The purpose of this report is to describe the field data, conceptual models, and methods used in the development of the modified envelope curves, as well as their application and limitations.

Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Proven methods for preventing and mitigating bridge and highway flood scour Offering detailed guidelines on bridge scour countermeasures, this comprehensive resource provides a proactive strategy for the design and construction of bridges to prevent scour, as well as a reactive plan for post-flood disaster management. Topics discussed include erosion, causes of scour, AASHTO design codes, hydrology, hydraulics, scour analysis, inspection methods, and modern materials technology. Real-world case studies illustrate the concepts presented. The authoritative information in this practical guide will help you to develop more efficient and cost-effective design processes and bridge management systems for river bridges subjected to floods. Flood Scour for Bridges and Highways covers: Floods, scour problems, and mitigation River instability caused by flow obstructions Past failures and bridges vulnerable to failure Geotechnical and hydraulic issues at scour-critical rivers and bridges Hydrology, floods, and scour-critical bridges Estimating scour depths and selecting applicable countermeasures Inspections, ratings, and monitoring countermeasures FHWA, HEC-18, and HEC-23 scour countermeasures as remediation Innovative methods of flood control and disaster management

On the morning of May 9, 1980, during sudden violent weather, a 600-foot freighter struck a support pier of the fifteen-mile Sunshine Skyway Bridge. The main span splintered and collapsed 150 feet into Tampa Bay. Seven cars and a Greyhound bus fell over the broken edge and into the churning water below. Thirty-five people died. Skyway tells the entire story of this horrific event. Through personal interviews and extensive research, Bill DeYoung pieces together the harrowing moments of the collision, including the first-person accounts of witnesses and survivors. The result is a gripping retelling of the worst ship-bridge collision in U.S. history.

Historic covered bridges and current timber bridges can be vulnerable to damage from biodeterioration or fire. This guide describes procedures for selecting and applying inplace treatments to prevent or arrest these forms of degradation. Vulnerable areas for biodeterioration in covered bridges include members contacting abutments, members near the ends of bridges subject to wetting from splashing and members below windows or other openings that allow entry of wind-blown precipitation. Pressure-treated timber bridge members can be vulnerable when untreated wood is exposed by field fabrication or by the development of drying checks. The objective of an in-place preservative treatment is to distribute preservative into areas of a structure that are vulnerable to moisture accumulation and/or not protected by the original pressure treatment. Types of field treatments range from finishes, to boron rods or pastes, to fumigants. A limitation of in-place treatments is that they cannot be forced deeply into the wood as is done in pressure-treatment processes. However, some can be applied into the center of large members via treatment holes. These preservatives may be available as liquids, rods or pastes. Bridge members can be treated with fire retardants to delay ignition, reduce heat release, and slow the spread of flames. In-place coating products are available to reduce surface flammability, but these coatings may need to be reapplied on a regular basis if exposed to weathering. For more integrated protection, fire retardant treatment of bridge members may be combined with other forms of protection such as lights, alarms, sprinklers and monitoring systems.

In late 2009, the Echo Wash and Valley of Fire bridge decks were constructed in the Lake Mead National Recreation area in Nevada. Within six months after installation, in early 2010, both decks exhibited considerable transverse cracking, with some cracks extending through the thickness of the deck. Similar cracking was observed in the Snake River bridge deck in Wyoming. This report details the results of a two-pronged approach to examining the causes of such cracking.

This book introduces 53 bridges that the author designed during his period teaching at Dalian University of Technology (1984-2014). The bridges have unique features; some bridges are the first of their kind in China, while the others are the biggest in size. For example, Jinma Bridge is the longest single concrete, single-plane, cable-stayed bridge in the world and Xinghai Bridge is the first double-deck, steel truss suspension bridge being constructed in the Sea of China. Innovation and reasonable structure designs must meet the requirements of applicability, economy, safety, artistic appearance and endurance. Innovation and rational stress are the main concern when considering bridge functionality. Only innovation can make new bridges surpass previously designed bridges. Only rational stress can save materials and reach the requirements of economy, safety and endurance. Teachers, students and engineers engaged in bridge engineering will be inspired from the designing concepts and methods within this book. The author compiles thirty years of work and dedication in the field and shares his discoveries with the readers who are interested in bridge design and functionality.

The United States has approximately 607,000 bridges on public roads subject to the National Bridge Inspection Standards mandated by Congress. The sudden catastrophic failure of the I-5 Interstate System bridge in Washington State has raised policy concerns in Congress regarding the condition of the nation's transportation infrastructure in general, and in particular the federal role in funding, building, maintaining, and ensuring the safety of roads and especially bridges in the United States. This book discusses highway bridge conditions. It then continues to provide information on a Long-Term Bridge Performance (LTBP) Program that is intended to provide a comprehensive definition of bridge performance that will be the foundation for carefully designed research studies in the LTBP Program.

The Federal Highway Administration 100-Year Coating Study was initiated in August 2009 to identify coating systems that can provide 100 years of virtually maintenance-free service life at comparable costs to the existing coating systems, even in adverse environments. This book focuses on the study and discusses the performance evaluation of one-coat systems for new steel bridges.

It is widely acknowledged that there is an increasing problem in maintenance of the American civil infrastructure. Highways, bridges, sewers, railroads, harbours, and public buildings built in the 1950s and 1960s are wearing out, while inflation-adjusted federal spending on infrastructure has fallen. The current situation, with respect to highway bridge maintenance, is in fact so severe that many states cannot afford to attend in need of replacement, so they are focusing only on the most severe cases. Recently, rapid assessment, repair, and replacement of damaged highway bridge after extreme events have been given close attention to by government agencies, engineering and construction communities, and the general public. This book presents the complicated undertaking of highway bridge replacement in an easy-to-read format.

The National Historic Covered Bridge Preservation Program (NHCBP) includes preservation of covered bridges that are listed, or are eligible for listing, on the National Register of Historic Places. It also advocates research for better means of restoring and protecting historic covered bridges, using advanced technology. The book is aimed at the highest form of historic preservation: maintaining the bridge not only physically, but also functionally. While the builder's original form is preserved, the structure continues to serve as a real bridge and not a historical relic. The technology being investigated uses glass-fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) products to increase the strength of the members with minimal increases in x-section. The study also looks at ways to mask the use of the GFRP components. This study is just the beginning of research on this topic. The concept will be refined and amplified in future projects. The book is intended primarily for engineers, contractors, researchers, consultants, bridge owners, and historic bridge preservationists to help them keep these historic structures in full service.

When he was thinking about how to build a bridge across the River Tweed, Sir Samuel Brown stopped while observing a spider's web. Right at this time he discovered the suspension bridge." -Charles Bender, 1868. The English translation of Tadaki Kawada's landmark book traces the modern suspension bridge from its earliest appearance in Western civilization only 200 years ago to the enormous Akashi Kaikyo and Storebaelt bridges completed at the end of the twentieth century. This book examines the conflicts, the bridge collapses, the colorful personalities, and the advancements that have shaped the development of the suspension bridge. From John Roebling and the Brooklyn Bridge to the legendary rivalry between Othmar Ammann and David Steinman, from the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse in 1940, which Kawada explores in depth, to the closing of London's Millennium Bridge just three days after its opening, this book is a complete history of the modern suspension bridge-with a focus on the two essential factors in suspension bridge design, economy and stiffness, which are always in competition with one another. How do engineers reinforce the suspension bridge against the elements of wind and traffic, without sacrificing economy? This book will appeal to anyone interested in engineering history and suspension bridges. Practicing engineers will find the charts, tables, and design formulas especially valuable.

On Wednesday, August 1, 2007, the eight-lane, 1,907-foot-long I-35W highway bridge over the Mississippi River in Minneapolis, Minnesota, experienced a catastrophic failure in the main span of the deck truss. Major safety issues identified in this investigation include insufficient bridge design firm quality control procedures for designing bridges, and insufficient Federal and State procedures for reviewing and approving bridge design plans and calculations; lack of guidance for bridge owners with regard to the placement of construction loads on bridges during repair or maintenance activities; exclusion of gusset plates in bridge load rating guidance; lack of inspection guidance for conditions of gusset plate distortion; and inadequate use of technologies for accurately assessing the condition of gusset plates on deck truss bridges. As a result of this accident investigation, the Safety Board makes recommendations to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. One safety recommendation resulting from this investigation was issued to the FHWA in January 2008.

If you've ever been asked to calculate the live load for a herd of elephants...If you've ever built a sand castle to study soil mechanics...If you've ever had to choose between your date and your favorite bridge...Brian Brenner has written the book for you. ""Bridginess: More of the Civil Engineering Life"" finds Brenner turning his pen and his signature wit to the subjects of urban sprawl, airport infrastructure planning, and, of course, bridges. After reading this collection, you will know bridges from more angles than a through truss. You will think twice before placing a salad on the roof of your car. And you will know just what makes a truly great college response letter. These essays range from humorous to informative, autobiographical to historical. They encompass the full range of Brenner's talent as a writer, as well as an engineer. With his charming and fluid style, Brenner makes civil engineering funny, interesting, and at times, even glamorous.

Hailed by some as the Eighth Wonder of the World when it opened in 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge is one of the world's most recognizable and beloved icons. For over one hundred years it has excited and fascinated with stories of ingenuity and heroism and it has been endorsed as a flawless symbol of municipal improvement and a prime emblem of American technological progress. Despite its impressive physical presence, however, Brooklyn's grand old bridge is much more than a testament of engineering and architectural achievement. As Richard Haw shows in this first-of-its-kind cultural history, the Brooklyn Bridge owes as much to the imagination of the public as it does to the historical events and technical prowess that were integral to its construction. Bringing together more than sixty images of the bridge that, over the years, have graced postcards, magazine covers and book jackets and appeared in advertisements, cartoons, films and photographs, Haw traces the diverse and sometimes jarring ways in which this majestic structure has been received, adopted and interpreted as an American idea. Haw's account is not a history of how the bridge was made, but rather of what people have made of the Brooklyn Bridge--in film, music, literature, art and politics--from its opening ceremonies to the blackout of 2003. Classic accounts from such writers and artists as H. G. Wells, Charles Reznikoff, Hart Crane, Lewis Mumford, Joseph Pennell, Walker Evans and Georgia O'Keeffe, among many others, present the bridge as a deserted, purely aestheticized romantic ideal, while others, including Henry James, Joseph Stella, Yun Gee, Ernest Poole, Alfred Kazin, Paul Auster and Don DeLillo, offer a counter-narrativeas they question not only the role of the bridge in American society, but its function as a profoundly public, communal place. Also included are never-before-published photographs by William Gedney and a discussion of Alexis Rockman's provocative new mural "Manifest Destiny. Drawing on hundreds of cultural artifacts, from the poignant, to the intellectual, to the downright quirky, "The Brooklyn Bridge sheds new light on topics such as ethnic and foreign responses to America, nationalism, memory, parade culture, commemoration, popular culture, and post-9/11 America icons. In the end, we realize that this impressive span is as culturally remarkable today as it was technologically and physically astounding in the nineteenth century.

BridgeLCC 2.0 is user-friendly software developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology to help bridge designers determine the cost effectiveness of alternative bridge designs, construction and repair strategies, and construction materials. The software uses a life-cycle costing methodology based on the ASTM standard practice for life-cycle costing and a cost classification scheme developed by NIST. This user manual describes the functions and settings in BridgeLCC and includes example analyses that illustrate its use.

The earliest recorded bridge across the Medway existed in the twelfth century and was abandoned in the fourteenth century. Flight studies the historical accouts of the bridge and some archaeological evidence to reconstruct its history and argue that it was constructed by the Romans, possibly in the 4th century.

Changes in vehicle weight limits and revisions to safety standards inevitably increase the demands placed on bridges. Increases in traffic flow seen over the past years also mean that many bridges are carrying much greater loads than their designers ever anticipated.Following from the very successful Bridge Modification conference in 1994, this volume contains papers describing the current issues, thinking and technology behind the assessment and improvement of existing bridges.

Both a history and a guide, this book offers scenic tours to all 106 of Vermont's covered bridges and tells the rich stories behind them. For many people, covered bridges are much more than picturesque: They represent a living link with an alluring part of our past. Along with a sense of romance, we associate them with an era of hard work, creativity, and ingenuity. Each bridge sparks a new question: Why was it built, how, when, and by whom? How has it lasted when so many others have disappeared? This guide will answer these and many other questions about all 106 of Vermont's authentic, historic covered bridges. Arranged by convenient driving tours, it provides precise directions to help travelers find each bridge--touring through the most scenic countryside along the way--and shares each bridge's history and folklore. Advice on photographing the bridges, parking, and finding nearby historical sites and museums is also included in each tour. An introduction tells the colorful story of "the great truss race" in the early days of bridge architecture and design. Detailed scenic driving tours make this book useful to anyone exploring the back roads of Vermont. Superb maps mark the location of all 106 covered bridges. 60 black-and-white photographs.

In this comprehensive classic manual, the author describes the use of timber as bridge material, types of timber bridges, the properties of wood and wood products, preservation and protection of timber bridges, timber design concepts for bridges, loads and forces on timber bridges, design of beam superstructures, design of longitudinal deck superstructures, design of longitudinal stress-laminated deck superstructures, rail systems for timber decks, wearing surfaces for timber decks, timber bridge fabrication and construction, bridge inspection of decay and other deterioration, maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement of timber bridges. This is a digitally recreated publication of the original manuscript (1990), comprising over 900 pages, produced in its entirety. Wood was probably the first material used by humans to construct a bridge. Although in the 20th century concrete and steel replaced wood as the major materials for bridge construction, wood is still widely used for short- and medium-span bridges. Of the bridges in the United States with spans longer than 20 feet, approximately 12 percent of them, or 71,200 bridges, are made of timber. In the USDA Forest Service alone, approximately 7,500 timber bridges are in use, and more are built each year. The railroads have more than 1,500 miles of timber bridges and trestles in service. In addition, timber bridges recently have attracted the attention of international organizations and foreign countries, including the United Nations, Canada, England, Japan, and Australia.

The project-the longest total suspension bridge in the world-would span the Starits of Mackinac where winds exceed eighty miles an hour and ice windrows reach a height of forty feet. It would connect two largely rural communities with a combined population of less than four thousand and would require the largest bond issue ever proposed for the construction of a bridge. Little wonder that some Wall Street investors labeled the proposition as ludicrous. Nonetheless, the Mackinac Bridge became a reality.