This book investigates sand production problems in the development of unconsolidated sand reservoirs and suggests novel technical solutions and improvements to sand management issues. This book is divided into six chapters: (1) geologic characteristics of unconsolidated sand heavy oil reservoirs and concept of sand management technology; (2) sand production mechanisms and its effect on reservoir petrophysical quality; (3) sand production quantity prediction and well productivity evaluation methods, especially for fluid-solid coupling prediction model; (4) completion technology for sand management; (5) sand flow in well bore and surface processing; (6) the application of sand management technology in China s Bohai heavy oil field. Readership: Petroleum reservoir engineers and production managers worldwide.

This volume arises from the NATO Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) on 'North African Cretaceous rudist and coral formations and their contributions to carbonate platform development , which was held in Tunisia, on 13-18 May, 2002. It was convened by M. El Hedi Negra (Universite 7 Novembre de Carthage, now Universite de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia) and Eulalia Gili (Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain). The aims of the ARW were: (1) to review and critically assess currently available data on rudist/coral formations in North African Cretaceous carbonate platforms, and their correlations, and to integrate these data with other studies around the Mediterranean; (2) to place the findings in a global context, noting both similarities with other regions of platform development as well as local differences, and (3) exploring possible reasons for these; and to help promote the creation of a vibrant peri-Mediterranean collaborative research community, embracing researchers from the entire region, to carry forward this ambitious research programme. Twenty-two presentations (oral and poster) provided both topical reviews (covering rudist evolution, and ecology, mineralogical changes, applications of strontium isotope, and graphic correlation methods, and platform typology) as well as regional syntheses (Tunisian reservoirs, Moroccan platform history, Tunisian platforms and rudist/coral facies, Algerian platforms, and Egyptian platforms). Fifteen of these presentations are expanded here as papers. The workshop was attended by 24 academic staff, 4 geologists from the oil industry, plus several observers and students.

Despite significant development in earthquake analysis and design in the last 50 years or more, different structures related to industry, infra structure and human habitats get destroyed with monotonic regularity under strong motion earthquake. Even the recent earthquake in Mexico in September 2017 killed a number of people and destroyed national assets amounting to hundreds of millions of dollars. Careful evaluation of the technology reveals that, despite significant development in earthquake engineering, most of the books that are available on the market for reference are primarily focused towards buildings and framed type structures. It is accepted that during an earthquake it is buildings that get destroyed most and has been the biggest killers of human life. Yet, there are a number of structures like retaining walls, water tanks, Bunkers, silos, tall chimneys, bridge piers etc that are equally susceptible to earthquake, and if damaged can cause serious trouble and great economic distress. Unfortunately, many of these systems are analyzed by techniques that are too simplified, unrealistic/obsolete or nothing is done about them, ignoring completely the seismic effects, as no guidelines exist for their analysis/design (like seismic analysis of counterfort retaining walls or dynamic pressures on bunker walls etc.). This highly informative book addresses many of these items for which there exists a significant gap in technology and yet remain an important life line of considerable commercial significance.The book is an outcome of authors' academic research and practice across the four continents (USA, Europe, Africa and Asia) in the last thirty two years, where many of these technologies have been put in practice, that got tested against real time earthquakes. All methods presented herein have been published previously in peer reviewed research journals and international conferences of repute before being put to practice. Professionals working in international EPC and consulting engineering firms, graduates taking advanced courses in earthquake engineering, doctoral scholars pursuing research in earthquake engineering in the area of dynamic soil structure interaction (DSSI) and advanced under graduates wanting to self-learn and update themselves on earthquake analysis and design are greatly benefited from this book.

Mineral deposits have supplied useful or valuable material for human consumption long before they became objects of scientific curiosity or commercial exploitation. In fact, the earliest human interest in rocks was probably because of the easily accessible, useful (e. g. , red pigment in the form of earthy hematite) or valuable (e. g. , native gold and gemstones) materials they contained at places. In modem times, the study of mineral deposits has evolved into an applied science employing detailed field observations, sophisticated laboratory techniques for additional information, and computer modeling to build complex hypotheses. Understanding concepts that would someday help geologists to find new mineral deposits or exploit the known ones more efficiently have always been, and will continue to be, at the core of any course on mineral deposits, but it is a fascinating subject in its own right, even for students who do not intend to be professional economic geologists. I believe that a course on mineral deposits should be designed as a "capstone course" that illustrates a comprehensive application of concepts from many other disciplines in geology (mineralogy, stratigraphy and sedimentation, structure and tectonics, petrology, geochemistry, paleontology, geomorphology, etc. ). This book is intended as a text for such an introductory course in economic geology, primarily for senior undergraduate and graduate students in colleges and universities. It should also serve as a useful information resource for professional economic geologists.

This book brings together for the first time studies on all aspects of the Malaysian economy. These range from the geological origins and mineral resources, flora, fauna, peoples and cultures, political development, economy and society, environment and ecotourism in Malaysia and encapsulates the integration of the country into the wider international economy. The book also attempts to make Malaysia's current economic and political development more explicable by considering it in the light of these natural and human resource endowments and by exploring how they have changed over time.

The perturbation of the earth by mankind causes earthquakes in a variety of situations. This phenomenon continues to be a major concern to engineers and scientists concerned with the mitigation of the consequences of this seismicity, as well as better understanding the processes at its origin. The present volume contains twelve papers from six countries, dealing with observations of triggered and induced seismicity in four continents. The reported cases include seismicity due to hard-rock mines, coal mines, underground research facilities for nuclear waste disposal, water injections, reservoirs, acquifers and oil fields. This volume provides case studies of previously unavailable observations of this phenomenon, investigations of the cause and source mechanism of seismic events, studies of source location distributions, determinations of seismic source parameters, cases of the use of such parameters in assessing rockburst hazard in mines, and measurements of velocity an attenuation properties of rock masses. The present collection of papers provides an excellent indication of the current state of the art and new developments in this area of research.

The Sedimentology of Chalk describes processes that caused the rhythmic, vertical variation in grain size, structures and authigenic mineral concentrations. Special attention is given to Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary, subtropical, shallow marine, fine-grained, detrital bioclastic carbonates of northwest Europe. Numerical models are presented that enable the simulation of the genesis of flint nodule layers, hard grounds and complex wavy bedded sequences, such as the K/T boundary sequence of Stevns Klint (Denmark). The book is of interest to sedimentary geologists working on depositional and diagenetic features in carbonates.

Within the last decade, the high and continuing demand for gold has prompted a global gold rush on a scale never before seen, not even in the heady days of Ballarat, California and the Yukon. Gold is being sought on every continent and, with very few exceptions, in every country around the world. Such interest and fierce competition has demanded considerable innovation and improvement in exploration techniques paralleled by a rapid expansion of the geological database and consequent genetic modelling for the many different types of gold deposits now recognized. This proliferation of data has swamped the literature and left explorationist and academic alike unable to sift more than a small proportion of the accumulating information. This new book represents an attempt to address this major problem by providing succinct syntheses of all major aspects of gold metallogeny and exploration, ranging from the chemical distribution of gold in the Earth's crust, and the hydrothermal chemistry of gold, to Archaean and Phanerozoic lode deposits, epithermal environments, chemical sediments, and placer deposits, and culminates in chapters devoted to geochemical and geophysical exploration, and the economics of gold deposits. Each chapter is written by geoscientists who are acknowledged internationally in their respective fields, thus guaranteeing a broad yet up-to-date coverage. In addition, each chapter is accompanied by reference lists which provide readers with access to the most pertinent and useful publications.

The book on deposition, diagenesis, and weathering of organic matter-rich sediments is a summary of seven years of research work of the author at the Institute of Petroleum and Organic Geochemistry in J}lich. It contains a comparision of various depositional environments (lakes, deltas, seas)with respect to organic matter characteristics, a special chapter on the deposition of the Posidonia shale, a summary of organic matter maturation and related petroleum generation, and a chapter on the use of maturationparameters as calibration tools for numerical modelling of temperature histories of sedimentary basins. Also, microscopic effects of petroleum generation and oil to gas cracking are treated. The final chapters deal withcoals as source rocks for oil and gas and with the effects of weatheringon sediments which are rich in organic matter.

Introduction to Clay Minerals is designed to give a detailed, concise and clear introduction to clay mineralogy. Using the information presented here, one should be able to understand clays and their mineralogy, their uses and importance in modern life.

Leverage Big Data analytics methodologies to add value to geophysical and petrophysical exploration data Enhance Oil & Gas Exploration with Data-Driven Geophysical and Petrophysical Models demonstrates a new approach to geophysics and petrophysics data analysis using the latest methods drawn from Big Data. Written by two geophysicists with a combined 30 years in the industry, this book shows you how to leverage continually maturing computational intelligence to gain deeper insight from specific exploration data. Case studies illustrate the value propositions of this alternative analytical workflow, and in-depth discussion addresses the many Big Data issues in geophysics and petrophysics. From data collection and context through real-world everyday applications, this book provides an essential resource for anyone involved in oil and gas exploration. Recent and continual advances in machine learning are driving a rapid increase in empirical modeling capabilities. This book shows you how these new tools and methodologies can enhance geophysical and petrophysical data analysis, increasing the value of your exploration data. * Apply data-driven modeling concepts in a geophysical and petrophysical context * Learn how to get more information out of models and simulations * Add value to everyday tasks with the appropriate Big Data application * Adjust methodology to suit diverse geophysical and petrophysical contexts Data-driven modeling focuses on analyzing the total data within a system, with the goal of uncovering connections between input and output without definitive knowledge of the system's physical behavior. This multi-faceted approach pushes the boundaries of conventional modeling, and brings diverse fields of study together to apply new information and technology in new and more valuable ways. Enhance Oil & Gas Exploration with Data-Driven Geophysical and Petrophysical Models takes you beyond traditional deterministic interpretation to the future of exploration data analysis.

The Earth Science Series of the Circum-Pacific Funding for ship time was made available through Council for Energy and Mineral Resources (CPCEMR) the U. S. Agency for International Development, the is designed to convey the results of geologic research in USGS, the U. S. Office of Naval Research (for RIG's and around the Pacific Basin. Topics of interest include 1982 work), the Australian Development Assistance framework geology, petroleum geology, hard minerals, Bureau, the Australian Bureau of Mineral Resources geothermal energy, environmental geology, volcanology, (BMR), the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs, oceanography, tectonics, geophysics, geochemistry, and the New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial applications of renewable energy. The CPCEMR sup Research (DSIR), the New Zealand Geological Survey, ports and publishes results of scientific research that will and the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute (NZOI). Coordination of the program was provided by the U. S. advance the knowledge of energy and mineral resource potential in the circum-Pacific region. The Earth Sci Department of State and the South Pacific Applied Geo ence Series is specifically designed to publish papers that science Commission (SOPAC, formerly the United include new data and new maps, report on CPCEMR Nations-sponsored Committee for the Coordination of sponsored symposia and workshops, and describe the Joint Prospecting for Mineral Resources in South Pacific results of onshore and marine geological and geophysical Offshore Areas CCOP/SOPAC) in Fiji. Over 150 scien explorations."

The importance of oil in the world economy cannot be overstated, and methods for recovering oil will be the subject of much scientific and engineering research for many years to come. Even after the application of primary depletion and secondary recovery processes (usually waterflooding), much oil usually remains in a reservoir, and indeed in some heterogeneous reservoir systems as much as 70% of the original oil may remain. Thus, there is an enormous incentive for the development of improved or enhanced methods of oil recovery, aimed at recovering some portion of this remainil)g oil. The techniques used range from 'improved' secondary flooding methods (including polymer and certain gas injection processes) through to 'enhanced' or 'tertiary' methods such as chemical (surfactant, caustic, foam), gas miscible (carbon dioxide, gas reinjection) and thermal (steam soak and drive, in-situ combustion). The distinction between the classification ofthe methods usually refers to the target oil that the process seeks to recover. That is, in 'improved' recovery we are usually aiming to increase the oil sweep efficiency, whereas in 'tertiary' recovery we aim to mobilise and recover residual or capillary trapped oil. There are a few books and collections of articles which give general overviews of improved and enhanced oil recovery methods. However, for each recovery method, there is such a wide range of interconnected issues concerning the chemistry, physics and fluid mechanics of flow in porous media, that rarely are these adequately reviewed."

Metallogeny of Tin attempts to develop a general metallogenic model for tin in identifying the essential or relevant processes in tin ore formation. The methodological principle is based on an interplay between a background of basic petrogenetic concepts and a number of specific local and regional data on tin deposits and tin provinces. The author condenses the many apparently specific complexities encountered in individual ore deposits to a few major processes of general importance.

Part of a series, "Geology of Construction Materials" aims to show the connections between academic geology and the needs of the extractive industry by recognising that there is a direct relationship between the processes of mineral formation in the Earth's crust and the mode of occurrence and essential properties of the mineral. This book is intended to be useful to undergraduates in geology and related disciplines and the young graduate working in the extractive industry, although it is not intended as a working handbook. The book draws its information from many scientific, technical and trade journals and includes many examples from the United Kingdom. The differences between these examples and those in western Europe, northern America and developing countries are noted.

This book is intended to give an introduction to sedimentology and petroleum geology at undergraduate level. These two subjects have been treated together because of the close links between sedimen tology as an academic dicipline, petroleum geology, which is the application of sedimentology, and a number of other aspects of petroleum exploration and production. The oil industry ist by far the most important employer of sedimentologists and the lively interaction that takes place between the academic community and the research laboratories and exploration departments of the oil industry has been very fruitful for both parties. Our knowledge of sedimentary basins now depends to a very large extent on data obtained by commercial petroleum exploration. Studies of actual rocks in outcrops, particularly if they are extensive, will always be important for sedimentologists, but subsurface data like seismic sections and well logs provide us with in much information on the three-dimensional distribution of facies that we could not otherwise obtain. Subsurface techniques are certainly important for pe troleum geologists, but also other sedimentologists should be able to use subsurface data. I have therefore included elementary intro ductions to the use of well logs and seismic methods in this book, with fundamentals of external controls on sedimentation such as basin subsidence and sea level changes. I have tried to present the state of knowledge at this level without referring to the original research papers except when specific data are quoted or used in illustrations.

Interest in water will continue to grow for a long time to come. It will continue to spread over a large number of disciplines and technologies. Research into water in all its aspects has become so diverse that even those with a direct interest find it impossible to keep up with the original literature beyond a very limited range. On the other hand, scientists want to keep in touch with a wide spectrum of basic and applied research on water and the role played by aqueous solvents in physical, chemical, biological, technological and environmental processes. Water Science Reviews contains three or four critical state-of-the-art reviews of the type previously published in the seven volume work Water -A Comprehensive Treatise. Some reviews update previously published topics, while others feature areas of Water Sciences that have never yet been reviewed. A common focus is the central position adopted by water in the systems and processes described.

In this text, attention is focused mainly on those literature is accessible, however, it is to be expected countries in western Africa lying south of the Sahara, that teachers and lecturers will know of it and will be that is, between about SON and 15 DegreesN, and westward able to acquaint their students with it, where neces of about 15 DegreesE. Parts of the region as far north as sary. about 200N are considered from time to time, for A glossary of terms is provided at the end of the purposes of correlation and cQntinuity. The map on volume, and there is a summary at the beginning of p. xiii indicates the approximate extent of the cover each chapter. age. This book is dedicated to the many colleagues and The principal aim is to provide a broad view of students with whom we have worked in West Africa West African geology as a whole, for undergraduates and who have stimulated and encouraged our teach who are studying for honours degrees in geology and ing and research in various ways. We hope also that it may help the work of international organizations who already have an understanding of basic geologi cal principles. It is increasingly important that such as AGID, CIFEG and UNESCO to encourage the growing trend towards geological co-operation geologists working in this region should see it as made up of geological 'provinces' which transcend and correlation between different countries in West national boundaries. Africa.

Seldom if ever in recent history has a single technological advance made such sweeping changes in our lives as has the advancement of the digital computer. As you probably are aware, the computer itself is not a brand-new device. What is new (and growing every day) is the percentage of the population that is using computers in business and personal environments. The personal computer's popularity is growing by leaps and bounds primarily because of its availability in a small and relatively inexpensive package (several hundred dollars), placing it well within the reach of many families and small businesses. Software to perform financial analysis, solve inventory prob lems, or just have fun with is readily available and reasonably priced, thereby absolving inexperienced users from the burdens of programming and the technical complexities associated with it. The typical user in this scenario derives much of the benefit and experiences few of the disadvantages. Yet, as expected, the solving of a problem often creates problems, as will be discussed. Training and development personnel, like most other profes sionals, have not been immune to the onslaught of personal and business computers. Computer-aided and computer-managed instructional techniques (Le., CAl and CMI) are common phrases today in the realm of training and development."

Every little wiggle has a meaning all its own. This is our underlying faith, that details of seismic waveshapes can tell us the details of the nature of the earth. But their voices are obscured by many irrelevancies. They speak in a high-noise environment, and we have been able to decipher only a small portion. However, things are looking up: better tech niques are lessening the irrelevancies, and we are learning to read. In exploration of unknown areas, determining the nature of the rocks present is often the difficult aspect. Most of the properties of rocks that can be measured at a distance are not distinctive enough to identify the rock unambiguously. Con ventionally, seismic data are used to determine aspects of the structure. Stratigraphic pictures are inferred from the struc ture, the nature of rocks exposed for examination in the sur rounding area, and regional concepts. Three points make seismic stratigraphy feasible now: (1) we have better data quality, (2) we have begun to sys tematize analysis procedures, and (3) we believe in the geologic significance of waveshape details."

This book has its origins in a resolution passed by the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations in July 1975 requesting the Secretary-General to prepare a 10 to 15 year evaluation of the prospects for copper. The investigation was carried out by the Centre for Natural Resources, Energy and Transport, with the help of consultants, and the results summarized in a report submitted to the Committee on Natural Re sources, a subsidiary body of the Economic and Social Council, in May 1977. This book presents the findings of that investigation in greater detail, draws out the impli cations of those findings more fully, and describes the methodology employed more completely than was possible in the earlier report. It also incorporates the results of additional work carried out by the authors since the spring of 1977 so as to take into account recent developments as well as comments received from the participants at the meeting of the Committee on Natural Resources where the summary paper was re viewed. Although all three authors are collectively, and individually, responsible for the whole book, Mr. Wolfgang Gluschke assumes a special responsibility for Chapters IV, V and VI, Mr. Joseph F. Shaw for Chapters I, II, and VIII, and Mr. Bension Varon for Chapters III and VII. The work on the book was undertaken under the general supervision and guidance of Mr. Varon, then Assistant Director ofthe United Nations Centre for Natural Resources, Energy and Transport."

The International Conference on Geological Information represents the first major attempt to bring together geoscience information specialists from allover the world. The purpose of the conference was to assess the current state-of the-art in geoscience information from both the regional and functional point of view. It was hoped that the conference could take steps to bring about increased international cooperation and collaboration in the field of geological information. The papers ranged over the whole spec trum of documentation from primary publishing back to the user, including data. Perhaps a keyword for the conference might be "cooperation." The idea of, and need for, cooperation was stressed in almost every talk. The final panel session was devoted to a discussion on the formation of a proposed International Association for Geological Information. Despite the growing pressure on information managers, stimulated by increasing international activities in geology, the global perspective of plate tectonics and worldwide concern for the availability of non-renewable resources, there does not exist an international organisation specifi cally concerned with geological information. Delegates agreed that there was no need for a new professional society of individuals but that a federation or similar organisation might be desirable. In the final session it became apparent that if the geological information community is to make the best use of all the systems and developments available there is very clearly a need to know what exists in all these areas at present. An urgent task is to identify these systems."