Largely neglected by historians, political scientists, and criminal justice specialists, the available literature on the state police tends to be highly partisan and largely out of date. Based on legislative analysis and historical case study, this is an original contribution to our understanding of the development of the institution of the state police in the United States. Arguing that the creation of state police agencies was the result of a political process that reflected the interplay of a number of different forces, this is a rebuttal of rival interpretations of police development. The work should be of interest to criminal justice educators and political scientists on a college and university level, and to police historians.

Is cost-benefit analysis the best means to determine and formulate public policies? To answer this question Jeffrey Leigh Sedgwick examines its application to crime and criminal justice and the implications of that application. In this interdisciplinary study, Sedgwick first assesses the value of applying economic models to the social problem of crime. He compares economic models to sociological ones and then addresses the question of whether economic models are compatible with the values of a liberal political order. He shows that cost-benefit analysis suffers from technical and ethical problems when used to set law enforcement goals. Current techniques for measuring the costs of crime are crude and unreliable, he argues, and overreliance on citizen and consumer preference may lead to the adoption of policies incompatible with American political traditions and respect for human rights. Sedgwick concludes that economic analysis cannot, by itself, lead to the adoption of effective and publicly defensible policies to combat crime.

This text is a must for all aspiring or serving policy supervisors. It sincerely deals with a problem that has perplexed police union representatives and could go a long way toward easing labor/management confrontations regarding marginal police performance. "Robert B. Kliesmet, General President, International Union of Police Associations, AFL-CIO"

"Burnout in Blue: Managing The Marginal Police Performer" is an important contribution to professional law enforcement. Today, as never before, the volume of crime and the limited resources allocated to provide police services places tremendous demands on our law enforcemtn agecies. This already difficult situation is compounded further by police employees who perform at a marginal level, thus diminishing the efficiency and effectiveness of the organization. The information provided in this book is well researched, insightful, and practical in terms of its application to productive and successful police operations. It is must reading' for every police supervisor and manager. "Jerald R. Vaugh, Executive Director, International Association of Chiefs of Police"

"Burnout in Blue" confronts the problem of poor police performance and shows police supervisors how to identify and deal effectively with marginal, unresponsive subordinates. Few if any books in the field offer such concrete, practical guidelines for improved police performance.

In the postwar years, after excluding women, African Americans, Latinos, and other minorities from its ranks for most of its history, the New York City Police Department undertook an aggressive campaign of integration. This exhaustively researched study provides the first comprehensive account of how and why the NYPD came to see integration as a potent political tool, indispensable to policing. At the same time, it shows how white male rank-and-file cops at the same time came under siege from an increasingly controlling management and critical public. The Policemen's Benevolent Association advocated for higher wages, better working conditions, and more control over policing practices while simultaneously fighting to turn back the tide of integration. Out of a complex and multifaceted story, author Andrew Darien presents here a nuanced but accessible narrative of civil rights in the largest municipal police force in the United States - one that is more relevant than ever as Americans continue to struggle with the fraught interrelationships of race, gender, and policing.

A practicing analyst combines broad training and research and hands-on experience in this first comprehensive reference/text assessing criminal, investigative, and strategic analysis techniques and reports, while showing how they support every facet of law enforcement today. The sourcebook gives a history of the field of analysis and of the education and training of analysts; lists and describes analytical techniques in an easy-to-access A to Z arrangement; offers a step-by-step approach to the development of public and strategic reports; discusses the applications of analytical techniques in violent crime, organized crime, narcotics, white collar crime, and street crime; highlights the work of important agencies, organizations, and individuals in the field of analysis; and points to future needs and uses for criminal analysis. A glossary, appendix description of computer software, and lengthy bibliography further enrich this reference guide and teaching tool for analysts, law enforcement officers, and criminal justice students and experts.

The need for evidence-based practice to enhance current and future police training and assessment has never been greater. This need focuses on the procedures and findings of research within the field of police work along with the philosophy guiding these research approaches and commentaries on the methods being used. With many future directions for the science of police training and assessment, the focus on new training techniques and technologies for improving performance is of the upmost importance to find the best current, evidence-based practices for policing. In addition to these practices, understanding the practical realities and challenges of implementing cutting-edge procedures is essential in gaining a holistic view on police well-being and performance. Interventions, Training, and Technologies for Improved Police Well-Being and Performance is a critical publication that explores new training methods and technologies. The future of policing is poised to change, making the need for developments in evidence-based practices more important than ever before. New technology and techniques for improving performance and the perception of the police force can guide the policies and practices of law enforcement, trainers and academies, government officials, policymakers, psychologists, psychiatrists, therapists, to a more effective implementation of training and procedures. Including the perspective of police officers within the publication, this text offers insight into an often neglected viewpoint when creating training and policies. This text is also be beneficial for researchers, academicians, and students interested in the new training techniques, technologies, and interventions for police performance and well-being.

Jackson's expertise shines in this innovative analysis of the link between social inequality and law enforcement efforts. The research connects the level of conflict characterizing majority-minority relations to the level of financial investment in police resources. . . . Readers will find scholarly attention to theory, responsible implications for policy, and a careful diagnosis of the limits to law enforcement, along with a bibliography that reflects the cutting edge of research. This book should be available wherever a program in criminology, stratification, or criminal justice studies exists. "Choice"

In a major contribution to the criminology literature, Pamela Irving Jackson examines the societal expectations for police work--from national, regional, and local perspectives--and attempts to identify the conflicts within these expectations. Basing her study upon quantitative analysis of the determinants of police spending in cities throughout the United States during the 1970s, Jackson demonstrates that the history, traditions, socioeconomic traits, and racial and ethnic population mix characteristic of each social context influence the expectations set for police officers and the support they are accorded. An exploration of newspapers' treatment of the police and issues of police/minority relations in selected cities adds depth to the analysis by providing the public perspective on policing and its variations by location and time period.

The author's central thesis is that the mobilization of municipal police resources in the early 1970s was influenced by the size of the minority population in the city, especially in locations of historical tension in minority/majority relations. By the end of the decade, Jackson shows, the impact of minority threat in determining municipal police appropriations had changed in form and focus and there developed a new awareness of the role of police and a corresponding recognition of the stress under which individual officers operate. Her conclusions regarding the effect of unrealistic expectations on the overall performance of police work offer an important counterweight to arguments that the police failed to control escalating crime or resort too often to violence in the performance of of their duties. An excellent supplementary text for courses in criminology, criminal justice, and sociology, this book offers a realistic appraisal of the limits of police work that will enable policymakers and the police themselves to make a more accurate determination of the situation in which police work can be most useful.

This book examines the politics of policing in Greater China, including mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao. As the author shows, police ideological indoctrination is strongest in mainland China, followed by Hong Kong, and Taiwan, where the police is under increasing political stress, in the aftermath of rising public protests and socio-political movements. Macao's police, on the other hand, is far less politicized and indoctrinated than their mainland Chinese counterpart. This book demonstrates that policing in China is a distinctive and extensive topic, as it involves not only crime control, but also crisis management and protest control, governance and corruption (or anti-corruption), the management of customs and immigration, the control over legal and illegal migrants, the transfer of criminals and extradition, and intergovernmental police cooperation and coordination. As economic integration is increasing rapidly in Greater China, this region's policing deserves special attention.

Public safety professionals work together in life-and-death situations. During natural or transportation disasters, industrial accidents, shootings, suicides or dozens of other instances, police officers, firefighters, and paramedics are called upon to assist both injured and uninjured people. Although often romanticized in television series and in films, the real-life tasks of public safety professionals are usually unpleasant--restraining violent individuals and removing accident, homicide, and suicide victims from death scenes--and always highly stressful. They are frequently subjected to additional stress when their efforts are criticized by family members of the injured or deceased. Although stress can be harmful, even fatal, police officers, firefighters, and paramedics can have more productive and satisfying lives when they learn to positively control stress, rather than be controlled by it. This English language bibliography consisting of more than 700 references, covering the time period 1945 to early 1989, can help these and other professionals manage stress more effectively. Source publications, all of which are annotated, include books, articles, conference proceedings, theses, government publications, and dissertations. The bibliography section is composed of six chapters addressing psychological and physiological factors, the family, substance abuse, accidents, and suicide, with references arranged alphabetically by author surname. A list of acronyms and author and subject indexes complete the work. Of paramount importance to police officers, firefighters, and paramedics as well as their families, this bibliography will provide legislators, physicians, nurses, socialworkers, psychiatrists, psychologists, and sociologists with extensive and substantial documentation on the stress-filled work lives of these public safety professionals.

This book brings together research on police integrity on regions worldwide. The results for each country indicate whether police officers know the official rules, how seriously they view police misconduct, what they think the appropriate and expected discipline for misconduct should be, and how willing they are to report it. Police misconduct refers to everything from corruption and use excessive force, to perjury, falsification of evidence, and failure to react. Police Integrity and police misconduct are topics of great concern worldwide. Police integrity is envisioned as the inclination to resist temptations to abuse the rights and privileges of police occupation. Using their extensive experience studying police integrity in the United States, the editors have created an applicable framework for measuring police integrity in other countries. The results of their research are brought together in this timely volume, including contributions from both established democracies and countries in transition, which each present unique challenges for improving police integrity. Each chapter follows the same format and contains a theoretical analysis of the relevant legal, historical, political, social, and economic conditions in the country, followed by the analyses of empirical results and policy recommendations. In the last chapter, editors Kutnjak Ivkovic and Haberfeld take a comparative look across the countries by engaging in the in-depth comparative analysis. This work will be of interest to researchers and policy-makers studying policing both in the United States and internationally, presenting a theoretical framework that can be applied to other regions for further research.

Focusing on the everyday behaviour of people in the late-Victorian street, this volume provides an alternative history of the modern city and sheds new light on the relationship between police constables and civilians. Using a theoretical framework from the sociological school of symbolic interactionism, the author explores human behaviour as a 'performance' or 'presentation of the self' and demonstrates that it is often dependent on situational rather than socioeconomic status. A wealth of source material, such as trial reports, internal documents from the London police forces and autobiographical material from the poorer classes is scrutinised to explore public interaction in the capital. And, by examining neighbourhood relations, public house fraternising, pedestrian behaviour and public self-presentation, Peter Andersson provides a vivid picture of the urban dweller at the centre of this urban history.

This book critically examines coordination work between police officers and agencies. Police work requires constant interaction between police forces and units within those forces, yet the process by which police work with one another is not well understood by sociologists or practitioners. At the same time, the increasing inter-dependence between police forces raises a wide set of questions about how police should act and how they can be held accountable when locally-based police officers work in or with multiple jurisdictions. This rearrangement of resources creates important issues of governance, which this book addresses through an inductive account of policing in practice. Policing Integration builds on extensive fieldwork in a multi-jurisdictional environment in Canada alongside a detailed review of ongoing research and debates. In doing so, this book presents important theoretical principles and empirical evidence on how and why police choose to work across boundaries or create barriers between one another.

This volume goes beyond other books on police leadership by exploring the topic from a distinctively police perspective. Based on a leadership model developed specifically for the police leader, the book focuses on behaviour and how that behaviour shapes both the culture and the climate of an organization.

As a practical reference for anyone entrusted with the lives and property of others, Emergency Planning helps its readers prepare for a variety of situations--from bomb threats to fires to nuclear disasters. The authors of this book recognize the need for updated emergency planning. The "blueprints" in the appendices are useful plans for dealing with such specific emergencies as labor strikes, hurricanes, and terrorist actions.

While most large governmental entities are prepared to deal with nearly all types of contingencies and emergencies, many communities and companies have few plans detailing how to respond to and recover from such events. The purpose of this book is to stimulate thought on the part of the reader, provide some practical solutions to problems that could be encountered, and offer a number of considerations for formulating emergency plans. The authors have combined their years of knowledge and experience to create some sample plans for the reader to use as models for developing site-specific plans.

EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, Fifth Edition, provides a concise yet complete introduction to special education for pre-service and in-service teachers. One of the most accessible and readable texts available for the Introduction to Special Education course, this new edition is thoroughly updated to reflect the most current information available about special education practice and children with exceptionalities. The text emphasizes current research and theory about exceptional children, human diversity, inclusion, law and social policy, family involvement, real-life stories about exceptionality, and evidence-based teaching practices--all presented in a warm, personal narrative style.

From the night watchmen of the 17th century to the highly publicized Rodney King hearings, the history and development of police policy and the role of police in American society are traced through this collection of 95 primary documents. Students, teachers, and interested readers can use this valuable resource to examine the development and role of the police in the United States through the words of the people who were involved in the struggle to enforce laws, uphold the Constitution, maintain safe and stable communities, and create efficient and effective police forces. An explanatory introduction precedes each document to aid the user in understanding the economic, political, social, and legislative forces that helped shape the role of the police in our society.

Riots, strikes, commission reports, innovations, groundbreaking studies, and major court cases from different time periods are presented in a balanced manner. This volume is divided into seven parts, each part representing a different time period in which the roles of the police were being redefined. Vila and Morris present the reader with theories from different professionals on what the role of the police should be and how to develop these roles, as well as presenting successful and unsuccessful models to help readers draw their own conclusions.

This data-rich work examines today's most compelling and controversial public health issues, including alcohol and drug abuse, AIDS, abortion, black and infant mortality, drug-affected babies, child abuse, teenage pregnancy, and cigarette smoking. Hammerle's theme is that individual behavioral choices often have far-reaching and costly effects. When practiced by large numbers of people, the human and fiscal costs can be monumental, taxing virtually all of our social systems as well as our financial resources. Hammerle enumerates these costs and, employing economic analytical tools, recommends public policies that will reduce the incidence of such behavior or otherwise reduce its social cost. Some recommendations are outside the mainstream, but all are well substantiated and soundly argued.

This volume will be of great interest to academics, practitioners, and policy-makers in the fields of public health, health care administration, public policy, child protection, and family planning. The work will also interest economists and sociologists in the field of social welfare, as well as lay persons who are concerned about these timely public health issues.

With the War on Terror in full swing, the government's involvement in and influence over law enforcement has changed and, in some cases, expanded. While police forces remain under the jurisdiction of the cities and states they patrol, federal agencies have taken on a wider role in combating and prosecuting crime. Agencies such as the FBI, the DEA, the ATF, and now the Department of Homeland Security have wide and varied responsibilities and powers in combating both terrorism and other crimes. But this wasn't always the case. This timely book examines the history of American federal law enforcement as well as its current state in all of its forms. The complex system of agencies, agents, and laws that make up our federal law enforcement program have a long and varied history. Bumgarner looks at the issue of federal police powers and explores how the U.S. Supreme Court and lower courts have interpreted the constitutional limits on those powers. He introduces the reader to the many agencies that make up the federal law enforcement community and the jurisdiction and responsibilities of each, as well as the role federal public policy plays in the criminal justice system. Finally, he reviews emerging trends in federal law enforcement, including the expanding domestic effort against terrorism. Readers of this insightful book will unfailingly come away with a better understanding of the history and inner workings of federal law enforcement.

Criminal enterprises are growing in sophistication. Terrorism is an ongoing security threat. The general public is more knowledgeable about legal matters. These developments, among others, necessitate new methods in police work--and in training new recruits and in-service officers. Given these challenges, improvements in training are a vital means of both staying ahead of lawbreakers and delivering the most effective services to the community.

"Police Organization and Training" surveys innovations in law enforcement training in its evolution from military-style models toward continuing professional development, improved investigation methods, and overall best practices. International dispatches by training practitioners, academics, and other experts from the US, the UK, Canada, Germany, Hong Kong, and elsewhere emphasize blended education methods, competency-building curricula, program and policy development, and leadership concepts. These emerging paradigms and technologies, coupled with a clear focus on ethical issues, provide a lucid picture of the future of police training in both educational and law enforcement contexts. In addition, the book's training templates are not only instructive but also adaptable to different locales. Featured in the coverage: Simulation technology as a training tool, the Investigation Skill Education Program and the Professionalizing Investigation Program, redesigning specialized advanced criminal investigation and training, a situation-oriented approach to addressing potentially dangerous situations, developments in United Nations peacekeeping training and combating modern piracy

"Police Organization and Training "is a key resource for researcher sand policymakers in comparative criminal justice, police and public administration, and police training academies. It also has considerable utility as a classroom text in courses on policing and police administration.

Includes a forward by Ronald K Noble, Secretary General of INTERPOL. "

Designed to meet the growing demand for evaluation material, this volume fills a major gap in criminal justice literature. It details the first comprehensive, broad based, and theoretically grounded model for evaluating police management training programs. In a clear and concise style it develops a complete set of instruments for evaluation and then illustrates use of the model and the instruments on a specific program. Byron Simerson and William Markham have included all of the instruments needed to conduct a comprehensive evaluation and the instructions for their use. Alleviating the problem of haphazard evaluation, this volume was designed for police chiefs and training directors in larger jurisdictions, state criminal justice academies, the Training and Standards Divisions of State Departments of Justice, and state and federal law enforcement agencies.

Administrators are now recognizing the importance of determining training program efficiency, particularly in light of the growing concerns over legal liability. "Evaluating Police Management Development ProgramS" provides the tools and expertise needed to conduct a comprehensive program evaluation. Chapters provide: an overview of existing literature, model description, research procedures, model application to a specific police executive development program, reaction by North Carolina police chiefs, and a description of how the model can be applied to any police management development program. Appendices provide all instruments including precourse surveys, observation evaluation forms, course critiques, follow up surveys and chiefs' evaluation surveys.

Privacy and data protection in police work and law enforcement cooperation has always been a challenging issue. Current developments in EU internal security policy, such as increased information sharing (which includes the exchange of personal data between European law enforcement agencies and judicial actors in the area of freedom, security and justice (Europol, Eurojust, Frontex and OLAF)) and the access of EU agencies, in particular Europol and Eurojust, to data stored in European information systems such as the SIS (II), VIS, CIS or Eurodac raise interesting questions regarding the balance between the rights of individuals and security interests. This book deals with the complexity of the relations between these actors and offers for the first time a comprehensive overview of the structures for information exchange in the area of freedom, security and justice and their compliance with data protection rules in this field.

This in-depth survey of the federal law enforcement system is divided into four sections. The first gives an overview of the types of positions available, with their requirements and benefits. The entire second section is devoted to the Department of Justice, the agency solely responsible for the prosecution of federal offenses. . . . (The third section consists of 42 black and white illustrations of federal agency badges.) The agency profiles in the fourth section follow a standard format. . . . The profiles run the gamut of federal enforcement agencies, from the large and well-known, such as the Drug Enforcement Administration and the Immigration and Naturalization Service, to small and obscure agencies such as the Supreme Court Police. The detailed information conveniently brought together in this handbook will make it a useful reference source not only for specialized law enforcement collections but wherever there is interest in public policy or a need for career information. Booklist Here is an in-depth study both of the larger, more publicized federal enforcement agencies and of the smaller ones about which little is known. Special attention is given to agency funding, types of positions available, personnel practices, and to the clarification of criminal, general investigator, and uniformed police positions. The Department of Justice and its specific agencies that perform law enforcement duties are examined in great detail. Photographs of the badges issued by the various federal agencies are included. Profiles of sixty-one federal police and investigative agencies complete with organizational structure charts, personnel strengths, and agency responsibility are arranged alphabetically. Detailed appendices include several examples of the training required for federal agents, important personnel forms, and the 1984 fiscal year salary schedule.

The Handbook of Police Psychology represents the contributions of over thirty police psychologists, all experts in their field, on the core subject matters of police psychology. Police psychology is broadly defined as the application of psychological principles and methods to law enforcement. This growing area includes topics such as screening and hiring of police officers; conducting screening for special squads (e.g., SWAT); fitness-for-duty evaluations; investigations, hostage negotiations; training and consultation, and stress counseling, among others. The book examines the beginnings of police psychology and early influences on the profession such as experimental investigations of psychological testing on police attitude and performance. Influential figures in the field of police psychology are discussed, including the nation's first full-time police psychologist who served on the Los Angeles Police Department, and the first full-time police officer to earn a doctorate in psychology while still in uniform with the New York Police Department.