This book presents a theoretical study of the generation and conversion of phonon angular momentum in crystals. Recently, rotational motions of lattice vibrations, i.e., phonons, in crystals attract considerable attentions. As such, the book theoretically demonstrate generations of phonons with rotational motions, based on model calculations and first-principle calculations. In systems without inversion symmetry, the phonon angular momentum is shown to be caused by the temperature gradient, which is demonstrated in crystals such as wurtzite gallium nitride, tellurium, and selenium using the first-principle calculations. In systems with neither time-reversal nor inversion symmetries, the phonon angular momentum is shown to be generated by an electric field. Secondly, the book presents the microscopic mechanisms developed by the author and his collaborator on how these microscopic rotations of nuclei are coupled with electron spins. These predictions serve as building blocks for spintronics with phonons or mechanical motions.

This thesis presents the first ever measurement of the noise emitted by magnetic monopoles and the development of an exquisitely sensitive magnetic-field-noise spectrometer based on a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) that enabled it. Magnetic monopoles are highly elusive elementary particles exhibiting quantized magnetic charge. The prospects for studying them brightened recently with the theoretical discovery that the thermally excited states in certain classes of magnetic insulators exhibit all the characteristics of magnetic monopoles. Furthermore, in 2018, it was predicted that the random motion of magnetic monopoles inside would generate a very specific kind of magnetization noise. In this thesis, the author describes a new experimental technique, so-called spin noise spectroscopy, and the subsequent discovery of virtually all of the predicted features of the magnetic noise expected from a dense fluid of magnetic monopoles in crystals of Dy2Ti2O7. Remarkably, because this magnetic monopole noise occurs in the frequency range below 20kHz, when amplified by the SQUID it is actually audible to humans.

This work presents one of the most powerful methods of plasma diagnosis in exquisite detail, to guide researchers in the theory and measurement techniques of light scattering in plasmas. Light scattering in plasmas is essential in the research and development of fusion energy, environmental solutions, and electronics.
Referred to as the "Bible" by researchers, the work encompasses fusion and industrial applications essential in plasma research. It is the only comprehensive resource specific to the plasma scattering technique. It provides a wide-range of experimental examples and discussion of their principles with worked examples to assist researchers in applying the theory.
Computing techniques for solving basic equations helps researchers compare data to the actual experimentNew material on advances on the experimental side, such as the application of high density plasmas of inertial fusionWorked out examples of the scattering technique for easier comprehension of theory

Emerging Topics in Computational Electromagnetics in Computational Electromagnetics presents advances in Computational Electromagnetics. This book is designed to fill the existing gap in current CEM literature that only cover the conventional numerical techniques for solving traditional EM problems. The book examines new algorithms, and applications of these algorithms for solving problems of current interest that are not readily amenable to efficient treatment by using the existing techniques. The authors discuss solution techniques for problems arising in nanotechnology, bioEM, metamaterials, as well as multiscale problems. They present techniques that utilize recent advances in computer technology, such as parallel architectures, and the increasing need to solve large and complex problems in a time efficient manner by using highly scalable algorithms.

This book reviews basic electromagnetic (EM) wave theory and applies it specifically to lasers in order to give the reader not only tangible examples of how the theory is manifested in real life, but also practical knowledge about lasers, and their operation and usage. The latter can be useful for those involved with using lasers. As a short treatise on this subject matter, this book is not intended to dwell deeply into the details of EM waves nor lasers. A bibliography is provided for those who wish to explore in more depth the topics covered in this book. Rather the aim of this book is to offer a quick overview, which will allow the reader to gain a competent general understanding of EM waves and lasers.

INDUCTION COIL THEORY AND APPLICATIONS BY E. TAYLOR JpNES, D. Sc. PROFESSOR OP NATURAL PHILOSOPHY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW LONDON SIR ISAAC PITMAN SONS, LTD. 1932 SIR ISAAC PITMAN SONS, LTD. PARKER STREET, KINGSWAY, LONDON, W. C. 2 THE PITMAN PRESS, BATH THE RIALTO, COLLINS STREET, MELBOURNE 2 WEST 45TH STREET, NEW YORK SIR ISAAC PITMAN SONS CANADA, LTD. 7O BOND STREET, TORONTO PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN AT THE PITMAN PRESS, BATH PREFACE THE theory of the action of an induction coil, or that of any other form of oscillation transformer, is essentially a theory of the transient electric currents set flowing at some sudden or very rapid change jn the circumstances of one of a pair of coupled circuits. The precis-manner of variation of the currents depends upon the method by which they are started, but generally in inductive circuits it takes the form of two superposed oscillations which gradually die away while the system is adjusting itself to its new conditions. In many cases the currents, besides varying with time, are also variable along the wire owing to its distributed capacity a fact which is too often overlooked, with the consequence that erroneous state ments are sometimes made regarding fundamental matters, such as, for example, the law of electromagnetic induction which is discussed in Chapter I. The book contains a less detailed and more descriptive account of the action of induction coils than that given in the Theory of the Induction Coil published eleven years ago. All the essential features of the theory are, however, retained in the present account, and free use has been made of portions of the earlier book where they appeared suitable for the purposes of the presentone. As in the former book, oscillographic records are used largely to illustrate the subject, and many new examples are here collected, including some, in Chapter III, which illustrate the relative merits of coils and transformers as generators of high potentials. In using an induction coil or other generator for some prac tical purpose, it is important to understand the nature of the function which it has to perform. One such duty, for which induction coils are in general use at the present time, is that of producing ignition in motor-car engines, and an account of this subject is accordingly given in Chapter VIII, with a discussion of the relative effectiveness in ignition of different types of induction coil spark. vi PREFACE The induction coil has recently proved to be a very suitable generator of cathode ray beams for the study of electron diffraction phenomena, and a description of experiments by this method is given in Chapter VI. At the present time much use is made of the sustained oscillations of coupled circuits, especially those in which the amplitude is kept constant by the action of a triode valve. There is an important difference between such maintained oscillations and the transient vibrations which follow a sudden alteration of the circuit conditions. In the latter, both com ponent vibrations are usually strongly in evidence together, but in the oscillations maintained by a valve only one of the components is usually present, and it is only in very special circumstances that both oscillations can be maintained simul taneously. This question is discussed in Chapter IX, in which the conditions for the maintenance of one component, or the other, or of both together, areexplained. The author wishes to thank the Editors of the Philosophical Magazine, The Electrician, and the Journal of the Rontgen Society, for their kind permission to use articles and illustra tions which have been published in those journals. Much of the experimental work described in the following pages was carried out in the Physics Laboratory of the Uni versity College of North Wales, Bangor, and in the Natural Philosophy Department of the University of Glasgow...

This book reveals unique transport phenomena and functionalities in topological insulators coupled with magnetism and superconductivity. Topological insulators are a recently discovered class of materials that possess a spin-momentum-locked surface state. Their exotic spin texture makes them an exciting platform for investigating emergent phenomena, especially when coupled with magnetism or superconductivity. Focusing on the strong correlation between electricity and magnetism in magnetic topological insulators, the author presents original findings on current-direction-dependent nonreciprocal resistance, current-induced magnetization reversal and chiral edge conduction at the domain wall. In addition, he demonstrates how the coupling between superconductivity and topological surface state leads to substantial nonreciprocal resistance. The author also elucidates the origins of these phenomena and deepens readers' understanding of the topologically nontrivial electronic state. The book includes several works which are published in top journals and were selected for the President's Award by the University of Tokyo and for the Ikushi Prize, awarded to distinguished Ph.D. students in Japan.

This book highlights a series of new itinerant electron models proposed based on the experimental results of electron spectra obtained since 1970. Although conventional magnetic ordering models were established before 1960, many problems remain to be solved. The new models in this book include an O 2p itinerant electron model for magnetic oxides, a new itinerant electron model for magnetic metals, and a Weiss electron pair model for the origin of magnetic ordering energy of magnetic metals and oxides. With these models, the book explains typical magnetic ordering phenomena including those that cannot be explained using conventional models. These new models are easier to understand than the conventional magnetic ordering models.

This book highlights the overview of Spintronics, including What is Spintronics ?; Why Do We Need Spintronics ?; Comparative merit-demerit of Spintronics and Electronics ; Research Efforts put on Spintronics ; Quantum Mechanics of Spin; Dynamics of magnetic moments : Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert Equation; Spin-Dependent Band Gap in Ferromagnetic Materials; Functionality of 'Spin' in Spintronics; Different Branches of Spintronics etc. Some important notions on basic elements of Spintronics are discussed here, such as - Spin Polarization, Spin Filter Effect, Spin Generation and Injection, Spin Accumulation, Different kinds of Spin Relaxation Phenomena, Spin Valve, Spin Extraction, Spin Hall Effect, Spin Seebeck Effect, Spin Current Measurement Mechanism, Magnetoresistance and its different kinds etc. Concept of Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR), different types of GMR, qualitative and quantitative explanation of GMR employing Resistor Network Theory are presented here. Tunnelling Magnetoresistance (TMR), Magnetic Junctions, Effect of various parameters on TMR, Measurement of spin relaxation length and time in the spacer layer are covered here. This book highlights the concept of Spin Transfer Torque (STT), STT in Ferromagnetic Layer Structures, STT driven Magnetization Dynamics, STT in Magnetic Multilayer Nanopillar etc. This book also sheds light on Magnetic Domain Wall (MDW) Motion, Ratchet Effect in MDW motion, MDW motion velocity measurements, Current-driven MDW motion, etc. The book deals with the emerging field of spintronics, i.e., Opto-spintronics. Special emphasis is given on ultrafast optical controlling of magnetic states of antiferromagnet, Spin-photon interaction, Faraday Effect, Inverse Faraday Effect and outline of different all-optical spintronic switching. One more promising branch i.e., Terahertz Spintronics is also covered. Principle of operation of spintronic terahertz emitter, choice of materials, terahertz writing of an antiferromagnetic magnetic memory device is discussed. Brief introduction of Semiconductor spintronics is presented that includes dilute magnetic semiconductor, feromagnetic semiconductor, spin polarized semiconductor devices, three terminal spintronic devices, Spin transistor, Spin-LED, and Spin-Laser. This book also emphasizes on several modern spintronics devices that includes GMR Read Head of Modern Hard Disk Drive, MRAM, Position Sensor, Biosensor, Magnetic Field sensor, Three Terminal Magnetic Memory Devices, Spin FET, Race Track Memory and Quantum Computing.

This book provides comprehensive coverage of the most recent progress and developments in the field of magnetic nanoparticles, with special emphasis on new materials design approaches for magnetic nanoarchitectures, advanced characterization techniques, and a wide range of applications areas including permanent magnets, biomedicine, and life sciences. The book also features an exhaustive section on fundamentals, covering single particle effects, surface effects, and interparticle interactions. The book delivers a strong focus throughout on the multidisciplinarity of the subject spanning physics, chemistry, engineering, biology, medicine, and environmental science. This forward-looking contributed volume highlights future perspectives and areas of emerging research, and will be of great interest to advanced undergraduates, as well as researchers in academia and industry.

This book highlights the complexity of spinel nanoferrites, their synthesis, physio-chemical properties and prospective applications in the area of advanced electronics, microwave devices, biotechnology as well as biomedical sciences. It presents an overview of spinel nanoferrites: synthesis, properties and applications for a wide audience: from beginners and graduate-level students up to advanced specialists in both academic and industrial sectors. There are 15 chapters organized into four main sections. The first section of the book introduces the readers to spinel ferrites and their applications in advanced electronics industry including microwave devices, whereas the second section mainly focus on the synthesis strategy and their physio-chemical properties. The last sections of the book highlight the importance of this class of nanomaterials in the field of biotechnology and biomedical sector with a special chapter on water purification.

Volume 19 of the "Handbook of Magnetic Materials," as the preceding volumes, has a dual purpose. As a textbook it is intended to help those who wish to be introduced to a given topic in the field of magnetism without the need to read the vast amount of literature published. As a work of reference it is intended for scientists active in magnetism research. To this dual purpose, Volume 19 is composed of topical review articles written by leading authorities. In each of these articles an extensive description is given in graphical as well as in tabular form, much emphasis being placed on the discussion of the experimental material in the framework of physics, chemistry and material science. It provides readers with novel trends and achievements in magnetism.
Composed of topical review articles written by leading authoritiesIntended to be of assistance to those who wish to be introduced to a given topic in the field of magnetismAs a work of reference it is intended for scientists active in magnetism researchProvide the readership with novel trends and achievements in magnetism

The aim of this selection of papers is to bring together researchers working very deep in the basics of electromagnetic NDT on one hand and industrialist discussing their practical problems on the other hand. The papers cover topics as; Microwave applications and Material Characterization; General Eddy Current Inspection Tasks; Novel Techniques and Sensors; Magnetic Flux leakage Inspection; Steam Generator Eddy Current Inspection Tasks; and Material Characterization. Especially Novel Techniques and Sensors and Material Characterization are discussed on multiple papers. This publication gives a good overview of the many scientific problems in this area, but also explains the actual challenges for the scientific-technical community, like problems with in-line inspection of pipelines or the enhancing of the inspection performance in steam generator tubes inspection in the nuclear field. The material is important for scientists and engineers working in the field of electromagnetic non-destructive testing, in defect detection and sizing, as well as in material characterization.

This book presents the theoretical and experimental investigations on antiferromagnetically coupled ferrimagnets and reveals new aspects of ferrimagnetic dynamics in terms of the role of angular momentum. The purpose of this book is to show readers that antiferromagnets/ferrimagnets are useful in spintronic devices in that (1) The non adiabatic spin transfer torque in antiferromagnets acts as a staggered magnetic field, which can drive the magnetic domain walls, and (2) The Gilbert damping parameter , the energy dissipation rate associated with the magnetic dynamics of ferrimagnets, is insensitive to temperature in contrast to the conventional understanding that the effective of ferrimagnets diverges at the angular momentum compensation temperature. This book provides readers with a scientific platform of ferrimagnetic dynamics, which serves as a useful basis for realizing the next generation of spintronic devices.

In two volumes, this book presents a detailed, systematic treatment of electromagnetics with application to the propagation of transient electromagnetic fields (including ultrawideband signals and ultrashort pulses) in dispersive attenuative media. The development in this expanded, updated, and reorganized new edition is mathematically rigorous, progressing from classical theory to the asymptotic description of pulsed wave fields in Debye and Lorentz model dielectrics, Drude model conductors, and composite model semiconductors. It will be of use to researchers as a resource on electromagnetic radiation and wave propagation theory with applications to ground and foliage penetrating radar, medical imaging, communications, and safety issues associated with ultrawideband pulsed fields. With meaningful exercises, and an authoritative selection of topics, it can also be used as a textbook to prepare graduate students for research. Volume 2 presents a detailed asymptotic description of plane wave pulse propagation in dielectric, conducting, and semiconducting materials as described by the classical Lorentz model of dielectric resonance, the Rocard-Powles-Debye model of orientational polarization, and the Drude model of metals. The rigorous description of the signal velocity of a pulse in a dispersive material is presented in connection with the question of superluminal pulse propagation. The second edition contains new material on the effects of spatial dispersion on precursor formation, and pulse transmission into a dispersive half space and into multilayered media. Volume 1 covers spectral representations in temporally dispersive media.

Correct and efficient measurements are vital to the understanding of materials properties and applications. This is especially so for magnetic materials for which in last twenty years, our understanding and use have changed dramatically. New or improved materials have been created and have reached the market. The Soft amorphous alloys, the Fe-based rare-earth magnets and the giant magnetorestrictive and magnetoresistive materials have all posed challenges to measurement. At the same time new digital measurement techniques have forced a change in laboratory and commercial measuring setups. A revision of measuring standards also occurred in the 1990s with the result that there is now a lack of up-to-date works on the measurement of magnetic materials.
The basic objective of this work is to provide a comprehensive overview of the properties of the hard and soft magnetic materials relevant to applications and of thoroughly discussing the modern methodologies for employed in the measurement of these properties. The balance of these topics results in a complete text on the topic, which will be invaluable to researchers, students and practitioners in industry. It will be of significant interest not only to scientists working in the fields of power engineering and materials science but also to specialists in measurement who be able to easily find all the information they need.
* Comprehensive overview of the properties of the hard and soft magnetic materials
* Provides applications and discusses thoroughly the modern methodologies for employed in the measurement of these properties
* Provides the latest up-to-date works on the measurement of magnetic materials

This book highlights principles and applications of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). After introducing the basic concepts, research progress, standardizations and limitations of EMC, the book puts emphasis on presenting the generation mechanisms and suppression principles of conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise, radiated EMI noise, and electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS) problems such as electrostatic discharge (ESD), electric fast transient (EFT) and surge. By showing EMC case studies and solved examples, the book provides effective solutions to practical engineering problems. Students and researchers will be able to use the book as practical reference for EMC-related measurements and problem- solution.