Motivated by practical problems in engineering and physics, drawing on a wide range of applied mathematical disciplines, this book is the first to provide, within a unified framework, a self-contained comprehensive mathematical theory of duality for general non-convex, non-smooth systems, with emphasis on methods and applications in engineering mechanics. Topics covered include the classical (minimax) mono-duality of convex static equilibria, the beautiful bi-duality in dynamical systems, the interesting tri-duality in non-convex problems and the complicated multi-duality in general canonical systems. A potentially powerful sequential canonical dual transformation method for solving fully nonlinear problems is developed heuristically and illustrated by use of many interesting examples as well as extensive applications in a wide variety of nonlinear systems, including differential equations, variational problems and inequalities, constrained global optimization, multi-well phase transitions, non-smooth post-bifurcation, large deformation mechanics, structural limit analysis, differential geometry and non-convex dynamical systems. With exceptionally coherent and lucid exposition, the work fills a big gap between the mathematical and engineering sciences. It shows how to use formal language and duality methods to model natural phenomena, to construct intrinsic frameworks in different fields and to provide ideas, concepts and powerful methods for solving non-convex, non-smooth problems arising naturally in engineering and science. Much of the book contains material that is new, both in its manner of presentation and in its research development. A self-contained appendix provides some necessary background from elementary functional analysis. Audience: The book will be a valuable resource for students and researchers in applied mathematics, physics, mechanics and engineering. The whole volume or selected chapters can also be recommended as a text for both senior undergraduate and graduate courses in applied mathematics, mechanics, general engineering science and other areas in which the notions of optimization and variational methods are employed.

In the spectrum of mathematics, graph theory which studies a mathe matical structure on a set of elements with a binary relation, as a recognized discipline, is a relative newcomer. In recent three decades the exciting and rapidly growing area of the subject abounds with new mathematical devel opments and significant applications to real-world problems. More and more colleges and universities have made it a required course for the senior or the beginning postgraduate students who are majoring in mathematics, computer science, electronics, scientific management and others. This book provides an introduction to graph theory for these students. The richness of theory and the wideness of applications make it impossi ble to include all topics in graph theory in a textbook for one semester. All materials presented in this book, however, I believe, are the most classical, fundamental, interesting and important. The method we deal with the mate rials is to particularly lay stress on digraphs, regarding undirected graphs as their special cases. My own experience from teaching out of the subject more than ten years at University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) shows that this treatment makes hardly the course di: fficult, but much more accords with the essence and the development trend of the subject."

SMath is a free mathematical notebook program similar to Mathcad that provides many options for studying and solving complex mathematical equations.

Since the first edition of this book, geometrical methods in the theory of ordinary differential equations have become very popular and some progress has been made partly with the help of computers. Much of this progress is represented in this revised, expanded edition, including such topics as the Feigenbaum universality of period doubling, the Zoladec solution, the Iljashenko proof, the Ecalle and Voronin theory, the Varchenko and Hovanski theorems, and the Neistadt theory. In the selection of material for this book, the author explains basic ideas and methods applicable to the study of differential equations. Special efforts were made to keep the basic ideas free from excessive technicalities. Thus the most fundamental questions are considered in great detail, while of the more special and difficult parts of the theory have the character of a survey. Consequently, the reader needs only a general mathematical knowledge to easily follow this text. It is directed to mathematicians, as well as all users of the theory of differential equations.

This book is an English translation of the last French edition of Bourbaki’s Fonctions d'une Variable Réelle. The first chapter is devoted to derivatives, Taylor expansions, the finite increments theorem, convex functions. In the second chapter, primitives and integrals (on arbitrary intervals) are studied, as well as their dependence with respect to parameters. Classical functions (exponential, logarithmic, circular and inverse circular) are investigated in the third chapter. The fourth chapter gives a thorough treatment of differential equations (existence and unicity properties of solutions, approximate solutions, dependence on parameters) and of systems of linear differential equations. The local study of functions (comparison relations, asymptotic expansions) is treated in chapter V, with an appendix on Hardy fields. The theory of generalized Taylor expansions and the Euler-MacLaurin formula are presented in the sixth chapter, and applied in the last one to the study of the Gamma function on the real line as well as on the complex plane. Although the topics of the book are mainly of an advanced undergraduate level, they are presented in the generality needed for more advanced purposes: functions allowed to take values in topological vector spaces, asymptotic expansions are treated on a filtered set equipped with a comparison scale, theorems on the dependence on parameters of differential equations are directly applicable to the study of flows of vector fields on differential manifolds, etc.

Partitions, q-Series, and Modular Forms contains a collection of research and survey papers that grew out of a Conference on Partitions, q-Series and Modular Forms at the University of Florida, Gainesville in March 2008. It will be of interest to researchers and graduate students that would like to learn of recent developments in the theory of q-series and modular and how it relates to number theory, combinatorics and special functions.

In recent years the mathematical modeling of charge transport in semi conductors has become a thriving area in applied mathematics. The drift diffusion equations, which constitute the most popular model for the simula tion of the electrical behavior of semiconductor devices, are by now mathe matically quite well understood. As a consequence numerical methods have been developed, which allow for reasonably efficient computer simulations in many cases of practical relevance. Nowadays, research on the drift diffu sion model is of a highly specialized nature. It concentrates on the explora tion of possibly more efficient discretization methods (e.g. mixed finite elements, streamline diffusion), on the improvement of the performance of nonlinear iteration and linear equation solvers, and on three dimensional applications. The ongoing miniaturization of semiconductor devices has prompted a shift of the focus of the modeling research lately, since the drift diffusion model does not account well for charge transport in ultra integrated devices. Extensions of the drift diffusion model (so called hydrodynamic models) are under investigation for the modeling of hot electron effects in submicron MOS-transistors, and supercomputer technology has made it possible to employ kinetic models (semiclassical Boltzmann-Poisson and Wigner Poisson equations) for the simulation of certain highly integrated devices."

Preface Constructing nonlinear parameter-dependent mathematical models is essential in modeling in many scientific research fields. The investigation of branching (bifurcating) solutions of such equations is one of the most important aspects in the analysis of such models. The foundations of the theory of bifurca- tions for the functional equations were laid in the well known publications by AM. Lyapunov (1906) [1, vol. 4] (on equilibrium forms of rotating liq- uids) and E. Schmidt (1908) [1]. The approach proposed by them has been throughly developed and is presently known as the Lyapunov-Schmidt method (see M.M. Vainberg and V.A Trenogin [1, 2]). A valuable part in the founda- tions of the bifurcation theory belongs to A. Poincares ideas [1]. Later, to the end of proving the theorems on existence of bifurcation points, infinite-dimensional generalizations of topological and variational methods were proposed by M.A Krasnoselsky [1], M.M. Vainberg [1] and others. A great contribution to the development and applications of the bifurcation theory has been made by a number of famous 20th century pure and applied mathe- maticians (for example, see the bibliography in E. Zeidler [1]).

"...The authors of this remarkable book are among the very few who have faced up to the challenge of explaining what an asymptotic expansion is, and of systematizing the handling of asymptotic series. The idea of using distributions is an original one, and we recommend that you read the book...[it] should be on your bookshelf if you are at all interested in knowing what an asymptotic series is." -"The Bulletin of Mathematics Books" (Review of the 1st edition) ** "...The book is a valuable one, one that many applied mathematicians may want to buy. The authors are undeniably experts in their field...most of the material has appeared in no other book." -"SIAM News" (Review of the 1st edition) This book is a modern introduction to asymptotic analysis intended not only for mathematicians, but for physicists, engineers, and graduate students as well. Written by two of the leading experts in the field, the text provides readers with a firm grasp of mathematical theory, and at the same time demonstrates applications in areas such as differential equations, quantum mechanics, noncommutative geometry, and number theory. Key features of this significantly expanded and revised second edition: * addition of a new chapter and many new sections * wide range of topics covered, including the Ces.ro behavior of distributions and their connections to asymptotic analysis, the study of time-domain asymptotics, and the use of series of Dirac delta functions to solve boundary value problems * novel approach detailing the interplay between underlying theories of asymptotic analysis and generalized functions * extensive examples and exercises at the end of each chapter * comprehensive bibliography and index This work is an excellent tool for the classroom and an invaluable self-study resource that will stimulate application of asymptotic

Engineering applications offer benefits and opportunities across a range of different industries and fields. By developing effective methods of analysis, results and solutions are produced with higher accuracy. Numerical and Analytical Solutions for Solving Nonlinear Equations in Heat Transfer is an innovative source of academic research on the optimized techniques for analyzing heat transfer equations and the application of these methods across various fields. Highlighting pertinent topics such as the differential transformation method, industrial applications, and the homotopy perturbation method, this book is ideally designed for engineers, researchers, graduate students, professionals, and academics interested in applying new mathematical techniques in engineering sciences. Topics Covered: Adomian Decomposition Method Differential Transformation Method Homotopy Analysis Method Homotopy Perturbation Method Industrial applications Variational Iteration Method

Mathematical analysis offers a solid basis for many achievements in applied mathematics and discrete mathematics. This new textbook is focused on differential and integral calculus, and includes a wealth of useful and relevant examples, exercises, and results enlightening the reader to the power of mathematical tools. The intended audience consists of advanced undergraduates studying mathematics or computer science.

The author provides excursions from the standard topics to modern and exciting topics, to illustrate the fact that even first or second year students can understand certain research problems.

The text has been divided into ten chapters and covers topics on sets and numbers, linear spaces and metric spaces, sequences and series of numbers and of functions, limits and continuity, differential and integral calculus of functions of one or several variables, constants (mainly pi) and algorithms for finding them, the W - Z method of summation, estimates of algorithms and of certain combinatorial problems. Many challenging exercises accompany the text. Most of them have been used to prepare for different mathematical competitions during the past few years. In this respect, the author has maintained a healthy balance of theory and exercises.

This book studies the existence and uniqueness of solutions to parabolic-type equations with irregular coefficients and/or initial conditions. It elaborates on the DiPerna-Lions theory of renormalized solutions to linear transport equations and related equations, and also examines the connection between the results on the partial differential equation and the well-posedness of the underlying stochastic/ordinary differential equation.

In recent years there is a growing interest in generalized convex fu- tions and generalized monotone mappings among the researchers of - plied mathematics and other sciences. This is due to the fact that mathematical models with these functions are more suitable to describe problems of the real world than models using conventional convex and monotone functions. Generalized convexity and monotonicity are now considered as an independent branch of applied mathematics with a wide range of applications in mechanics, economics, engineering, finance and many others. The present volume contains 20 full length papers which reflect c- rent theoretical studies of generalized convexity and monotonicity, and numerous applications in optimization, variational inequalities, equil- rium problems etc. All these papers were refereed and carefully selected from invited talks and contributed talks that were presented at the 7th International Symposium on Generalized Convexity/Monotonicity held in Hanoi, Vietnam, August 27-31, 2002. This series of Symposia is or- nized by the Working Group on Generalized Convexity (WGGC) every 3 years and aims to promote and disseminate research on the field. The WGGC (http: //www.genconv.org) consists of more than 300 researchers coming from 36 countries

"Progress in Partial Differential Equations" is devoted to modern topics in the theory of partial differential equations. It consists of both original articles and survey papers covering a wide scope of research topics in partial differential equations and their applications. The contributors were participants of the 8th ISAAC congress in Moscow in 2011 or aremembers of the PDE interest group of the ISAAC society.

This volume is addressed to graduate students at various levels as well as researchers in partial differential equations and related fields. The readers will find this an excellent resource of both introductory and advanced material. The key topics are:

Linear hyperbolic equations and systems (scattering, symmetrisers)
Non-linear wave models (global existence, decay estimates, blow-up)
Evolution equations (control theory, well-posedness, smoothing)
Elliptic equations (uniqueness, non-uniqueness, positive solutions)
Special models from applications (Kirchhoff equation, Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation, thermoelasticity)

This book offers a valuable methodological approach to the state-of-the-art of the classical plate/shell mathematical models, exemplifying the vast range of mathematical models of nonlinear dynamics and statics of continuous mechanical structural members. The main objective highlights the need for further study of the classical problem of shell dynamics consisting of mathematical modeling, derivation of nonlinear PDEs, and of finding their solutions based on the development of new and effective numerical techniques. The book is designed for a broad readership of graduate students in mechanical and civil engineering, applied mathematics, and physics, as well as to researchers and professionals interested in a rigorous and comprehensive study of modeling non-linear phenomena governed by PDEs.

Starting with the fundamentals of Q spaces and their relationships to Besov spaces, this book presents all major results around Q spaces obtained in the past 16 years. The applications of Q spaces in the study of the incompressible Navier-Stokes system and its stationary form are also discussed. This self-contained book can be used as an essential reference for researchers and graduates in analysis and partial differential equations.

Sofia Kovalevskaya was a brilliant and determined young Russian woman of the 19th century who wanted to become a mathematician and who succeeded, in often difficult circumstances, in becoming arguably the first woman to have a professional university career in the way we understand it today. This memoir, written by a mathematician who specialises in symplectic geometry and integrable systems, is a personal exploration of the life, the writings and the mathematical achievements of a remarkable woman. It emphasises the originality of Kovalevskaya's work and assesses her legacy and reputation as a mathematician and scientist. Her ideas are explained in a way that is accessible to a general audience, with diagrams, marginal notes and commentary to help explain the mathematical concepts and provide context. This fascinating book, which also examines Kovalevskaya's love of literature, will be of interest to historians looking for a treatment of the mathematics, and those doing feminist or gender studies.

Since their introduction in the 1980's, wavelets have become a powerful tool in mathematical analysis, with applications such as image compression, statistical estimation and numerical simulation of partial differential equations. One of their main attractive features is the ability to accurately represent fairly general functions with a small number of adaptively chosen wavelet coefficients, as well as to characterize the smoothness of such functions from the numerical behaviour of these coefficients. The theoretical pillar that underlies such properties involves approximation theory and function spaces, and plays a pivotal role in the analysis of wavelet-based numerical methods.
This book offers a self-contained treatment of wavelets, which includes this theoretical pillar and it applications to the numerical treatment of partial differential equations. Its key features are:

1. Self-contained introduction to wavelet bases and related numerical algorithms, from the simplest examples to the most numerically useful general constructions.

2. Full treatment of the theoretical foundations that are crucial for the analysis
of wavelets and other related multiscale methods: function spaces, linear and nonlinear approximation, interpolation theory.

3. Applications of these concepts to the numerical treatment of partial differential equations: multilevel preconditioning, sparse approximations of differential and integral operators, adaptive discretization strategies.

Over the years, a number of books have been written on the theory of functional equations. However, very little has been published which helps readers to solve functional equations in mathematics competitions and mathematical problem solving. This book fills that gap. The student who encounters a functional equation on a mathematics contest will need to investigate solutions to the equation by finding all solutions (if any) or by showing that all solutions have a particular property. Our emphasis will be on the development of those tools which are most useful in giving a family of solutions to each functional equation in explicit form. At the end of each chapter, readers will find a list of problems associated with the material in that chapter. The problems vary greatly difficulty, with the easiest problems being accessible to any high school student who has read the chapter carefully. The most difficult problems will be a reasonable challenge to advanced students studying for the International Mathematical Olympiad at the high school level or the William Lowell Putnam Competition for university undergraduates. setting that is quite inappropriate for the most high school students. However, the abstraction of some parts of the modern theory reflects the fact that functional equations can occur in diverse settings: functions on the natural numbers, the integers, the reals, or the complex numbers can all be studied within the subject area of functional equations. Most of the time, the functions in this book are real-valued functions of a single real variable. However, readers will also find functions with complex arguments and functions defined on natural numbers in these pages. In some cases, equations for functions between circles will also crop up. The book ends with an appendix containing topics that provide a springboard for further investigation of the concepts of limits, infinite series and continuity.

This monograph presents recent and original work of the author on inequalities in real, functional and fractional analysis. The chapters are self-contained and can be read independently, they include an extensive list of references per chapter.The book's results are expected to find applications in many areas of applied and pure mathematics, especially in ordinary and partial differential equations and fractional differential equations. As such this monograph is suitable for researchers, graduate students, and seminars of the above subjects, as well as Science and Engineering University libraries.

Combining traditional differential equation material with a modern qualitative and systems approach, this new edition continues to deliver flexibility of use and extensive problem sets. The second edition's refreshed presentation includes extensive new visuals, as well as updated exercises throughout.

This book offers a comprehensive collection of the most advanced numerical techniques for the efficient and effective solution of simulation and optimization problems governed by systems of time-dependent differential equations. The contributions present various approaches to time domain decomposition, focusing on multiple shooting and parareal algorithms. The range of topics covers theoretical analysis of the methods, as well as their algorithmic formulation and guidelines for practical implementation. Selected examples show that the discussed approaches are mandatory for the solution of challenging practical problems. The practicability and efficiency of the presented methods is illustrated by several case studies from fluid dynamics, data compression, image processing and computational biology, giving rise to possible new research topics. This volume, resulting from the workshop Multiple Shooting and Time Domain Decomposition Methods, held in Heidelberg in May 2013, will be of great interest to applied mathematicians, computer scientists and all scientists using mathematical methods.

The numerical treatment of partial differential equations with particle methods and meshfree discretization techniques is an extremely active research field, both in the mathematics and engineering communities. Meshfree methods are becoming increasingly mainstream in various applications. Due to their independence of a mesh, particle schemes and meshfree methods can deal with large geometric changes of the domain more easily than classical discretization techniques. Furthermore, meshfree methods offer a promising approach for the coupling of particle models to continuous models. This volume of LNCSE is a collection of the papers from the proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Meshfree Methods, held in Bonn in August 2009. The articles address the different meshfree methods and their use in applied mathematics, physics and engineering. The volume is intended to foster this highly active and exciting area of interdisciplinary research and to present recent advances and findings in this field.

This volume contains lectures delivered at the International Conference Operator Theory and its Applications in Mathematical Physics (OTAMP 2004), held at the Mathematical Research and Conference Center in Bedlewo near Poznan, Poland. The idea behind these lectures was to present interesting ramifications of operator methods in current research of mathematical physics.