In situ hybridization is a technique that allows for the visualization of specific DNA and RNA sequences in individual cells, and is an especially important method for studying nucleic acids in heterogeneous cell populations. in situ Hybridization in Electron Microscopy reviews the three main methods developed for the ultrastructural visualization of genes:
° hybridization on ultrathin sections of tissue embedded in hydrophilic resin (post-embedding method)
° hybridization prior to embedding (pre-embedding)
° hybridization on ultrathin sections of frozen tissue (frozen tissue method).
For each technique, the different stages are described in detail: the preparation of tissue, pretreatment, hybridization, and visualization of the hybridization products.

The book combines theory and practice, starting with the basic principles, then breaking down the experimental process into successive steps illustrated by numerous diagrams, detailed protocols, and tables. This is all done in a format that uses parallel columns to convey useful comments next to the theory and practical details alongside each stage of the protocol. Additionally, the summary tables provide the criteria for choosing the probe type and technique, and a detailed index aids in the search for information. in situ Hybridization In Electron Microscopy is an essential companion for applying these methods at the electron microscopic level.

This book is a guide for users of new technologies, as it includes accurately proven protocols, allowing readers to prepare their samples for experiments. Additionally, it is a guide for the bioinformatics tools that are available for the analysis of the obtained tags, including the design of the software, the sources and the Web. Finally, the book provides examples of the application of these technologies to identify promoters, annotate genomes, identify new RNAs and reconstruct models of transcriptional control. Although examples mainly concern mammalians, the discussion expands to other groups of eukaryotes, where these approaches are complementing genome sequencing.

The Affymetrix GeneChip (R) system is one of the most widely adapted microarray platforms. However, due to the overwhelming amount of information available, many Affymetrix users tend to stick to the default analysis settings and may end up drawing sub-optimal conclusions. Written by a molecular biologist and a biostatistician with a combined decade of experience in practical expression profiling experiments and data analyses, Gene Expression Studies Using Affymetrix Microarrays tears down the omnipresent language barriers among molecular biology, bioinformatics, and biostatistics by explaining the entire process of a gene expression study from conception to conclusion. Truly Multidisciplinary: Merges Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, and Biostatistics This authoritative resource covers important technical and statistical pitfalls and problems, helping not only to explain concepts outside the domain of researchers, but to provide additional guidance in their field of expertise. The book also describes technical and statistical methods conceptually with illustrative, full-color examples, enabling those inexperienced with gene expression studies to grasp the basic principles. Gene Expression Studies Using Affymetrix Microarrays provides novices with a detailed, yet focused introductory course and practical user guide. Specialized experts will also find it useful as a translation dictionary to understand other involved disciplines or to get a broader picture of microarray gene expression studies in general. Although focusing on Affymetrix gene expression, this globally relevant guide covers topics that are equally useful for other microarray platforms and other Affymetrix applications.

A Step-by-Step Guide to Present and Future Uses of Microarray Technology Microarray technology continues to evolve, taking on a variety of forms. From the spotting of cDNA and the in situ synthesis of oligonucleotide arrays now come microarrays comprising proteins, carbohydrates, drugs, tissues, and cells. With contributions from microarray experts in both academia and industry, Microarray Methods and Protocols is a turn-by-turn roadmap through the processes necessary to perform a successful microarray experiment. This easy to use book addresses the fundamental aspects of preparing and processing microarrays and bead arrays, labeling, and detection. It also includes a detailed How it Works section that discusses the underlying principles of a number of techniques. Troubleshooting guides offer additional advice for the successful performance of more than 100 protocols in 10 chapters that cover work involving nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lectins. --Concise and Well-Organized-- With a focus on the preparation and use of microarrays of biomedical relevance, the text describes a variety of microarray formats useful in the assessment of human disease and in genomic and proteomic research. This authoritative resource provides detailed information regarding sample preparation, labeling, array construction processes, substrate chemistry, array printing, and quality control. Originating with the glass microscope slide and biochip, microarray technology is now pressing onward into the nanotechnology frontier. This book is the all-inclusive manual scientists need to take microarray research to the next level of discovery.

In the post-genomic age, much biomedical research looks at when, where, and at what level genes are expressed. Measuring Gene Expression is an all-in-one introduction to the main methods of measuring gene expression, including RT-PCR, differential display, RNA interference, reporter genes, microarrays, and proteomics, as well as a section on RNA isolation and analysis. There is an overview of each method: its pros and cons, sample preparation, sources of error, and data interpretation.

Now in its second edition, Forensic DNA Evidence Interpretation is the most comprehensive resource for DNA casework available today. Written by leaders in the fields of biology and statistics, including a contribution from Peter Gill, the father of DNA analysis, the book emphasizes the interpretation of test results and provides the necessary formulae in an easily accessible manner. This latest edition is fully updated and includes current and emerging techniques in this fast-moving field. The book begins by reviewing all pertinent biology, and then provides information on every aspect of DNA analysis. This includes modern interpretation methods and contemporary population genetic models available for estimating DNA frequencies or likelihood ratios. Following a chapter on procedures for validating databases, the text presents overviews and performance assessments of both modern sampling uncertainty methods and current paternity testing techniques, including new guidelines on paternity testing in alignment with the International Society for Forensic Genetics. Later chapters discuss the latest methods for mixture analysis, LCN (ultra trace) analysis and non-autosomal (mito, X, and Y) DNA analysis. The text concludes with an overview of procedures for disaster victim identification and information on DNA intelligence databases. Highlights of the second edition include: New information about PCR processes, heterozygote balance and back and forward stuttering New information on the interpretation of low template DNA, drop models and continuous models Additional coverage of lineage marker subpopulation effects, mixtures and combinations with autosomal markers This authoritative book provides a link among the biological, forensic, and interpretative domains of the DNA profiling field. It continues to serve as an invaluable resource that allows forensic scientists, technicians, molecular biologists and attorneys to use forensic DNA evidence to its greatest potential.

DNA replication is an important part in the machinery of cell and viral proliferation. After significant advances in the past few years, its regulation is now more fully understood. This text provides a detailed and up-to-date review of the complexity of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. It is organized into three parts. "Concepts" is a distillation of underlying principles, "Proteins" offers a description of each protein class involved, and "Systems" gives a review of events over a wide range of organisms. The book is aimed at teachers who want a current survey of a topic central to the biology syllabus, investigators of replication who require a source of knowledge in their specialty, and scientists studying other biological functions on which DNA replication has an impact.

Genomic Applications in Pathology provides a state-of-the art review of the scientific principles underlying next generation genomic technologies and the required bioinformatics approaches to analyses of the daunting amount of data generated by current and emerging genomic technologies. Implementation roadmaps for various clinical assays such as single gene, gene panels, whole exome and whole genome assays are discussed together with issues related to reporting, including the pathologist's role in interpretation and clinical integration of genomic tests results. Genomic applications for site-specific solid tumors and hematologic neoplasms are detailed, as well as genomic applications in pharmacogenomics, inherited genetic diseases, and infectious diseases. The latest iteration of practice recommendations and guidelines in genomic testing, put forth by stakeholder professional organizations such as the Association for Molecular Pathology and the College of American Pathologists, are also discussed in the volume, as well as regulatory issues and laboratory accreditation related to genomic testing. Written by experts in the field, Genomic Applications in Pathology provides a comprehensive resource that is of great value to practicing molecular pathologists, hematopathologists, other subspecialized pathologists, general pathologists, pathology trainees, oncologists, and geneticists.

This volume contains a compilation of techniques and laboratory protocols directly related to RNA nano technology and its applications in nano biotechnology and nano medicine. The chapters in this book cover a wide range of research methods that can be easily comprehended and carried out in a step-by-step manner by graduate students and postdoctoral fellows from diverse scientific disciplines. Some of the covered topics include various biochemical, biophysical and bioinformatics approaches for analyzing RNA structures and properties; methods to analyze the multi-step assembly process of RNA nano architectures; purification of multifunctional RNA nanoparticles by ultracentrifugation and HPLC; real-time detection of RNA nano constructs in vivo; conjugation of imaging, targeting and therapeutic modules to RNA scaffold; and design and characterization of RNA-protein nanostructures. Written in the highly successful Methods of Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols and key tips on troubles troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Cutting-edge and practical, RNA Nanotechnology and Therapeutics: Methods and Protocols propels the field toward new heights by engaging researchers working in the diverse fields of physical, engineering, and life sciences.

Current genomic research primarily focuses on the decoding of genes and other DNA sequences. For many, the genome simply represents a bag of genes, whereas genes are the functional parts of the system. Therefore understanding the genes will lead to medically applicable results. To point out a new direction in genomic research, this book will discuss that genes and genomes represent distinctive biological entities, and that the genome (rather than individual genes) is the evolutionary selection unit, as the function of a gene is determined by the context of the genome. Accordingly, current genomic research must move beyond sequencing in order to truly decode the genome. To support such a key statement, a series of paradoxes will be addressed leading to the introduction of genome theory. Dr. Heng has been working on a new genome theory for the past 10 years. With this new way of thinking, his group has solved a number of key questions both in cancer biology and evolutionary biology. The recently introduced genome theory of somatic cell- and organismal- evolution has received an increasing amount of attention. With Dr. Heng s first-hand experience, this book will walk readers through the journey of change, from the selfish gene concept to genome chaos, leading the reader to appreciate the ignored genome variation and its important implications to evolution and medicine. This book will outline the new genome based genomic research.

In the tradition of the acclaimed Methods in Molecular Biology series, this collection of more than 500 tried-and-tested PCR protocols will become the standard PCR reference set in all biological science laboratories. Comprehensive in scope, yet easily searchable, these protocols will enable PCR labs to have access to the widest array of PCR protocols available and thus be able to complete any kind of PCR experiment with ease. The protocols are presented in a step-by-step fashion and cover every aspect of PCR, making this an essential reference for all biological scientists.