particular the interaction between engineers and mathematicians, as well as the cross-fertilization in the advancement of science and technology. It bridges the gap between theory and practice to aid in practical problem-solving in various contexts.

This book provides an introduction to topological groups and the structure theory of locally compact abelian groups, with a special emphasis on Pontryagin-van Kampen duality, including a completely self-contained elementary proof of the duality theorem. Further related topics and applications are treated in separate chapters and in the appendix.

This book offers an original account of the theory of near-rings, with a considerable amount of material which has not previously been available in book form, some of it completely new. The book begins with an introduction to the subject and goes on to consider the theory of near-fields, transformation near-rings and near-rings hosted by a group. The bulk of the chapter on near-fields has not previously been available in English. The transformation near-rings chapters considerably augment existing knowledge and the chapters on product hosting are essentially new. Other chapters contain original material on new classes of near-rings and non-abelian group cohomology. The Theory of Near-Rings will be of interest to researchers in the subject and, more broadly, ring and representation theorists. The presentation is elementary and self-contained, with the necessary background in group and ring theory available in standard references.

This textbook provides a readable account of the examples and fundamental results of groups from a theoretical and geometrical point of view. This is the second book of the set of two books on groups theory. Topics on linear transformation and linear groups, group actions on sets, Sylow's theorem, simple groups, products of groups, normal series, free groups, platonic solids, Frieze and wallpaper symmetry groups and characters of groups have been discussed in depth. Covering all major topics, this book is targeted to advanced undergraduate students of mathematics with no prerequisite knowledge of the discussed topics. Each section ends with a set of worked-out problems and supplementary exercises to challenge the knowledge and ability of the reader.

Mathematica, Maple, and similar software packages provide programs that carry out sophisticated mathematical operations. Applying the ideas introduced in Computer Algebra and Symbolic Computation: Elementary Algorithms, this book explores the application of algorithms to such methods as automatic simplification, polynomial decomposition, and polynomial factorization. This book includes complexity analysis of algorithms and other recent developments. It is well-suited for self-study and can be used as the basis for a graduate course. Maintaining the style set by Elementary Algorithms, the author explains mathematical methods as needed while introducing advanced methods to treat complex operations.

An increasing complexity of models used to predict real-world systems leads to the need for algorithms to replace complex models with far simpler ones, while preserving the accuracy of the predictions. This two-volume handbook covers methods as well as applications. This first volume focuses on real-time control theory, data assimilation, real-time visualization, high-dimensional state spaces and interaction of different reduction techniques.

This volume presents the state of the art in the algebraic investigation into substructural logics. It features papers from the workshop AsubL (Algebra & Substructural Logics - Take 6). Held at the University of Cagliari, Italy, this event is part of the framework of the Horizon 2020 Project SYSMICS: SYntax meets Semantics: Methods, Interactions, and Connections in Substructural logics. Substructural logics are usually formulated as Gentzen systems that lack one or more structural rules. They have been intensively studied over the past two decades by logicians of various persuasions. These researchers include mathematicians, philosophers, linguists, and computer scientists. Substructural logics are applicable to the mathematical investigation of such processes as resource-conscious reasoning, approximate reasoning, type-theoretical grammar, and other focal notions in computer science. They also apply to epistemology, economics, and linguistics. The recourse to algebraic methods -- or, better, the fecund interplay of algebra and proof theory -- has proved useful in providing a unifying framework for these investigations. The AsubL series of conferences, in particular, has played an important role in these developments. This collection will appeal to students and researchers with an interest in substructural logics, abstract algebraic logic, residuated lattices, proof theory, universal algebra, and logical semantics.

Featuring presentations from the Fourth International Conference on Commutative Algebra held in Fez, Morocco, this reference presents trends in the growing area of commutative algebra. With contributions from nearly 50 internationally renowned researchers, the book emphasizes innovative applications and connections to algebraic number theory, geometry, and homological and computational algebra. Presenting challenging problems of contemporary interest, discussions include linear Diophantine equations, going-down and going-up properties, and graded modules and analytic spread. They also cover algebroid curves and chain conditions, ideals and modules, and integral independence.

This self-contained monograph unifies theorems, applications and problem solving techniques of matrix inequalities. In addition to the frequent use of methods from Functional Analysis, Operator Theory, Global Analysis, Linear Algebra, Approximations Theory, Difference and Functional Equations and more, the reader will also appreciate techniques of classical analysis and algebraic arguments, as well as combinatorial methods. Subjects such as operator Young inequalities, operator inequalities for positive linear maps, operator inequalities involving operator monotone functions, norm inequalities, inequalities for sector matrices are investigated thoroughly throughout this book which provides an account of a broad collection of classic and recent developments. Detailed proofs for all the main theorems and relevant technical lemmas are presented, therefore interested graduate and advanced undergraduate students will find the book particularly accessible. In addition to several areas of theoretical mathematics, Matrix Analysis is applicable to a broad spectrum of disciplines including operations research, mathematical physics, statistics, economics, and engineering disciplines. It is hoped that graduate students as well as researchers in mathematics, engineering, physics, economics and other interdisciplinary areas will find the combination of current and classical results and operator inequalities presented within this monograph particularly useful.

This book gives an overview of research on graphs associated with commutative rings. The study of the connections between algebraic structures and certain graphs, especially finite groups and their Cayley graphs, is a classical subject which has attracted a lot of interest. More recently, attention has focused on graphs constructed from commutative rings, a field of study which has generated an extensive amount of research over the last three decades. The aim of this text is to consolidate this large body of work into a single volume, with the intention of encouraging interdisciplinary research between algebraists and graph theorists, using the tools of one subject to solve the problems of the other. The topics covered include the graphical and topological properties of zero-divisor graphs, total graphs and their transformations, and other graphs associated with rings. The book will be of interest to researchers in commutative algebra and graph theory and anyone interested in learning about the connections between these two subjects.

Considering that the motion of strings with finitely many masses on them is described by difference equations, this book presents the spectral theory of such problems on finite graphs of strings. The direct problem of finding the eigenvalues as well as the inverse problem of finding strings with a prescribed spectrum are considered. This monograph gives a comprehensive and self-contained account on the subject, thereby also generalizing known results. The interplay between the representation of rational functions and their zeros and poles is at the center of the methods used. The book also unravels connections between finite dimensional and infinite dimensional spectral problems on graphs, and between self-adjoint and non-self-adjoint finite-dimensional problems. This book is addressed to researchers in spectral theory of differential and difference equations as well as physicists and engineers who may apply the presented results and methods to their research.

This book provides a systematic approach for the algorithmic formulation and implementation of mathematical operations in computer algebra programming languages. The viewpoint is that mathematical expressions, represented by expression trees, are the data objects of computer algebra programs, and by using a few primitive operations that analyze and construct expressions, we can implement many elementary operations from algebra, trigonometry, calculus, and differential equations. With a minimum of prerequisites this book is accessible to and useful for students of mathematics, computer science, and other technical fields. The book contains a CD with the full, searchable text and implementations of all algorithms in the Maple, Mathematica, and MuPad programming languages.

This volume collects presentations from the international workshop on local cohomology held in Guanajuato, Mexico, including expanded lecture notes of two minicourses on applications in equivariant topology and foundations of duality theory, and chapters on finiteness properties, D-modules, monomial ideals, combinatorial analysis, and related topics. Featuring selected papers from renowned experts around the world, Local Cohomology and Its Applications is a provocative reference for algebraists, topologists, and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.

This volume deals with first and second order complex equations of hyperbolic and mixed types. Various general boundary value problems for linear and quasilinear complex equations are investigated in detail. To obtain results for complex equations of mixed types, some discontinuous boundary value problems for elliptic complex equations are discussed. Mixed complex equations are included in the quasilinear case, and the text considers both boundary value conditions in the general oblique derivative case and multiply connected domains. Complex analytical methods are used to investigate various problems as well. In particular, hyperbolic numbers and hyperbolic complex functions are introduced to handle hyperbolic complex equations. Researchers and graduate students in mathematical analysis will find this text indispensable.

Online education has become a major component of higher education worldwide. In mathematics and statistics courses, there exists a number of challenges that are unique to the teaching and learning of mathematics and statistics in an online environment. These challenges are deeply connected to already existing difficulties related to math anxiety, conceptual understanding of mathematical ideas, communicating mathematically, and the appropriate use of technology. Teaching and Learning Mathematics Online bridges these issues by presenting meaningful and practical solutions for teaching mathematics and statistics online. It focuses on the problems observed by mathematics instructors currently working in the field who strive to hone their craft and share best practices with our professional community. The book provides a set of standard practices, improving the quality of online teaching and the learning of mathematics. Instructors will benefit from learning new techniques and approaches to delivering content. Features Based on the experiences of working educators in the field Assimilates the latest technology developments for interactive distance education Focuses on mathematical education for developing early mathematics courses

Social influence processes play a key role in human behavior. Arguably our extraordinary evolutionary success has much to do with our subtle and highly developed ability to interact with and influence each other. In this volume, leading international researchers review and integrate contemporary theory and research on the many ways people influence each other, considering both explicit, direct, and implicit, indirect influence strategies. Three sections examine fundamental processes and theory in social influence research, the role of cognitive processes and strategies in social influence phenomena, and the operation of social influence mechanisms in group settings. By applying the latest research to a wide range of interpersonal phenomena, this volume greatly advances our understanding of social influence mechanisms in strategic social interaction, and should be of interest to all students, researchers and practitioners interested in the dynamics of everyday interpersonal behavior.

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This book gathers research papers and surveys on the latest advances in Schubert Calculus, presented at the International Festival in Schubert Calculus, held in Guangzhou, China on November 6-10, 2017. With roots in enumerative geometry and Hilbert's 15th problem, modern Schubert Calculus studies classical and quantum intersection rings on spaces with symmetries, such as flag manifolds. The presence of symmetries leads to particularly rich structures, and it connects Schubert Calculus to many branches of mathematics, including algebraic geometry, combinatorics, representation theory, and theoretical physics. For instance, the study of the quantum cohomology ring of a Grassmann manifold combines all these areas in an organic way. The book is useful for researchers and graduate students interested in Schubert Calculus, and more generally in the study of flag manifolds in relation to algebraic geometry, combinatorics, representation theory and mathematical physics.

The book consists of articles based on the XXXVIII Bialowieza Workshop on Geometric Methods in Physics, 2019. The series of Bialowieza workshops, attended by a community of experts at the crossroads of mathematics and physics, is a major annual event in the field. The works in this book, based on presentations given at the workshop, are previously unpublished, at the cutting edge of current research, typically grounded in geometry and analysis, with applications to classical and quantum physics. For the past eight years, the Bialowieza Workshops have been complemented by a School on Geometry and Physics, comprising series of advanced lectures for graduate students and early-career researchers. The extended abstracts of the five lecture series that were given in the eighth school are included. The unique character of the Workshop-and-School series draws on the venue, a famous historical, cultural and environmental site in the Bialowieza forest, a UNESCO World Heritage Centre in the east of Poland: lectures are given in the Nature and Forest Museum and local traditions are interwoven with the scientific activities. The chapter "Toeplitz Extensions in Noncommutative Topology and Mathematical Physics" is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.