This handbook gives readers a close look at the entire technology of printing very high resolution and high density integrated circuit (IC) patterns into thin resist process transfer coatings-- including optical lithography, electron beam, ion beam, and x-ray lithography. The book's main theme is the special printing process needed to achieve volume high density IC chip production, especially in the Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) industry.
The book leads off with a comparison of various lithography methods, covering the three major patterning parameters of line/space, resolution, line edge and pattern feature dimension control. The book's explanation of resist and resist process equipment technology may well be the first practical description of the relationship between the resist process and equipment parameters. The basics of resist technology are completely covered -- including an entire chapter on resist process defectivity and the potential yield limiting effect on device production.
Each alternative lithographic technique and testing method is considered and evaluated: basic metrology including optical, scanning-electron-microscope (SEM) techniques and electrical test devices, along with explanations of actual printing tools and their design, construction and performance. The editor devotes an entire chapter to today's sophisticated, complex electron-beam printers, and to the emerging x-ray printing technology now used in high-density CMOS devices. Energetic ion particle printing is a controllable, steerable technology that does not rely on resist, and occupies a final section of the handbook.

To overcome the constraints of 5G for supporting new challenges, 6G wireless systems must be developed with new and attractive features. These systems are expected to increase performance and maximize quality of service several folds more than 5G along with other exciting features. However, 6G is still in its infancy and must be explored. The Handbook of Research on Design, Deployment, Automation, and Testing Strategies for 6G Mobile Core Network discusses the technological feats used in the new 6G wireless systems. It discusses the design, automation, and uses for industry as well as testing strategies. Covering topics such as 6G architecture, smart healthcare, and wireless communication, this major reference work is an excellent resource for computer scientists, engineers, students and professors in higher education, researchers, and academicians.

Studies on robotics applications have grown substantially in recent years, with swarm robotics being a relatively new area of research. Inspired by studies in swarm intelligence and robotics, swarm robotics facilitates interactions between robots as well as their interactions with the environment. The Handbook of Research on Design, Control, and Modeling of Swarm Robotics is a collection of the most important research achievements in swarm robotics thus far, covering the growing areas of design, control, and modeling of swarm robotics. This handbook serves as an essential resource for researchers, engineers, graduates, and senior undergraduates with interests in swarm robotics and its applications.

The social sciences, especially economics, management, and organizational science, are experiencing a tremendous renewed interest for their epistemological and methodological statutes, as witnessed by the many books and specialized journals established during the last two decades. Relational Methodologies and Epistemology in the Economics and Management Sciences identifies and presents the four main network-based methodologies including network analysis, Boolean network simulation modeling, artificial neural network simulation modeling, and agent-based simulation modeling in addition to their conceptual-epistemological implications and concrete applications within the social and natural sciences. Featuring a critical assessment of relational methodologies and their practical applications, this timely publication is ideal for use by corporate R&D departments, researchers, theorists, and graduate-level students.

It is becoming known that information and communications technology has the potential to increase development in the areas of health, education, governance, and business in impoverished countries. Thus, new levels of integration and applications must be studied in order to expand this research area further. Sustainable ICT Adoption and Integration for Socio-Economic Development is a pivotal publication featuring the latest scholarly research on current updates regarding adoption, integration, and application of communication devices and applications across the various aspects of human progression. Highlighting a number of topics and perspectives such as inclusive education, e-governance, and e-democracy, this book is ideally designed for researchers, government officials, and academicians seeking current information on the application of new technological tools for both social and economic growth in various countries.

In the ever-evolving telecommunication industry, technological improvements alone are not able to keep up with the significant growth of mobile broadband traffic. As such, new research on communications networks is necessary to keep up with rising demand. Convergence of Broadband, Broadcast, and Cellular Network Technologies addresses the problems of broadband, broadcast, and cellular coexistence, including the increasing number of advanced mobile users and their bandwidth demands. This book will serve as a link between academia and industry, serving students, researchers, and industry professionals.

These proceedings presents the state-of-the-art in spoken dialog systems with applications in robotics, knowledge access and communication. It addresses specifically: 1. Dialog for interacting with smartphones; 2. Dialog for Open Domain knowledge access; 3. Dialog for robot interaction; 4. Mediated dialog (including crosslingual dialog involving Speech Translation); and,5. Dialog quality evaluation. These articles were presented at the IWSDS 2012 workshop.

The energy efficiency paradigm associated with Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and the Internet of Things (IoT) is a major bottleneck for the development of related technologies. To overcome this limitation, the design and development of efficient and high-performance energy harvesting systems for WSN and IoT environments are being explored. This edited book comprehensively covers energy harvesting sources and techniques that can be used for WSN and IoT systems. The authors cover energy harvesting, energy management and energy prediction models to maximize the energy harvested. They also identify major architecture advances to develop cost-effective, efficient, and reliable energy harvesting systems. This is a useful reference for researchers, engineers, practitioners, designers, and R&D staff involved in the development of energy harvesting models, architectures and technologies for practical deployments in WSN and IoT environments. The book will be of interest to professionals involved in developing energy harvesting systems, industry practitioners, and manufacturers in IoT, sensing, and energy harvesting technologies. Finally, it will also be a useful reference for graduate, PhD and postdoctoral students following courses in WSNs, IoT and energy harvesting technologies.

As we continue to witness global macroeconomic downturn in many parts of the world, an evolution of some sorts is slowly happening in telecommunications, much as the same witnessed prior to the Dot-com era. There has been a huge paradigm shift in the Data Communication and Networking (DCN) technology from an orderly, predictable, moderate but-steady growth industry to a chaotic marketplace of disruptive technologies, rapidly changing regulations, complex mergers and acquisitions, and inorganic growth. Recent Advances in Broadband Integrated Network Operations and Services Management covers the principles of both wired and wireless communications of voice, data, images, and video and the impact of their business values on the organizations in which they are used. This reference book includes theoretical and practical works, relevant case studies, topical surveys, and research articles that address problems faced by telecommunication service providers, equipment manufacturers, enterprises, and policy makers in the areas of data communications and networking.

The first book on optical OFDM by the leading pioneers in the fieldThe only book to cover error correction codes for optical OFDMGives applications of OFDM to free-space communications, optical access networks, and metro and log haul transports show optical OFDM can be implementedContains introductions to signal processing for optical engineers and optical communication fundamentals for wireless engineers

This book gives a coherent and comprehensive introduction to the fundamentals of OFDM signal processing, with a distinctive focus on its broad range of applications. It evaluates the architecture, design and performance of a number of OFDM variations, discusses coded OFDM, and gives a detailed study of error correction codes for access networks, 100 Gb/s Ethernet and future optical networks.

The emerging applications of optical OFDM, including single-mode fiber transmission, multimode fiber transmission, free space optical systems, and optical access networks are examined, with particular attention paid to passive optical networks, radio-over-fiber, WiMAX and UWB communications.

Written by two of the leading contributors to the field, this book will be a unique reference for optical communications engineers and scientists. Students, technical managers and telecom executives seeking to understand this new technology for future-generation optical networks will find the book invaluable.

William Shieh is an associate professor and reader in the electrical and electronic engineering department, The University of Melbourne, Australia. He received his M.S. degree in electrical engineering and Ph.D. degree in physics both from University of Southern California.

Ivan Djordjevic is an Assistant Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Arizona, Tucson, where he directs the Optical Communications Systems Laboratory (OCSL). His current research interests include optical networks, error control coding, constrained coding, coded modulation, turbo equalization, OFDM applications, and quantum error correction.

"This wonderful book is the first one to address the rapidly emerging optical OFDM field. Written by two leading researchers in the field, the book is structured to comprehensively cover any optical OFDM aspect one could possibly think of, from the most fundamental to the most specialized. The book adopts a coherent line of presentation, while striking a thoughtful balance between the various topics, gradually developing the optical-physics and communication-theoretic concepts required for deep comprehension of the topic, eventually treating the multiple optical OFDM methods, variations and applications. In my view this book will remain relevant for many years to come, and will be increasingly accessed by graduate students, accomplished researchers as well as telecommunication engineers and managers keen to attain a perspective on the emerging role of OFDM in the evolution of photonic networks." -- "Prof.Moshe Nazarathy, EE Dept., Technion, Israel Institute of Technology"
* The first book on optical OFDM by the leading pioneers in the field
* The only book to cover error correction codes for optical OFDM
* Applications of OFDM to free-space communications, optical access networks, and metro and log haul transports show optical OFDM can be implemented
* An introduction to signal processing for optical communications
* An introduction to optical communication fundamentals for the wireless engineer"

VLSI, or Very-Large-Scale-Integration, is the practice of combining billions of transistors to create an integrated circuit. At present, VLSI circuits are realised using CMOS technology. However, the demand for ever smaller, more efficient circuits is now pushing the limits of CMOS. Post-CMOS refers to the possible future digital logic technologies beyond the CMOS scaling limits. This 2-volume set addresses the current state of the art in VLSI technologies and presents potential options for post-CMOS processes. VLSI and Post-CMOS Electronics is a useful reference guide for researchers, engineers and advanced students working in the area of design and modelling of VLSI and post-CMOS devices and their circuits. Volume 1 focuses on design, modelling and simulation, including applications in low voltage and low power VLSI, and post-CMOS devices and circuits. Volume 2 addresses a wide range of devices, circuits and interconnects.