Seismic interferometry is an exciting new field in geophysics utilizing multiple scattering events to provide unprecedented views of the Earth's subsurface. This is the first book to describe the theory and practice of seismic interferometry with an emphasis on applications in exploration seismology. Exercises are provided at the end of each chapter, and the text is supplemented by online MATLAB codes that illustrate important ideas and allow readers to generate synthetic traces and invert these to determine the Earth's reflectivity structure. Later chapters reinforce these principles by deriving the rigorous mathematics of seismic interferometry. Incorporating examples that apply interferometric imaging to synthetic and field data, from applied geophysics and earthquake seismology, this book is a valuable reference for academic researchers and oil industry professionals. It can also be used to teach a one-semester course for advanced students in geophysics and petroleum engineering.

This textbook employs a technical and quantitative approach to explain subsurface hydrology and hydrogeology, and to offer a comprehensive overview of groundwater-related topics such as flow in porous media, aquifer characterization, contaminant description and transport, risk assessment, and groundwater remediation. It describes the characterization of subsurface flow of pristine and polluted water and provides readers with easily applicable tools for the design of water supply systems, drinking-water source protection, and remediation interventions. Specific applications range from groundwater exploitation as a drinking water supply to the remediation of contaminated aquifers, from the definition and safeguarding of drinking-water sources to the assessment of human health risks in connection with groundwater contamination events. The book represents an ideal learning resource for upper-undergraduate and graduate students of civil engineering, environmental engineering, and geology, as well as practitioners in the fields of water resource management and environmental protection who are interested in groundwater engineering and technical hydrogeology.

This text examines the environmental setting and resulting phosphorites that formed during the Miocene, one of the major and most recent phosphogenic periods throughout the geological record. Sedimentary phosphate deposits (phosphorites) are of major commercial significance, being one of the world's most important non-renewable resources, and essential in the manufacture of phosphate fertilizers and phosphate based chemicals. An oceanographic perspective is provided by investigations of modern oceanic environments where phosphorites are presently forming. Together, the geologic and marine approaches provide a complete outlook on this important mineral resource. This is the third of four planned reference volumes that together will cover the achievements of the International Geological Correlation Programme Project 156 (Phosphates) during the ten years of the project's existence. As with the previous volumes, this will form an essential work of reference for geologists and mining engineers interested in the search for, and exploitation of, phosphate rock deposits.

This book is dedicated to the multifaceted description of the crucial issue of arsenic contamination and its effect on human health. From soil to man, this book describes the several steps from arsenic speciation in rocks, water and environment in general, through the contamination of rice-based foods in infants diet, up to the devastating effects on human health. The axis soil-food-health raises more issues than ever imagined and the book is aimed at linking all the interdisciplinary aspects involved while giving a complementary interpretation of the phenomenon. Medical geology has recently emerged as a new discipline trying to explain the events with an interdisciplinary approach and to solve the related problems for human health. Far from being exhaustive, this book is aimed at briefly addressing the 'arsenic issue' and concerns for human health while presenting the different techniques employed for arsenic removal, from natural or polymeric adsorbents to biological filtration.

The brilliantly told and gripping story of the most familiar - yet, amazingly, still poorly understood - substance in the universe: Water. The extent to which water remains a scientific mystery is extraordinary, despite its prevalence and central importance on Earth. Whether one considers its role in biology, its place in the physical world (where it refuses to obey the usual rules of liquids) or its deceptively simple structure, there is still no complete answer to the question: what is water? Philip Ball's book explains what, exactly, we do and do not know about the strange character of this most essential and ubiquitous of substances. H20 begins by transporting its readers back to the Big Bang and the formation of galaxies to witness the birth of water's constituent elements: hydrogen and oxygen. It then explains how the primeval oceans were formed four billion years ago; where water is to be found on other planets; why ice floats when most solids sink; why, despite being highly corrosive, water is good for us; why there are at least fifteen kinds of ice and perhaps two kinds of liquid water; how scientists have consistently misunderstood water for centuries; and why wars have been waged over it. Philip Ball's gloriously offbeat and intelligent book conducts us on a journey through the history of science, folklore, the wilder scientific fringes, cutting-edge physics, biology and ecology, to give a fascinating new perspective on life and the substance that sustains it. After reading this book, drinking a glass of water will never be the same again.

The Ordos Basin: Sedimentological Research for Hydrocarbons Exploration provides an overview of sedimentological approaches used in the lacustrine Ordos Basin (but also applicable in other marine and lacustrine basins) to make hydrocarbon exploration more efficient. Oil exploration is becoming increasingly focused on tight sandstone reservoirs and shales. The development of these reservoirs, particularly regarding the sedimentary processes and the resulting sediments, are still poorly understood. Exploration and exploitation of such reservoirs requires new insights into the lateral and vertical facies changes, and as already indicated above, the knowledge surrounding facies and how they change in deep-water environments is still relatively unclear.

With the eye of a professional scientist and the passion of a dedicated amateur, E. C. Pielou conducts a guided tour of fresh water on its course through the natural world. As the world's supply of clean, fresh water continues to dwindle, it becomes increasingly important to understand the close connection between water and all forms of life. Pielou's fascination with fresh water gives us a "natural history" that is remarkable and surprising.
"[A] keen and detailed look at the life and history of fresh water. . . . Dip into Fresh Water. It will both stimulate and satisfy as only good natural history can."--"Toronto Globe and Mail"
"Pielou's ease with her subject and her no-nonsense style of writing will satisfy and inspire the poet as well as the naturalist."--Denize Springer, "Express Books"
"[Pielou's] writing is didactic and definitive, in places even charming, and is buttressed by clear illustrations. . . . A welcome addition to the genre of literature designed to bridge the gap between scientists . . . and the intelligent and concerned lay public."--Daniel Hillel, "Nature"
"A wonderful natural history of one of life's necessities, a refreshing break from the grand theory and special pleading of many a science book. . . . Read it."--Fred Pearce, "New Scientist"

Diamonds are a multi-billion dollar business involving some of the world's largest mining companies, a million and a half artisanal diggers, more than a million cutters and polishers and a huge retail jewellery sector. But behind the sparkle of the diamond lies a murkier story, in which rebel armies in Angola, Sierra Leone and the Congo turned to diamonds to finance their wars. Completely unregulated, so-called blood diamonds became the perfect tool for money laundering, tax evasion, drug-running and weapons-trafficking. Diamonds brings together for the first time all aspects of the diamond industry. In it, Ian Smillie, former UN Security Council investigator and leading figure in the blood diamonds campaign, offers a comprehensive analysis of the history and structure of today's diamond trade, the struggle for effective regulation and the challenges ahead. There is, he argues, greater diversification and competition than ever before, but thanks to the success of the Kimberley Process, this coveted and prestigious gem now represents a fragile but renewed opportunity for development in some of the world's poorest nations. This part of the diamond story has rarely been told.

Open Pit Mine Planning and Design is an outstanding textbook designed for courses in surface mine design, open pit design, geological excavation engineering, and advanced open pit mine planning and design. The step-by-step introduction to mine design and planning enables a fast-track approach to the matter by undergraduate and graduate students. The excellent, user-friendly software guides the student through the planning and design steps, and the drillhole data sets allow the student to practice the described principles in various mining properties case examples. The large number of illustrative examples and case studies, together with the exercises and the reference lists at the end of each chapter, provide the student with all the material needed to study effectively the theory and application methods of open pit mine planning and design.

Volume One: Fundamentals covers the fundamental concepts involved in the planning and design of open pit mines. Subjects covered include mine planning, mining revenues and costs, orebody description, geometrical considerations, pit limits, production planning, mineral resources and ore reserves, responsible mining, blasting, drilling, loading, hauling and equipment availability, and utilization.

Volume Two: CSMine Software Package deals with CSMine, a user-friendly mine planning and design software that was developed specifically to illustrate the principles involved when applied in practice. It includes CSMine software, a CSMine tutorial, MicroModel user's guide and tutorial and various orebody case examples.

Although intended as student course material, many practitioners have used it as a practical reference guide. This third edition has been wholly revised, updated, and significantly expanded.

Shows the identified resources of coal in the United Kingdom, onshore and offshore.

Georessourcen sind die Elemente des gesellschaftlichen Stoffwechsels mit der Natur: mineralische Rohstoffe, fossile Energietrager, Wasser, Luft, Boeden und in einem weiteren Sinn auch die Biosphare und das Klima. Mit der Inwertsetzung und Nutzung dieser Georessourcen sind zeitlich und raumlich stark variierende Mensch-Umwelt-Verhaltnisse verbunden. Moderne Gesellschaften mit ihren vielschichtigen Verflechtungen sind so abhangig wie nie zuvor. Georessourcen sind dabei immer auch Instrument zur (Re-)Produktion von Machtverhaltnissen und zur Durchsetzung politisch-oekonomisch-ideologischer Interessen im Rahmen von Geopolitik. Neben dem Klimawandel ist eine der grossen und weiterhin unbeantworteten Zukunftsfragen die nach dem Umgang mit der Endlichkeit nicht erneuerbarer Georessourcen bei wachsendem Ressourcenverbrauch. Wie kann hier mehr Nachhaltigkeit im Sinne von Generationengerechtigkeit gelingen? Der vorliegende Band liefert eindrucksvolle Einblicke in die komplexen Wirkungsketten, die mit der Nutzung von Georessourcen verbunden sind - und die der Mensch in der Regel nicht vollstandig kontrollieren kann. Verschiedene konzeptionelle, analytische und kritische Zugange liefern wichtige Denkanstoesse fur Energie- und Ressourcenwenden jenseits von Geoengineering und anderen technologischen Innovationen. Denn ohne die UEberwindung gewohnheitsmassiger Denk-, Lebens- und Verhaltensweisen, die sich an fossil-kapitalistischen Wohlstandsmodellen orientieren, durfte eine konfliktfreie Versorgung der Menschheit in Zukunft kaum zu gewahrleisten sein. Das Buch richtet sich an die interdisziplinare Fachwelt, an Praktiker, an Studierende und Lehrende aller Hochschultypen, die sich fur die Schnittstellenthematik Mensch-Umwelt und die grosse Transformation zur Nachhaltigkeit interessieren.

A decade ago no one except geologists had heard of tantalum or 'coltan' - an obscure mineral that is an essential ingredient in mobile phones and laptops. Then, in 2000, reports began to leak out of Congo: of mines deep in the jungle where coltan was extracted in brutal conditions watched over by warlords. The United Nations sent a team to investigate, and its expose of the relationship between violence and the exploitation of coltan and other natural resources contributed to a re-examination of scholarship on the motivations and strategies of armed groups.

The politics of coltan encompass rebel militias, transnational corporations, determined activists, Hollywood celebrities, the rise of China, and the latest iGadget. Drawing on Congolese and activist voices, Nest analyses the two issues that define coltan politics: the relationship between coltan and violence in the Congo, and contestation between activists and corporations to reshape the global tantalum supply chain. The way production and trade of coltan is organised creates opportunities for armed groups, but the Congo wars are not solely, or even primarily, about coltan or minerals generally. Nest argues the political significance of coltan lies not in its causal link to violence, but in activists' skillful use of mobile phones as a symbol of how ordinary people and transnational corporations far from Africa are implicated in Congo's coltan industry and therefore its conflict. Nest examines the challenges coltan initiatives face in an activist 'marketplace' crowded with competing justice issues, and identifies lessons from coltan initiatives for the geopolitics of global resources more generally.

Ranging across the 4.6 billion year history of the planet, geology is the subject that encompasses almost all that we see around us, in one way or another, and also much that we cannot see, beneath our feet, and on other planets. The fruits of geology provide most of the materials that give us shelter, and most of the energy that drives our modern lives. Within the study of geology lie some of the clues to the extraordinary impact our species is going to play out on the planet, in centuries and millennia to come. In this Very Short Introduction Jan Zalasiewicz gives a brief introduction to the fascinating field of geology. Describing how the science developed from its early beginnings, he looks at some of the key discoveries that have transformed it, before delving into its various subfields, such as sedimentology, tectonics, and stratigraphy. Analysing the geological foundations of the Earth, Zalasiewicz explains the interlocking studies of tectonics, geophysics, and igneous and metamorphic petrology and geochemistry; and describes how rocks are dated by radiometric dating. Considering the role and importance of geology in the finding and exploitation of resources (including fracking), he also discusses its place in environmental issues, such as foundations for urban structures and sites for landfill, and in tackling issues associated with climate change. Zalasiewicz concludes by discussing the exciting future and frontiers of the field, such as the exploration of the geology of Mars. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

Whether as a textbook for the petroleum engineering student or a reference for the veteran engineer working in the field, this new volume is a valuable asset in the engineer's library for new, tested methods of more efficient oil and gas exploration and production and better estimating methods. In this book, the authors combine a rigorous, yet easy to understand, approach to petrophysics and how it is applied to petroleum and environmental engineering to solve multiple problems that the engineer or geologist faces every day. Useful in the prediction of everything from crude oil composition, pore size distribution in reservoir rocks, groundwater contamination, and other types of forecasting, this approach provides engineers and students alike with a convenient guide to many real-world applications. Fluid dynamics is an extremely important part of the extraction process, and petroleum geologists and engineers must have a working knowledge of fluid dynamics of oil and gas reservoirs in order to find them and devise the best plan for extraction, before drilling can begin. This book offers the engineer and geologist a fundamental guide for accomplishing these goals, providing much-needed calculations and formulas on fluid flow, rock properties, and many other topics that are encountered every day. The approach taken in Fluid Dynamics of Oil and Gas Reservoirs is unique and has not been addressed until now in a book format. Readers now have the ability to review some of the most well-known fields in the world, from the USA to Russia and Asia. Useful for the veteran engineer or scientist and the student alike, this book is a must-have for any geologist, engineer, or student working in the field of upstream petroleum engineering.

Humanity's ever-increasing hunger for mineral raw materials, caused by a growing global population and ever increasing standards of living, has resulted in economic geology becoming a subject of urgent importance.

This book provides a broad panorama of mineral deposits, covering their origin and geological characteristics, the principles of the search for ores and minerals, and the investigation of newly found deposits. Practical and environmental issues that arise during the life cycle of a mine and after its closure are addressed, with an emphasis on sustainable and "green" mining.

The central scientific theme of the book is to place the extraordinary variability of mineral deposits in the frame of fundamental geological processes.

The book is written for earth science students and practicing geologists worldwide. Professionals in administration, resource development, mining, mine reclamation, metallurgy, and mineral economics will also find the text valuable.

"Economic Geology" is a fully revised translation of the the fifth edition of the German language text "Mineralische und Energie-Rohstoffe."

Additional resources for this book can be found at: www.wiley.com/go/pohl/geology.

The author's website can be found at: http: //www.walter-pohl.com.

Discover amazing Planet earth in this fascinating new series Earth Wise.

The analysis of well tests constitutes one of the most powerful tools for the effective description of a petroleum reservoir and its subsequent management. This requires that the well test be placed in the proper context of related disciplines, especially geoscience, production and reservoir engineering. Modern methods of automated data processing can conceal mathematical limitations and overlook the need for realistic physical and geologic models. This book emphasizes the plausible physical contexts and mathematical models and limitations, and also the importance of realistic geologic models in analysis.Although the book is clearly targeted at petroleum engineers, the approach taken by the authors will no doubt find favour with practitioners in other areas of fluid flow in porous media, such as hydrology and the flow of pollutants. Scattered throughout the book are worked examples of the use of the methods described in the text. It also contains extensive appendices on permeability, application of Laplace transforms to flow equations valid for single and multi-layered systems, convolution and deconvolution, dimensionless parameters and P-theorems, and physical and thermodynamic properties of gases. This book should appeal to students as well as practitioners in industry; many in the latter group may have benefited before from formal exposure to the underlying theory and its limitations in real reservoir environments.

David I. Spanagel explores the origins of American geology and the culture that promoted it in nineteenth-century New York. Focusing on Amos Eaton, the educator and amateur scientist who founded the Rensselaer School, and DeWitt Clinton, the masterful politician who led the movement for the Erie Canal, Spanagel shows how a cluster of assumptions about the peculiar landscape and entrepreneurial spirit of New York came to define the Empire State. In so doing, he sheds light on a particularly innovative and fruitful period of interplay among science, politics, art, and literature in American history.

Leading experts in water-related fields have come together to make Water Encyclopedia a one-stop, comprehensive reference about the world s most important natural resource. It covers designated topics in a clear concise and authoritative manner. The treatment is practical in orientation, keeping in mind the needs of the users. Theory is included only where required for an understanding of the topic.

This book assesses the use of various non-seismic and non-conventional oil and gas exploration methods in Cuba. In addition to discussing the benefits of these methods, the book demonstrates how they can be combined with geological data and conventional methods, leading to a better evaluation of prospects and exploration risks. The authors describe how potential new gaso-petroleum sites in the Pina-Ceballos and Sancti Spiritus regions can be effectively mapped. The geophysical-geochemical exploration techniques combined in the Redox Complex method are used to identify and evaluate these sites. Areas of interest are mapped based on the presence of a combination of indicator anomalies, mainly derived using gravimetric, aeromagnetic and airborne gamma spectrometry. The geochemical study concentrates on two petroleum-rich regions, one in northern and one in southern Cuba. The scope also includes the seas to the south of Cuba, which are studied with non-seismic exploration tools such as the Digital Elevation Model, which employs morphotectonic regionalization.

Over the past five hundred years, North Americans have increasingly relied on mining to produce much of their material and cultural life. From cell phones and computers to cars, roads, pipes, pans, and even wall tile, mineral-intensive products have become central to North American societies. As this process has unfolded, mining has also indelibly shaped the natural world and the human societies within it. Mountains have been honeycombed, rivers poisoned, forests leveled, and the consequences of these environmental transformations have fallen unevenly across North America. Drawing on the work of scholars from Mexico, the United States, and Canada, Mining North America examines these developments. It covers an array of minerals and geographies while bringing mining into the core debates that animate North American environmental history. Taken all together, the essays in this book make a powerful case for the centrality of mining in forging North American environments and societies.

Since the beginning of the US shale gas revolution in 2005, the development of unconventional oil and gas resources has gathered tremendous pace around the world. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the key geologic, geophysical, and engineering principles that govern the development of unconventional reservoirs. The book begins with a detailed characterization of unconventional reservoir rocks: their composition and microstructure, mechanical properties, and the processes controlling fault slip and fluid flow. A discussion of geomechanical principles follows, including the state of stress, pore pressure, and the importance of fractures and faults. After reviewing the fundamentals of horizontal drilling, multi-stage hydraulic fracturing, and stimulation of slip on pre-existing faults, the key factors impacting hydrocarbon production are explored. The final chapters cover environmental impacts and how to mitigate hazards associated with induced seismicity. This text provides an essential overview for students, researchers, and industry professionals interested in unconventional reservoirs.

Die durch das Reaktorungluck in Fukushima forcierte Energiewende hin zu einer Stromversorgung mit primar erneuerbaren Energien konzentriert sich in der aktuellen Wahrnehmung nur auf den Ausbau von Solar und Windkraftenergie. Dabei wird vergessen, dass aufgrund fehlender Stromspeichertechnologien und UEberlandstromtrassen eine erneuerbare Energie benoetigt wird, die konstant Strom liefern und so Erzeugungsschwankungen bei Solar- und Windkraftenergie ausgleichen kann. Tiefe Geothermie, also Energie, die aus der Erde kommt, kann diese Aufgabe leisten, da sie die einzige erneuerbare Energie ist, die nicht klimatischen oder wetterbedingten Schwankungen unterliegt. Mit einem durch Wissenschaftlern und Praktikern erstellten Normenkatalog fur tiefengeothermische Bohrungen, wurde hier ein hoechstmoeglichen Sicherheitsstandard erreicht, und die wirtschaftlichen wie geologischen Risiken jedes Projektes minimiert werden.

Das Buch bietet zunachst eine analytische Beschreibung von Grundwasserstroemungsprozessen in der gesattigten bzw. ungesattigten Zone. Es folgt die numerische Behandlung von Grundwasserstroemungen sowie die darauf aufbauende Entwicklung beispielhafter Modelle. Ein zweiter Teil beinhaltet die Stoffausbreitungsprozesse im Grundwasser. Hier steht zunachst die analytische Beschreibung von Transport-, Sorptions-, Abbau- und Produktionsprozessen im Vordergrund. Anschliessend erfolgt die numerische Umsetzung der Prozesse und die Ableitung beispielhafter Ausbreitungsmodelle. Die beiliegende CD-ROM bietet eine Auswahl an Stroemungs- und Ausbreitungsmodellen zur Veranschaulichung u. zu UEbungszwecken.