This text, suitable for graduates and researchers in physiology and biophysics and medical students specialising in neurophysiology and related fields, provides a comprehensive discussion of biological mass transfer and bioelectrical phenomena. Emphasis has been given to the applicability of physics, physical chemistry and mathematics to the quantitative analysis of biological processes, with all the necessary mathematical grounding provided in Chapter 1. The quantitative analysis is broken into four key stages: - Formulation of a biological/biophysical model - Derivation of the associated mathematical description of the model - Solution of the mathematical expression - Interpretation of the mathematical solution to a biological explanation This book guides the student through these stages, which are central to the understanding of cell membrane functions.

This graduate text, suitable for students in physiology and biophysics, and medical students specializing in neurophysiology and related fields, is a comprehensive discussion of biological mass transfer and bioelectrical phenomena. Emphasis is given to the applicability of physics, physical chemistry and mathematics to the quantitative analysis of biological processes, with all the necessary mathematical grounding provided in Chapter 1. This book guides the student through four key stages of quantitative analysis, which are central to the understanding of cell membrane functions.

In this book, the authors gather and present topical research in the study of cell transplantation. Topics discussed in this compilation include cell transplantation in chronic kidney disease; dendritic cells in allogenic hematopoietic cell transplantation; islet cell transplantation replacing beta cells that produce insulin in a diabetes cure; ocular surface reconstruction using cellular therapies; cell therapy on ischemic flaps; and, new therapeutic strategy for veno-occlusive disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

This text describes a system of reporting breast fine needle aspiration biopsy that uses five clearly defined categories, each described by a specific term and each with a specific risk of malignancy. The five categories are insufficient/inadequate, benign, atypical, suspicious of malignancy and malignant. Each category has a risk of malignancy and is linked to management recommendations, which include several options because it is recognized that diagnostic infrastructure, such as the availability of core needle biopsy and ultrasound guidance, vary between developed and low and middle income countries. This text includes key diagnostic cytological criteria for each of the many lesions and tumors found in the breast. The cytopathology of specific lesions is illustrated with high quality photomicrographs with clear figure descriptions. Chapters also discuss current and potential future ancillary tests, liquid based cytology, nipple cytology and management. An additional chapter provides an overview of an approach to the diagnosis of direct smears of breast fine needle aspiration biopsies. The International Academy of Cytology Yokohama System for Reporting Breast Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy Cytopathology provides a clear logical approach to the diagnosis and categorization of breast lesions by FNAB cytology, and aims to facilitate communication with breast clinicians, further research into breast cytopathology and related molecular pathology, and improve patient care.

This timely and most comprehensive reference available on the topic covers all the different aspects vital in the fight against the global obesity epidemic.
Following a look at adipose tissue development and morphology, the authors go on to examine its metabolic and endocrine functions and its role in disease. The final section deals with comparative and evolutionary aspects of the tissue.
The result is an essential resource for cell and molecular biologists, physiologists, biochemists, pharmacologists, and those working in the pharmaceutical industry.

Embryonic stem cells have the ability to develop into virtually any cell in the body, and may have the potential to treat medical conditions such as diabetes and Parkinson's disease. In August 2001, President Bush announced that for the first time federal funds would be used to support research on human embryonic stem cells, but funding would be limited to 'existing stem cell lines'. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has established the Human Embryonic Stem Cell Registry which lists stem cell lines that are eligible for use in federally funded research. Although 78 cell lines are listed, 21 embryonic stem cell lines are currently available. Scientists are concerned about the quality, longevity, and availability of the eligible stem cell lines. For a variety of reasons, many believe research advancement requires new embryonic stem cell lines, and for certain applications, stem cells derived from cloned embryos may offer the best hope for progress in understanding and treating disease. A significant cohort of pro-life advocates support stem cell research; those opposed are concerned that the isolation of stem cells requires the destruction of embryos. Letters from Congress, one signed by 206 Members of the House and a second signed by 58 Senators, have been sent urging President Bush to expand the current federal policy concerning embryonic stem cell research. Some have argued that stem cell research be limited to adult stem cells obtained from tissues such as bone marrow. They argue that adult stem cells should be pursued instead of embryonic stem cells because they believe the derivation of stem cells from either embryos or aborted foetuses is ethically unacceptable. Other scientists believe adult stem cells should not be the sole target of research because of important scientific and technical limitations. Groups make ethical distinctions in the debate on how to proceed with stem cell research based upon embryo protection, relief of suffering, viability, the purpose and timing of embryo creation and destruction, donor consent, scientific alternatives, federal funding, and cloning. Other countries are moving fast with active research programs. This book presents the current confused situation along with a selective bibliography.

Among the many applications of stem cell research are nervous system diseases, diabetes, heart disease, auto-immune diseases as well as Parkinson's disease, end-stage kidney disease, liver failure, cancer, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Stem cells are self-renewing, unspecialised cells that can give rise to multiple types all of specialised cells of the body. Stem cell research also involves complex ethical and legal considerations since they involve adult, foetal tissue and embryonic sources. This new book brings together leading research from throughout the world in this frontier field.

In recent years, cytology has played an increasingly important role in the diagnosis of disease, particularly those of neoplastic origin. It is not unusual for cytologic specimens to be the only diagnostic samples available from patients with cancer. Many ancillary tests traditionally performed on histologic material are now being performed on cytologic specimens. One such technique, immunocytochemistry (ICC), has already proved to be important in diagnostic tumor pathology. This atlas examines the value of ICC as well as its limitations in contemporary cytology. Methods have been refined and high-quality reagents are now available. As a result, technical problems no longer present a major concern in this field. This volume will briefly will address the technical aspects of ICC by providing practical advice for the users and analytical aspects of ICC, including correct selection of markers for specific differential diagnoses and incorporation of results in final cytologic interpretation; illustrate the utilization of ICC in the resolution of some common diagnostic problems in fine needle aspiration and body cavity fluid cytology. and most importantly its utilization in specific differential diagnoses that are based on cytomorpholoy and patient's clinical history is also discussed. Finally, the value and limitations of ICC in the detection of predictive markers of cancer and potential treatment targets will be reviewed. This practical handbook will allow for quick reference in the selection and interpretation of markers in specific differential diagnostic in the daily practice of diagnostic cytology.

Culture of Specialized Cells

Culture of Immortalized Cells

Edited by R. Ian Freshney and Mary G. Freshney

The ability to develop immortalized cells in vitro is a powerful tool for the biological investigator. Most cells can only be reproduced unchanged for a limited number of cell generations before the initial cell lines die. The immortalization of cells establishes continuous cell lines, playing an important role in the study of the biology of cell growth, differentiation, and senescence. It also increases our understanding of aberrations in proliferative and positional control in malignant cells.

Culture of Immortalized Cells provides the most up-to-date in vitro methods and safety procedures for the immortalization of primary cultures of various cell types. Coedited by one of the leading figures in the field, R. Ian Freshney, author of Culture of Animal Cells, Third Edition, Culture of Immortalized Cells is the latest volume in the critically acclaimed Culture of Specialized Cells Series. Preceding volumes in the series include Culture of Epithelial Cells and Culture of Hematopoietic Cells.

In this comprehensive handbook, leading experts offer the most current methods for the immortalization of cells, as well as specific guidelines for the immortalization of kidney, and thyroid epithelia, hepatocytes, fibroblasts, chondrocytes, lymphocytes, astrocytes, and human umbilical vein endothelium. Each method is accompanied by:

• Step-by-step protocols
• Detailed instructions for reagent preparation
• Current information on the latest specialized equipment and supplies

This concise bench-top manual is essential for any laboratory involved in establishing continuous cell lines from primary cultures. Investigators, laboratory technical staff, and students in cell biology, immunology, hematology, cancer biology, toxicology, and molecular biology, will find this contemporary guide indispensable to their research.

"Perinatal Stem Cells, 2nd Edition "builds on the first edition to provide an updated tutorial on perinatal stem cells, including stem cells harvested from the amniotic fluid, placenta, maternal blood supply, umbilical cord and Wharton's Jelly. As in the first edition, coverage includes the underlying biology of each of the sources of pregnancy related stem cells, cell culture, and potential therapeutic uses, as well as insights on the impact of these stem cells from obstetricians and gynecologists, cardiologists, hematologists, tissue engineers, and cord blood bankers.

Normally discarded as medical waste, perinatal stem cells offer a powerful therapeutic tool box alternative to the controversial embryonic stem cells. Since publication of the first edition, a burgeoning commerical industry has developed around various sources of perinatal cells, and the second edition now includes an overview of this growing industry.

With contributions from some of the top academic stem cell laboratories in the United States as well as new chapters from international stem cell scientists, "Perinatal Stem Cells" presents an update on the cutting-edge research in the field while maintaining its signature clinical focus.

Atkinson's Principles of Clinical Pharmacology, Fourth Edition is the essential reference on the pharmacologic principles underlying the individualization of patient therapy and contemporary drug development. This well-regarded survey continues to focus on the basics of clinical pharmacology for the development, evaluation and clinical use of pharmaceutical products while also addressing the most recent advances in the field. Written by leading experts in academia, industry, clinical and regulatory settings, the fourth edition has been thoroughly updated to provide readers with an ideal reference on the wide range of important topics impacting clinical pharmacology.

This text describes a system of reporting breast fine needle aspiration biopsy that uses five clearly defined categories, each described by a specific term and each with a specific risk of malignancy. The five categories are insufficient/inadequate, benign, atypical, suspicious of malignancy and malignant. Each category has a risk of malignancy and is linked to management recommendations, which include several options because it is recognized that diagnostic infrastructure, such as the availability of core needle biopsy and ultrasound guidance, vary between developed and low and middle income countries. This text includes key diagnostic cytological criteria for each of the many lesions and tumors found in the breast. The cytopathology of specific lesions is illustrated with high quality photomicrographs with clear figure descriptions. Chapters also discuss current and potential future ancillary tests, liquid based cytology, nipple cytology and management. An additional chapter provides an overview of an approach to the diagnosis of direct smears of breast fine needle aspiration biopsies. The International Academy of Cytology Yokohama System for Reporting Breast Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy Cytopathology provides a clear logical approach to the diagnosis and categorization of breast lesions by FNAB cytology, and aims to facilitate communication with breast clinicians, further research into breast cytopathology and related molecular pathology, and improve patient care.

Each volume in this richly illustrated series - Cytohistology of Small Tissue Samples, sponsored by the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology - provides an organ-based approach to the cytological and histological diagnosis of small tissue samples including fine-needle aspiration biopsy, cell block samples and core, pinch and forceps biopsies. Benign, pre- malignant and malignant entities are presented in a well- organized and standardized format supported with high- resolution color photomicrographs, tables, tabulated specific morphologic criteria and appropriate ancillary testing algorithms. Example vignettes allow the reader to assimilate the diagnostic principles in a case-based format. This unique series strengthens the bridge between surgical pathology and cytopathology, providing the pathologist with the ability to diagnose small tissue samples with confidence. Bridges cytologic and surgical diagnoses in lesions of the head and neck Richly illustrated with over 250 high-quality color images and a DVD-ROM containing all images in a downloadable format Includes numerous clinical vignettes, offering a valuable case-based approach to diagnosis

Anti-Aging Pharmacology provides an overview of current research aimed at the pharmacological modulation of aging, including a discussion of the growing number of novel drug classes with promising anti-aging potential. The aging process is the main risk factor for all chronic diseases affecting the elderly. With lifespans extending across the globe, these chronic diseases are placing a larger burden on individuals and health care systems. Therefore, slowing down the aging rate could be more effective in delaying aging-associated chronic disorders than combating them one by one, which is the conventional approach in a current disease-based pharmacological paradigm. This book contains the work of the world's leading researchers in the field, including sections on the conceptual and methodological background of anti-aging pharmacology, the basic classes of anti-aging drugs, phytochemicals, outcomes of anti-aging developments and future directions. This book will be of interest to a wide audience, ranging from pharmacologists, medicinal chemists and academic researchers in gerontology, biomedical sciences and those in medical practice.

Goodman's Medical Cell Biology, Fourth Edition, has been student tested and approved for decades. This updated edition of this essential textbook provides a concise focus on eukaryotic cell biology (with a discussion of the microbiome) as it relates to human and animal disease. This is accomplished by explaining general cell biology principles in the context of organ systems and disease. This new edition is richly illustrated in full color with both descriptive schematic diagrams and laboratory findings obtained in clinical studies. This is a classic reference for moving forward into advanced study.

While one marvels at the DNA generated by the Human Genome Project, perhaps just as significant and fascinating is the development of the amazing analytical technology that has permitted us entry into the genomic era and a whole new level of scientific understanding.

Analytical Techniques in DNA Sequencing takes a look at the various DNA sequencing techniques that were developed and put to use during and after the Human Genome Project. Nunnally makes a special effort to trace the development of this branch of research since the early days of radioisotope sequencing. Special attention is paid to the breakthrough Sanger Method (1977), as well as to several other techniques that improved the accuracy, improved the detection limits, and in a variety of ways dramatically reduced the time needed to generate a DNA sequence.

This comprehensive volume describes the improvements in DNA separation based on advanced capillary electrophoresis and microchip sequencing. It also looks at the use ofmass spectrometry and single molecule detection, and takes an in-depth look at the use of various fluorescence methods for the detection of sequencing fragments. One chapter is dedicated to chip-based microfabricated sequencing systems, which could well be the future of DNA sequencing.

The book's ten chapters, authored by a variety of leading experts in the field, include many of the far-reaching applications of DNA sequencing. Entire chapters are dedicated to DNA typing for forensics, a reevaluation of ancient DNA, and genome analysis.

Naturally Occurring Chemicals against Alzheimer's Disease offers a detailed discussion on the roles, molecular mechanisms, structural activity relationships, toxicology and clinical data on phytochemicals in relation to Alzheimer's disease. The book examines the available phytochemicals and plants that are potentially effective, also determining the role and molecular targets of these phytochemicals in combating AD. This comprehensive resource will be helpful to researchers who are working on herbal drugs on AD, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, clinical trials, neuroscience and advancement in formulations.

Although general morphological features have been used to consistently identify the changes in cell ultrastructure occurring during apoptosis, as distinct from necrosis, important advances have been achieved more recently in the investigation of the cellular and molecular aspects of this process. This book brings together the latest international research on the complex subject of programmed cell death, and covers such areas as the biochemical mechanisms, introduction of DNA fragmentation, enetic regulation, and the importance of apoptosis in the immune system, particularly during T-cell development, and in cancer. The comparison of a number of common signal transduction pathways with those involved in cell growth highlights an important relationship between apoptosis and the control of cell proliferation.

This text and the terminology developed by the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology (P.S.C.) represents an important advance in the field of pancreaticobiliary cytopathology. This textbook/atlas is designed to present a comprehensive and state of the art approach to the cytologic diagnosis and reporting of pancreaticobiliary lesions. Chapters address each of the diagnostic categories defined by the P.S.C. The definition of each category along with the clinical pathologic entities contained within the category are discussed along with specific cytologic criteria for inclusion of a cytologic specimen within the category. Each chapter is lavishly illustrated demonstrating diagnostic criteria and examples of lesions contained within the category. Additionally, appropriate ancillary testing is discussed and where appropriate illustrated. Each chapter concludes with a discussion of appropriate management as well as estimates of malignancy risk for the category. The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology System for Reporting Pancreaticobiliary Cytology: Definitions, Criteria, Ancillary Testing and Management will provide the reader with a unified approach to diagnosing and reporting interpretations of cytologic specimens obtained from the pancreaticobiliary tract. This text/atlas will serve as a reference guide for pathologists, surgeons, endoscopists and radiologists.

Fun and educational, these unique playing cards are beautifully illustrated with detailed cells and cellular structures - perfect for science lovers and cell biologists of all ages! Card faces features favorite illustrations from the textbook Cell Biology by Thomas D. Pollard et al. - from the clathrin triskelion and its three-fold symmetry on the 3 to mitotic chromosome structure on the Queen! Standard 52-card deck with illustrations of echinospherium, seipin ring, muscle thin filament with troponin-tropomyosin, and more. Jokers feature illustrations of cdk2-cyclin A (red joker) and endoplasmic reticulum (black joker). Fourteen different card faces in all featuring the well-loved cellular illustrations of Graham Johnson!

Dr. Greg Maguire's thought-provoking book offers a radically new approach to the standard means of developing drugs through the use of the molecules that stem cells release. Emphasizing that living organisms operate through the collective actions of entities within and between all levels of the biological organism, including the quantum level, molecular level, and cellular level, for example, the argument is put forth that drug development, and medicine itself, must treat various indications by understanding and then treating the collective actions at the relevant levels that are found to be perturbed in that particular indication. Motivated by the recent successes in the fields of quantum collective electrodynamics and condensed matter physics, where systems level thinking has explained through mathematical and conceptual reasoning how these phenomenon work, and doing so with heuristic outcomes, Maguire argues that the same system level thinking must be applied to drug development and medicine. The interactive nature of these fundamental collective processes is at the core of developing systems therapeutics and, as such, challenges those that believe in fundamental reductionism, where understanding the components of the system will explain the system. During these times, fundamental reductionism is often used to explain diseases as the result of an aberration in a DNA sequence, and targeted approaches to drug development lead to the development of small molecules to specifically target only one pathway. Because of this, there is an understanding that diseases and other indications are multifactorial and often don't involve a genomic alteration; systems biology analysis should lead to systems therapeutics where multiple pathways, often at different levels of the organism, are targeted by the therapeutic aspects. The therapeutic development approach that Maguire explains is a result of reverse engineering endogenous adult stem cell function that serves to maintain and heal our tissues. Using the pools of molecules that different types of adult stem cells release, each pool of molecules being tissue specific for the indication to be treated, Maguire describes the systems therapeutic results. The book is divided into nine sections, each of which can be read as a standalone chapter and serve as a source of references on the particular topic. Although some of the topics use mathematical formulas, none of the material requires mathematical rigor in order to understand the concepts. The last chapter culminates in showing how the systems therapeutic approach using the molecules from adult stem cells is used to treat neurodegeneration.

Chapter One is addressed to a comprehensive revision of the bibliography regarding the emergence of liposomes and the first steps in their design, the type of systems (components and structures), their classification and properties. Chapter Two discusses the possibility of creating living synthetic cells. Chapter Three provides an overview of the development and application of liposomes in biomedical sciences, with special emphasis on recent advances in the investigation of multifunctional liposomes that target cells and cellular organelles with a single delivery system. In Chapter Four, the authors review the mechanisms of drug transport through the BBB using liposomes, and the design strategies for optimum liposomal properties. In Chapter Five, the development rationales and structural types of pH-sensitive liposomes is discussed Chapter Six presents the characteristic, classification and preparation methods of liposomes. To develop liposomal drug delivery system, functional liposomes including antibody-conjugating liposomes known as immunoliposomes and stimuli-triggered liposomes such as pH- and thermo-sensitive liposomes have been investigated in Chapter Seven. Chapter Eight covers the use of thermosensitive liposomes for drug delivery and cancer therapy, because the side-effects of anticancer drugs are restrained and drug release can be controlled in combination with local hyperthermia. In Chapter Nine, the authors summarise the potential of OMLs as a novel adjuvant and antigen delivery vehicle for induction of encased antigen-specific strong T cell immunity. Chapter Ten presents the recent advances of liposomes in drug and vaccine delivery and shed light to the application of DSC to thermodynamic characterisation of liposomal delivery platforms. Chapter Eleven focuses on various liposomal delivery systems that are currently being explored to overcome the anatomical and physiological obstacles to improve the delivery efficiency of BNCT to brain glioma cells.