This book sets out to develop a new framework for the analysis and understanding of large natural disasters occurring in developing countries in the last three decades, and their effects on the economy and society. In doing so, it challenges many of the accepted wisdoms of disaster theory upon which policy prescriptions are built. A number of important issues are addressed and analysed within this framework. The reliability of current statistics about disasters is questioned, and the effects of disaster situations on the main economic aggregates are examined. The author also looks at the importance of indirect disaster effects, the motivations of disaster response, and the impact of both capital loss and disaster response on output. He assesses the minimum level of additional investment required to secure a balanced recovery, and the extent to which a society's structure and dynamics determine people's vulnerability to disasters. Finally, the overall effects of disaster situations on economy and society are considered. The author concludes that although disasters are primarily a problem of development, they are not necessarily a problem for development. What we should be looking at are the underlying social and economic processes within developing countries which structure the impact of natural disasters, rather than at disasters as unforeseen events requiring large scale intervention. An important feature of the book is the deconstruction of the notion of disaster. Disasters, the author points out, cannot be analysed in isolation from the particular social and political setting in which they occur.

One of the most urgent issues facing the United States today is how to establish a comprehensive health insurance program at a time when nearly one in seven Americans lack insurance and costs for health care and medical fees are increasing at about 20 percent annually. An interdisciplinary team of experts provides a unique overview of the most important current problems and speaks to the key questions of risk, allocation, and equity. This text is designed for college, university, and professional courses in health and medical policy, public policy, public administration, law and society, bioethics, nursing, science and technology, and hospital administration. This public policy study offers a general framework for assessing health insurance from many vantage points, in terms of health policy impacts, the care of the needy, health insurance implementation, and prevention and risk. Chapters assess various national health insurance proposals, current congressional action and Medicare decisions, the social impacts of health insurance policy, coverage for displaced workers, the uninsured and hospital care in the inner city, charity care and community benefits, insuring high-risk persons, preventive health care screening for older women, and medical malpractice insurance, among other subjects. These analyses with real-life examples provide a solid introduction to all who want to understand health insurance and public policy issues today.

Police personnel have increasingly been deployed outside their own domestic jurisdictions to uphold law and order and to help rebuild states. This book explores the phenomenon of a new international policing and outlines the range of challenges and opportunities it presents to both practitioners and theorists.

Fighting an Invisible Enemy narrates the founding and growth of the internationally. renowned National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) in South Africa, from its foundations in the early twentieth century as the South African Institute for Medical Research to, later, the National Institute for Virology. It started humbly, as did many of its sister public health institutions around the world, and faced daunting obstacles: financial restrictions, bureaucratic straitjacketing, international isolation during the apartheid era and, in later years, the calumny of governmental AIDS denial. Following the triumph of the eradication of the once dreaded smallpox, the NICD plays a crucial role in the ongoing global effort to eradicate polio. While South Africa carries the misfortune of the largest HIV/AIDS pandemic in the world, the institute's HIV research unit has become a world leader.

More remote from public notice are the laboratories and epidemiologists supporting the constant surveillance of communicable diseases and the alerts they provide for impending outbreaks or pandemics, such as Ebola or the Covid-19 pandemic.

The NICD is a flagship organisation in public health in South Africa and this book, by its first executive director and internationally recognised virologist Dr Barry Schoub, paints a vivid portrait of its accomplishments. Enhanced by a collection of images of its projects and facilities, the bookwill be of interest to public health specialists and activists, as well as a more general audience.

Gardner explores the global ramifications of the NATO-Russian relationship. He argues that NATO enlargement into Central Europe risks the overextension of NATO's political consensus and could provoke Russia and other states that do not expect to become full members of the alliance. He concludes by proposing an alternative system of security for the region. Gardner explores the global ramifications of the NATO-Russian relationship. He examines NATO's Partnership for Peace initiative as it relates to Russia, and he argues that NATO risks provoking Russia and other states that do not expect to become full members of the alliance. He contends that if NATO and Russia cannot reach a compromise over a new system of security in Central and Eastern Europe, then Russia could adopt an increasingly assertive Eurasian stance by more closely aligning with potentially anti-Western states such as Belarus, China, India, Iraq, and Iran. Likewise, the possibility of a renewed division of Europe cannot be ruled out. Gardner asserts that it is absolutely necessary to draw Russia into a concerted relationship with the United States and the European Union. He concludes by formulating a viable system of cooperative-collective security for all Central and Eastern European states backed by conjoint NATO, European, and Russian security guarantees. This is a thoughtful and provocative analysis of great interest to policymakers and students of international relations and contemporary defense issues.

• It provides the first comprehensive assessment of the role of the police in homeland security functions, the effectiveness of strategies, the impacts of homeland security threats on police organization, and on the relationships between police and community.
  
• The book's authors include some of the best known scholars in policing and in the area of policing terrorism brought together by the National Institute of Justice and the Ministry of Public Security in Israel to provide cutting edge discussion of the challenges presented by terrorism for police in democratic societies.
  
• Each chapter includes not only an up to date survey of the literature in the areas covered, but also a discussion what we need to know to develop better policies and practices.

This book maps the development of modern policing-both theory and practice-from humans' first efforts at social control, through the British roots of modern policing, to the unique institution of American policing today. How Americans view police has varied dramatically through history. In 1856, New York police opposed wearing uniforms because they felt it represented a militaristic and nondemocratic type of organization. Today, our police model themselves on the military and use military tactics in the "war" on drugs. Policing in America: A Reference Handbook chronicles our changing ideas and methods of social control, beginning with the first recorded instances. It traces the trends that have shaped America's unique policing system and our fascination with police. It also examines the hot-button issues that concern police scholars today-such as the nature of the police subculture and police corruption-and details the trends and issues that will shape the future of policing. An essential reference for those interested in-and affected by-the American system of policing, which impacts us all. A glossary of standard policing terms, such as "blue curtain," "police subculture," "stakeout," and "forensics," allows the reader to better acquaint themselves with the law enforcement world A detailed list of associations and organizations in the field points readers to sources of further information

Brought up-to-date with the latest guidance, research and policy, this second edition of Ambulance Care Practice is an essential guide for paramedic students, trainee associate ambulance practitioners, those studying towards a certificate in first response emergency care and other ambulance clinicians. It provides a complete overview of the key skills, knowledge and understanding required to work at ambulance associate practitioner level or similar within the ambulance service, covering theoretical aspects and practical application, as well as a range of different clinical procedures and patient populations. Key features include: *Clearly illustrated, step-by-step instructions for range of essential clinical skills and procedures including how to handle different types of trauma and cardiac arrest *Detailed anatomical diagrams to provide the reader with the necessary context to carry out the practical elements of their job *Evidence-based throughout and up-to-date with the latest guidance, policy and research *Specific chapters on each area of patient assessment and specific patient populations and how to manage these effectively *Chapters relevant to associate practitioner level including drug administration, mental health and end of life care as well as an in-depth chapter on assisting the paramedic. In line with the National Education Network for Ambulance Services standards The book covers learning objectives from a range of courses offered by ambulance services. It is an essential resource for anyone wanting to prepare themselves for a role within the ambulance service as well as those hoping to become a more effective member of an emergency ambulance crew.

This collection focuses on the cultural history of the police as an institution from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries. Contrary to most studies on the law and the state, "Police Forces" demonstrates how profoundly modern democracies are enveloped by more informal and less codified modes of social control. In a time when the rule of law appears to be on the retreat, "police studies" emerges as a field in its own right. This volume helps stake out this new discipline, including the intricate link between police and the law, "might" and "right," state violence, surveillance technologies, politics and resistance. "Police Forces" considers the question of law and order from below: alleyways, borders, police stations, law offices, bureaucracies, and the minds of administrators, in which the quotidian workings of the law unfold.

Health research has made spectacular strides over the past few decades. The value of health research is obvious and irrefutable. What is not so apparent is that people who participate in research may be harmed during the process. Africa prides itself in having some of the most respected universities globally. It is a continent of immense research potential. At the same time, Africa suffers from many of the health burdens of low-income regions. While it affords many research opportunities, this creates the potential for the misuse of power on vulnerable individuals and populations.

This book explores why participants in health research require protection. It also explains how ethical principles and the law can assist inter alia research ethics committees, researchers, funders and institutions at which research is conducted, to safeguard the rights and dignity of individuals contributing to the research enterprise. It engages with this imbalance and examines how well-intentioned aims of ethical health research can be achieved while simultaneously maximising the protection of research participants. It draws on local and international documents and expertise to inform the resolution of many ethical dilemmas and complexities that inevitably arise in health research.

Health Research Ethics: Safeguarding the Interests of Research Participants provides a solid understanding of the normative values for protecting research participants against exploitation, harm and wrong. Since research ethics is multidisciplinary, this book will be of value to a range of professionals and academics inter alia those from the health sciences, social sciences, and legal disciplines.

As the complexities and problems that plague law enforcement agencies continue to proliferate, the need to utilize every available tool has led to the application of expert systems to law enforcement activities. This first book to explore this application is both practical and conceptually clear as it explains the potential utility of expert systems and their impact on operations and management. Such systems can support command and control through computer-aided dispatching, assist in the solution of high volume crimes such as residential burglaries, aid in the design of programs for the apprehension and prosecution of career criminals and repeat offenders, upgrade personnel through enhanced training programs, and provide an improved method for the delivery of technical assistance and training services. Until now, literature to assist organizations that could benefit from this technology has been scarce. Ratledge and Jacoby have geared their discussions to a wide audience which includes both practitioners and the academic community. This handbook offers clear, systematic explanations of the applications of expert systems in the world of law enforcement. It discusses the impact of these systems on traditional ways of policing and crime solving, and details a set of practical guidelines for jurisdictions considering the use of expert systems. The text is designed to present information in an order that progresses from general to technical aspects of the subject.

The first two chapters provide an overview of expert systems as they apply to different law enforcement areas and discuss the policy issues they create. The next section describes practical applications of expert systems in computer-aided dispatching, crime solving, and training. Chapter 4 explains the basic steps in building expert systems, its terminology, and general characteristics. Chapter 5 offers an introduction to artificial intelligence and its uses in problem solving and expert systems. Written with the expert systems designer or data processing manager in mind, Chapter 6 reviews the problems encountered in linking inferencing to data processing and the efficiencies and technical requirements of the system. In Chapter 7, a case study of the Baltimore County Police Department's expert system for residential burglaries is presented and the steps taken in the development of that system are described. Included in the valuable appendices are a list of vendors, two bibliographies including an annotated one relating to current policing issues and one dealing with technical publications, and a glossary. This timely handbook will enable practitioners in criminal justice to make informed decisions regarding the implementation of expert systems. It also provides up-to-the-minute information for computer system consultants and academicians and students in computer science and criminal justice administration.

Police strategies often develop from custom and practice without guidance from empirical research. Police officers often make their decisions based upon information and tactics with which they are the most familiar and comfortable. Choosing between available strategies and other alternatives can be improved through research and evaluation. One area of policing in which this is especially true is pursuit driving, which may be the deadliest weapon in a police officer's arsenal. Using the analogy between improper use of firearms and improper pursuit driving, Alpert and Dunham analyze the police car as a potentially dangerous weapon. The book is based upon information gathered over several years in Dade County (Miami), Florida. Included are the details of deaths, injuries, and property damage. Also reported are the arrests and apprehensions of felony suspects. The data are presented not to scare citizens, but to assist them, members of the law enforcement community, and politicians to understand more clearly the role of pursuit in policing and crime control. Pursuit needs to be discussed as a deterrent and crime-fighting strategy, and felony arrests resulting from successful pursuit must be included to compute a cost-benefit analysis. By offering a view of police pursuit that has been heretofore unavailable, the authors hope their empirical data will replace unsupported opinion and media sensationalism as information on which to create or modify pursuit policies and legal standards.

Crime scenes associated with child sexual exploitation and trafficking in child pornography were once limited to physical locations such as school playgrounds, church vestibules, trusted neighbors' homes, camping trips and seedy darkly lit back rooms of adult bookstores. The explosion of Internet use has created a virtual hunting ground for sexual predators and has fueled a brisk, multi-billion dollar trade in the associated illicit material. Approximately half of the caseload in computer crimes units involves the computer assisted sexual exploitation of children. Despite the scale of this problem, or perhaps because of it, there are no published resources that bring together the complex mingling of disciplines and expertise required to put together a computer assisted child exploitation case.
This work fills this void, providing police, prosecutors and forensic examiners with the historical, legal, technical, and social background for the laws prohibiting child exploitation, in particular, child pornography. The book will become an indispensable resource for those involved in the investigation, prosecution and study of computer-assisted child sexual exploitation.
The book provides a history of child exploitation cases and studies, outlining the roles of technology in this type of crime and the evidence they can contain, and documenting new research performed by the authors. It details how successful undercover Internet operations are conducted, how the associated evidence is collected, and how to use the evidence to locate and apprehend the offender. The heart of this work is a legal section, detailing all of the legal issues that arise in Internet child exploitation cases. A forensic examination section presents evidentiary issues from a technical perspective and describes how to conduct a forensic examination of digital evidence gathered in the investigative and probative stages of a child exploitation case.
Citations to related documents are provided for readers who want to learn more about certain issues. Actual case examples from computer assisted child exploitation cases are explored, at all times protecting the privacy of the victims while providing enough detail to educate the reader.
In addition to providing guidance on the technical and legal aspects of child exploitation investigations, this work identifies and analyzes trends in this type of crime and helps readers understand the similarities and differences between child predators who take to the Internet and predators who do not. Data from the thirty Internet Crimes Against Children (ICAC) Task Forces are compiled and reported to provide a deeper understanding of the types of cases, types of offenders and the level of danger they pose to themselves, their victims, and investigating officers. Also, sex offender data from the Offices of Attorneys General in the United States and similar offices in foreign countries are gathered to increase the study sample size, establish controls, and expand the scope of the research to outside of the United States.
- The first comprehensive title in this subject area
- It will use real cases and examples of criminal behavior and the means to detect it.
- Provides guidelines for developing a Field Manual and a Checklist to supplement the investigation and legal process
- Establishes a reliable system and legal, procedural-backed protocol by which to conduct an online sexual investigation and collect evidence

TASER (R) Conducted Electrical Weapons are rapidly replacing the club for law-enforcement control of violent subjects within many countries around the globe. A TASER CEW is a hand-held device that delivers a 400-volt pulse with a duration tuned to control the skeletal muscles without affecting the heart at a distance of up to 6.5 meters over tiny wires. If necessary, it begins with an arcing voltage of 50,000 V to penetrate thick clothing; the 50,000 V is never delivered to the body itself. Due to the widespread usage of these devices and the widespread misconceptions surrounding their operation, this book will have significant utility. This volume is written for cardiologists, emergency physicians, pathologists, law enforcement management, corrections personnel, and attorneys.

This study presents intriguing analysis of the impact of private security companies' practices upon the fields of security and politics in the Czech Republic. It situates cases concerning ABL, the biggest Czech private security company, in the larger social, political, legal and economic contexts of the booming private security business. This company's extensive linkages with Czech politics suggest that the continued absence of specific legislation for the regulation of private security companies' activities is due to too much, rather than too little, political interest in their activities. This is problematic, arguably, because the practices of private security companies have already contributed to a significant transformation of the Czech security field by enhancing the commodification and depoliticization of security, while ABL's use of security methods for political purposes and a business approach to politics have profoundly transformed the field of politics. Reflecting the growing interest in the privatization of security, this timely study unpacks the relationship between politics, business and security in the Czech Republic.

Medicine and Money: A Study of the Role of Beneficence in Health Care Cost Containment is a frank discussion of the moral problems associated with the need to control health care costs. The book provides a base for physicians to address these concerns and examines the events leading to America's current health care crisis, diminishing beneficence. After a brief definition of the problem, Frank H. Marsh and Mark Yarborough continue by describing the threat of cost containment and justifying beneficence-based health care system. Special importance is given to Medicine and Money by the lengthy suggestions on implementing beneficence in the health care system. Marsh and Yarborough address the problem of eroding morality and rising cost concerns of our present health care system. They argue that if the central role of beneficence is abandoned, the medical profession will be unable to properly meet the challenge it faces. Medicine and Money divides its argument into two sections. In the first section, the current crisis in health care is examined and a justification for beneficence is given. The second section describes how beneficence can be implemented in the health care system as a means to control health care costs. Medicine and Money is written for every member of the medical and philosophical communities.

Police misconduct is nothing new in the United States. Use of excessive force, unjustified shootings, race discrimination, and a general lack of accountability for officer conduct have been serious problems since the first police departments were created in the early nineteenth century. Although today's media coverage of these major police offenses portrays otherwise, significant progress has been made in reducing police misconduct. The New World of Police Accountability is the first book to provide an original and comprehensive analysis of some of the most important developments in policing over the past ten years. Esteemed author Samuel Walker synthesizes the major developments in the area of police accountability and argues that these developments represent a new period in the history of police reform that promises to address the historic problems of police abuse. This text assesses both the achievements and limitations of police accountability and reshapes the conventional wisdom on this topic. The book covers such issues as federal law suits against the police, consent decrees, citizen oversight of the police, and early intervention systems. Key Features Examines timely and up-to-date coverage of current police controversies Discusses important new mechanisms of accountability, such as comprehensive use of force reporting, citizen complaint procedures, early intervention systems, and police auditors Provides extensive coverage of racial profiling Includes a helpful list of Web sites for further research on the topics covered in the book The New World of Police Accountability is designed as a supplementary textbook for undergraduate and graduate policing courses in the departments of Criminal Justice and Criminology. The book will also be of interest to scholars, police officials, citizen oversight officials, and community activists.

The Women Police Service was unique as a feminist organization dedicated to the supervision and control of women themselves. Formed in 1914 by middle-class veterans of the militant suffrage campaign in Britain, at odds throughout its history with both the authorities and mainstream feminist organizations and frequently operating in defiance of the law, the WPS combined authoritarianism and feminist activism to create its own distinctive concept of policing between the world wars.

As would-be members of a national women police force, the WPS hoped to shield women and children from the impact of a male-dominated criminal justice system while simultaneously enforcing upon them its own rigorous moral code. As ex-suffragettes whose disillusionment with the minimal progress achieved through the concession of the franchise accelerated in the 1920s and 1930s, members of the corps became increasingly alienated from the state they aspired to serve. These conflicting impulses culminated in the movement's final metamorphosis into a right-wing paramilitary force allied with Sir Oswald Mosley's British Union of Fascists. This first systematic study of the history of the WPS offers a unique perspective from which to examine sexual, political, and class ideologies that have received little attention in existing histories of modern British feminism.

The terrorist attack of September 11, 2001, and the natural disasters of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita demonstrated the challenges that governments face in initial response and recovery efforts. This book details the important steps that governors and mayors have initiated to address the serious problems illustrated by these recent disasters. The innovative solutions include developing more reliable communications, creating public-private partnerships to supplement public emergency services, establishing fusion c- ters that interpret information, and creating joint operations centers to manage the response to the event. There are important lessons to be learned from the managerial and technological innovations that the governors and mayors describe in this book. As the Mayor of Philadelphia and now as the Governor of Pennsylvania, I have contributed to three books on best practices of state and local governments. I am pleased to participate in the efforts of the Center for Competitive Government of the Fox School at Temple University to address the important issues faced by governments. This book makes an important contribution to the public discussion on the public and private sectors' role in homeland security. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Governor Edward G. Rendell vii Acknowledgement The editors would like to acknowledge Dr. M. Moshe Porat, Dean of the Fox School at Temple where the Center for Competitive Government is located. His strong c- tribution and support for the Mayors' Summits is most appreciated. Many chapters for our books including this one emanated from these Summits.

This volume presents an alternative perspective on the problem of leadership in organizations. Dr. Charles H. Kime argues that while individuals ultimately take actions we call leadership, structural and non-structural characteristics of the organization influence the ability and inclination of organization members to engage in these actions. Further more, evidence is presented suggesting that these organizational features become assimilated into the normative structure of the organization over time and formal and informal organizational norms shape the ways in which organization members envision their roles, functions and relationships to the organization. Once institutionalized, organizational leadership may be understood as the capacity of the organization to respond to endogenous and exogenous stimuli, which present themselves as challenges, opportunities, and threats to the organization. Drawing upon general systems and complexity and chaos theory, Kime presents organizational leadership as a normative feature of organizations, that can help or hinder their negotiation of a complex, nonlinear environment. Kime tests his formulation on a sample of fire services organizations in the United States. In addition to confirming the viability of organizational leadership as a concept, he explores the empirical relationship of organizational leadership with organizational size, texture, age, labor management process and other variables.

One of the fastest-growing and most exciting areas of historical research in recent years has been the study of crime and the criminal. The intrinsic fascination of the subject is enhanced by the fact that between the mid eighteenth century and early twentieth century, the English criminal justice system was fundamentally transformed as a new disciplinary state emerged. Drawing on recent research, this book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date synthesis of these important changes.

Policing today involves many different state and non-state actors. This book traces the process of 'unbounding' policing, exploring the way that boundaries between public policing, regulators, inspectorates, intelligence services and private security are blurring, and the impact this will have on governance.