Introduction to Clay Minerals is designed to give a detailed, concise and clear introduction to clay mineralogy. Using the information presented here, one should be able to understand clays and their mineralogy, their uses and importance in modern life.

The Earth Science Series of the Circum-Pacific Funding for ship time was made available through Council for Energy and Mineral Resources (CPCEMR) the U. S. Agency for International Development, the is designed to convey the results of geologic research in USGS, the U. S. Office of Naval Research (for RIG's and around the Pacific Basin. Topics of interest include 1982 work), the Australian Development Assistance framework geology, petroleum geology, hard minerals, Bureau, the Australian Bureau of Mineral Resources geothermal energy, environmental geology, volcanology, (BMR), the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs, oceanography, tectonics, geophysics, geochemistry, and the New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial applications of renewable energy. The CPCEMR sup Research (DSIR), the New Zealand Geological Survey, ports and publishes results of scientific research that will and the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute (NZOI). Coordination of the program was provided by the U. S. advance the knowledge of energy and mineral resource potential in the circum-Pacific region. The Earth Sci Department of State and the South Pacific Applied Geo ence Series is specifically designed to publish papers that science Commission (SOPAC, formerly the United include new data and new maps, report on CPCEMR Nations-sponsored Committee for the Coordination of sponsored symposia and workshops, and describe the Joint Prospecting for Mineral Resources in South Pacific results of onshore and marine geological and geophysical Offshore Areas CCOP/SOPAC) in Fiji. Over 150 scien explorations."

Leverage Big Data analytics methodologies to add value to geophysical and petrophysical exploration data Enhance Oil & Gas Exploration with Data-Driven Geophysical and Petrophysical Models demonstrates a new approach to geophysics and petrophysics data analysis using the latest methods drawn from Big Data. Written by two geophysicists with a combined 30 years in the industry, this book shows you how to leverage continually maturing computational intelligence to gain deeper insight from specific exploration data. Case studies illustrate the value propositions of this alternative analytical workflow, and in-depth discussion addresses the many Big Data issues in geophysics and petrophysics. From data collection and context through real-world everyday applications, this book provides an essential resource for anyone involved in oil and gas exploration. Recent and continual advances in machine learning are driving a rapid increase in empirical modeling capabilities. This book shows you how these new tools and methodologies can enhance geophysical and petrophysical data analysis, increasing the value of your exploration data. * Apply data-driven modeling concepts in a geophysical and petrophysical context * Learn how to get more information out of models and simulations * Add value to everyday tasks with the appropriate Big Data application * Adjust methodology to suit diverse geophysical and petrophysical contexts Data-driven modeling focuses on analyzing the total data within a system, with the goal of uncovering connections between input and output without definitive knowledge of the system's physical behavior. This multi-faceted approach pushes the boundaries of conventional modeling, and brings diverse fields of study together to apply new information and technology in new and more valuable ways. Enhance Oil & Gas Exploration with Data-Driven Geophysical and Petrophysical Models takes you beyond traditional deterministic interpretation to the future of exploration data analysis.

Metallogeny of Tin attempts to develop a general metallogenic model for tin in identifying the essential or relevant processes in tin ore formation. The methodological principle is based on an interplay between a background of basic petrogenetic concepts and a number of specific local and regional data on tin deposits and tin provinces. The author condenses the many apparently specific complexities encountered in individual ore deposits to a few major processes of general importance.

Part of a series, "Geology of Construction Materials" aims to show the connections between academic geology and the needs of the extractive industry by recognising that there is a direct relationship between the processes of mineral formation in the Earth's crust and the mode of occurrence and essential properties of the mineral. This book is intended to be useful to undergraduates in geology and related disciplines and the young graduate working in the extractive industry, although it is not intended as a working handbook. The book draws its information from many scientific, technical and trade journals and includes many examples from the United Kingdom. The differences between these examples and those in western Europe, northern America and developing countries are noted.

This book is intended to give an introduction to sedimentology and petroleum geology at undergraduate level. These two subjects have been treated together because of the close links between sedimen tology as an academic dicipline, petroleum geology, which is the application of sedimentology, and a number of other aspects of petroleum exploration and production. The oil industry ist by far the most important employer of sedimentologists and the lively interaction that takes place between the academic community and the research laboratories and exploration departments of the oil industry has been very fruitful for both parties. Our knowledge of sedimentary basins now depends to a very large extent on data obtained by commercial petroleum exploration. Studies of actual rocks in outcrops, particularly if they are extensive, will always be important for sedimentologists, but subsurface data like seismic sections and well logs provide us with in much information on the three-dimensional distribution of facies that we could not otherwise obtain. Subsurface techniques are certainly important for pe troleum geologists, but also other sedimentologists should be able to use subsurface data. I have therefore included elementary intro ductions to the use of well logs and seismic methods in this book, with fundamentals of external controls on sedimentation such as basin subsidence and sea level changes. I have tried to present the state of knowledge at this level without referring to the original research papers except when specific data are quoted or used in illustrations.

Interest in water will continue to grow for a long time to come. It will continue to spread over a large number of disciplines and technologies. Research into water in all its aspects has become so diverse that even those with a direct interest find it impossible to keep up with the original literature beyond a very limited range. On the other hand, scientists want to keep in touch with a wide spectrum of basic and applied research on water and the role played by aqueous solvents in physical, chemical, biological, technological and environmental processes. Water Science Reviews contains three or four critical state-of-the-art reviews of the type previously published in the seven volume work Water -A Comprehensive Treatise. Some reviews update previously published topics, while others feature areas of Water Sciences that have never yet been reviewed. A common focus is the central position adopted by water in the systems and processes described.

Seldom if ever in recent history has a single technological advance made such sweeping changes in our lives as has the advancement of the digital computer. As you probably are aware, the computer itself is not a brand-new device. What is new (and growing every day) is the percentage of the population that is using computers in business and personal environments. The personal computer's popularity is growing by leaps and bounds primarily because of its availability in a small and relatively inexpensive package (several hundred dollars), placing it well within the reach of many families and small businesses. Software to perform financial analysis, solve inventory prob lems, or just have fun with is readily available and reasonably priced, thereby absolving inexperienced users from the burdens of programming and the technical complexities associated with it. The typical user in this scenario derives much of the benefit and experiences few of the disadvantages. Yet, as expected, the solving of a problem often creates problems, as will be discussed. Training and development personnel, like most other profes sionals, have not been immune to the onslaught of personal and business computers. Computer-aided and computer-managed instructional techniques (Le., CAl and CMI) are common phrases today in the realm of training and development."

Every little wiggle has a meaning all its own. This is our underlying faith, that details of seismic waveshapes can tell us the details of the nature of the earth. But their voices are obscured by many irrelevancies. They speak in a high-noise environment, and we have been able to decipher only a small portion. However, things are looking up: better tech niques are lessening the irrelevancies, and we are learning to read. In exploration of unknown areas, determining the nature of the rocks present is often the difficult aspect. Most of the properties of rocks that can be measured at a distance are not distinctive enough to identify the rock unambiguously. Con ventionally, seismic data are used to determine aspects of the structure. Stratigraphic pictures are inferred from the struc ture, the nature of rocks exposed for examination in the sur rounding area, and regional concepts. Three points make seismic stratigraphy feasible now: (1) we have better data quality, (2) we have begun to sys tematize analysis procedures, and (3) we believe in the geologic significance of waveshape details."

This book has its origins in a resolution passed by the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations in July 1975 requesting the Secretary-General to prepare a 10 to 15 year evaluation of the prospects for copper. The investigation was carried out by the Centre for Natural Resources, Energy and Transport, with the help of consultants, and the results summarized in a report submitted to the Committee on Natural Re sources, a subsidiary body of the Economic and Social Council, in May 1977. This book presents the findings of that investigation in greater detail, draws out the impli cations of those findings more fully, and describes the methodology employed more completely than was possible in the earlier report. It also incorporates the results of additional work carried out by the authors since the spring of 1977 so as to take into account recent developments as well as comments received from the participants at the meeting of the Committee on Natural Resources where the summary paper was re viewed. Although all three authors are collectively, and individually, responsible for the whole book, Mr. Wolfgang Gluschke assumes a special responsibility for Chapters IV, V and VI, Mr. Joseph F. Shaw for Chapters I, II, and VIII, and Mr. Bension Varon for Chapters III and VII. The work on the book was undertaken under the general supervision and guidance of Mr. Varon, then Assistant Director ofthe United Nations Centre for Natural Resources, Energy and Transport."

The International Conference on Geological Information represents the first major attempt to bring together geoscience information specialists from allover the world. The purpose of the conference was to assess the current state-of the-art in geoscience information from both the regional and functional point of view. It was hoped that the conference could take steps to bring about increased international cooperation and collaboration in the field of geological information. The papers ranged over the whole spec trum of documentation from primary publishing back to the user, including data. Perhaps a keyword for the conference might be "cooperation." The idea of, and need for, cooperation was stressed in almost every talk. The final panel session was devoted to a discussion on the formation of a proposed International Association for Geological Information. Despite the growing pressure on information managers, stimulated by increasing international activities in geology, the global perspective of plate tectonics and worldwide concern for the availability of non-renewable resources, there does not exist an international organisation specifi cally concerned with geological information. Delegates agreed that there was no need for a new professional society of individuals but that a federation or similar organisation might be desirable. In the final session it became apparent that if the geological information community is to make the best use of all the systems and developments available there is very clearly a need to know what exists in all these areas at present. An urgent task is to identify these systems."

In this course we shall assume that all participants are familiar with the essentials of seismic prospecting. Thus A the rudiments of the field work -- spreads, sources, arrays B and digital recording -- are assumed known. So also are the C rudiments of processing -- such processes as gain recovery, D filtering, deconvolution, velocity analysis, and display. E Just as important, we shall assume that all participants F have some feeling for the realities of seismic work -- in the l(B) field, under real conditions. Elementary signal theory and the basic techniques of interpretation are also assumed known. However, for certainty, the following pre-course notes include sections reviewing basic signal theory, geophysical aspects of interpretation, and geological aspects of interpretation. These reviews are not intended to be comprehensive. Their function is solely to cover, with the minimum possible discussion, the essential features which will be assumed to be known in the course. None of the course time will be spent on the material of these pre-course notes. Participants are advised that they will not derive full benefit from the course if this background is not known. Most course participants will be already familiar with this material, and will need to do little more than read it through. If, before the course, any participant requires further discussion of signal theory in the same non-rigorous style, he will find it in other writings of the present author, particularly: "Wiggles", Journal of the CSEG, December 1965, pp.l3-43.

From its humble beginning in the late 19th century when Henry Ford s first car was designed to run on ethanol biofuel production has been on the rise with more than 26 billion liters produced in the U.S. in 2007. Ethanol made from biomass (rather than grains) holds great promise, including numerous economic and environmental benefits. However, the adverse interactions of energy, climate, food, and soil quality cannot be ignored.

In eight concise chapters, Soil Quality and Biofuel Production presents a state-of-the-knowledge review of soil properties and processes negatively impacted by crop residue removal. It outlines the ecological consequences of biofuels and evaluates land use in the production of raw material for biofuel. The book then spotlights pressing issues related to corn and cellulosic ethanol and also soil erosion. It offers advice for achieving economic balance in the competition for arable land between food and biofuel along with residue harvest management techniques. A thought-provoking discussion of the opportunities and challenges that biofuel presents rounds out the book s coverage.

The logistics of producing biomass in a sustainable manner remain a major challenge and will continue to be so for the foreseeable future. Serious questions linger concerning viable sources of biofuel feedstock, competition for resources needed to produce biomass, and energy output/input ratios. Soil Quality and Biofuel Production provides environmental scientists and agricultural engineers with the knowledge they need to address them.

Metals in the earth's crust are very unevenly distributed and, traditionally, a small number of ore deposits, districts or countries have dominated the world supply and have influenced commodity prices. The importance of exceptionally large, or rich, deposits has greatly increased in the age of globalization when a small number of international corporations dominate the metals market, based on few very large ore deposits, practically anywhere in the world. Search for giant orebodies thus drives the exploration industry: not only the in-house teams of large internationals, but also hundreds of junior companies hoping to sell their significant discoveries to the "big boys." Geological characteristics of giant metallic deposits and their setting and the politico-economic constraints of access to and exploitation in prospective areas have been a "hot topic" in the past fifteen years, but the knowledge generated and published has been one-sided, scattered and fragmented. This is the first comprehensive book on the subject that provides body of solid facts rather than rapidly changing theories, written by author of the Empirical Metallogeny book series and founder of the Data Metallogenica visual knowledge system on mineral deposits of the world, who has had an almost 40 years long international academic and industrial experience. The book will provide abundant material for comparative research in metallogeny, practical information for the explorationists as to where to look for the "elephants," and some inspiration for commodity investors.

In 1956, geophysicist and Shell Oil researcher Marion King Hubbert forecast that American oil production would peak surprisingly soon and decline steadily thereafter. Hubbert's prediction outraged the architects of the US oil industry at the time but it was largely correct. Amid a twenty-first century shale boom, Hubbert's logic remains a source of debate. Richly researched, The Oracle of Oil rescues the history of a man who shocked the scientific community with his brilliance, eccentricity and controversy. Mason Inman shows Hubbert was a man of his era: a time of great intellectual ferment and discovery tinged by dark undercurrents of intellectual witch hunts. A portrait of a man whose prescient ideas about sustainability still resonate today, The Oracle of Oil looks to the past to find a guiding philosophy for our energy future.

Das vorliegende Handbuch stellt erstmalig in deutscher Sprache umfassend alle Themen im Bereich Tiefe Geothermie vor: Prospektion, Exploration, Realisierung und Nutzung. In zwei abschliessenden Kapiteln werden Zukunft und Perspektiven von Tiefer Geothermie vorgestellt und diskutiert. Die von anerkannten Spezialisten verfassten Artikel sind so konzipiert und geschrieben, dass alle an der Konzeption und Erschliessung tiefengeothermischer Ressourcen Beteiligten einen direkten Nutzen fur ihre Arbeit daraus ziehen koennen.

Constantly in the news and the subject of much public debate, fracking, as it is known for short, is one of the most promising yet controversial methods of extracting natural gas and oil. Today, 90 percent of natural gas wells use fracking. Though highly effective, the process-which fractures rock with pressurized fluid-has been criticized for polluting land, air, and water, and endangering human health. A timely addition to Oxford's What Everyone Needs to Know series, Hydrofracking tackles this contentious topic, exploring both sides of the debate and providing a clear guide to the science underlying the technique. In concise question-and-answer format, Alex Prud'homme cuts through the maze of opinions and rhetoric to uncover key points, from the economic and political benefits of fracking to the health dangers and negative effects on the environment. Prud'homme offers clear answers to a range of fundamental questions, including: What is fracking fluid? How does it impact water supplies? Who regulates the industry? How much recoverable natural gas exists in the U.S.? What new innovations are on the horizon? Supporters as diverse as President Obama and the conservative billionaire T. Boone Pickens have promoted natural gas as a clean, "21st-century" fuel that will reduce global warming, create jobs, and provide tax revenues, but concerns remain, with environmental activists like Bill McKibben and others leading protests to put an end to fracking as a means of obtaining alternative energy. Prud'homme considers ways to improve methods in the short-term, while also exploring the possibility of transitioning to more sustainable resources-wind, solar, tidal, and perhaps nuclear power-for the long term. Written for general readers, Hydrofracking clearly explains both the complex science of fracking and the equally complex political and economic issues that surround it, giving readers all the information they need to understand what will no doubt remain a contentious issue for years to come.

The brilliantly told and gripping story of the most familiar - yet, amazingly, still poorly understood - substance in the universe: Water. The extent to which water remains a scientific mystery is extraordinary, despite its prevalence and central importance on Earth. Whether one considers its role in biology, its place in the physical world (where it refuses to obey the usual rules of liquids) or its deceptively simple structure, there is still no complete answer to the question: what is water? Philip Ball's book explains what, exactly, we do and do not know about the strange character of this most essential and ubiquitous of substances. H20 begins by transporting its readers back to the Big Bang and the formation of galaxies to witness the birth of water's constituent elements: hydrogen and oxygen. It then explains how the primeval oceans were formed four billion years ago; where water is to be found on other planets; why ice floats when most solids sink; why, despite being highly corrosive, water is good for us; why there are at least fifteen kinds of ice and perhaps two kinds of liquid water; how scientists have consistently misunderstood water for centuries; and why wars have been waged over it. Philip Ball's gloriously offbeat and intelligent book conducts us on a journey through the history of science, folklore, the wilder scientific fringes, cutting-edge physics, biology and ecology, to give a fascinating new perspective on life and the substance that sustains it. After reading this book, drinking a glass of water will never be the same again.

Since the first edition was published in 1983, this highly-regarded introductory textbook has been used by many generations of students worldwide. It is specifically tailored to the requirements of first or second year geology undergraduates.

The third edition has been extensively revised and updated to include many new sections and over 50 new or redrawn illustrations. There are now over 220 illustrations, many incorporating a second colour to highlight essential features. The format has been changed to enhance the visual attractiveness of the book.

The tripartite organization of the first and second editions has been modified by combining the purely descriptive or factual aspects of fault and fold structure in the earlier chapters with a simple treatment of mechanisms, leaving the more geometrically complex treatment until after the relevant sections on stress and strain, as before. Some subjects are introduced for the first time, e.g. inversion and orogen collapse, and others have been extensively modified, e.g. the chapter on gravity controlled structures now emphasises modern work on salt tectonics. The last third of the book is devoted to the wider context of geological structures and how they relate to plate tectonics. The final two chapters have been considerably expanded and give examples of various types of geological structures in their plate tectonic settings in both modern and ancient orogenic belts.

Table of Contents

Part 1: Geological Structures and Deformation 1. Basic Concepts 2. Faults and Fractures 3. Folds 4. Foliation, Lineation and Fabric 5. Stress 6. Strain 7. Stress and Strain in Materials 8. Determination of Strain in Rocks 9. Faulting and Stress 10. Strain in Folds and Shear Zones 11. Structural Geology of Igneous Intrusions 12. Gravity-Controlled Structures Part 2: Geotectonics 13. Major Earth Structure 14. Plate Tectonics 15. Geological Structure and Plate Tectonics 16. Structural Interpretation in Ancient Orogenic Belts

A celebrated international bestseller that exposes the ticking time-bomb underneath our new technological order. The resources race is on. Powering our digital lives and green technologies are some of the Earth's most precious metals - but they are running out. And what will happen when they do? The green-tech revolution will reduce our reliance on nuclear power, coal, and oil, but by breaking free of fossil fuels, we are setting ourselves up for a new dependence - on rare metals like cobalt, gold, and palladium. These are essential to electric vehicles, wind turbines, and solar panels, as well as our smartphones, computers, tablets, and other technologies. But we know very little about how rare metals are mined and traded, or their environmental, economic, and geopolitical costs - until now.

This book addresses the origin of gold deposits to answer questions of science and curiosity. These answers contribute in turn to the improved exploration and mining of gold. Initially there is a summary of the methods used to address the genesis of gold deposits including some of the essential science and concepts. Five basic observations follow that apply to many gold deposits and need to be considered in any genetic ideas. Magmatic processes enriching gold are discussed followed by the role of aqueous fluids during gold deposit formation at elevated temperatures and pressures. Modifying effects after deposit formation include high-grade metamorphism, retrogression, weathering, and erosion. The main types of gold deposits are then explained within the spectrum of viable genetic ideas, with informal names for these examples that include gold-only, gold-plus, Carlin, slate-belt, epithermal, porphyry, iron oxide copper gold, and Archean greenstone. Case histories are included in which the role of gold geology contributed directly to discoveries-one example is at the province-scale and another at the goldfield-scale. Unlike other books on the subject, this one addresses virtually all gold deposit types rather than focusing on one type in isolation. The primary readership includes industry geologists, senior undergraduates, postgraduates, and those with some knowledge of science and an interest in the gold industry.

The book provides the first comprehensive and thematic treatment of micropalaeontology and its applications in petroleum exploration. The first part deals with pure micropalaeontology, and the second part with the principles and practices of applied micropalaeontology and sequence stratigraphy. Case histories of applications in a range of geographic, geologic, and stratigraphic settings are given.