Photovoltaic electricity generation is a rapidly growing industry, and a key pillar of a decarbonised energy system. In modern solar cells, laser technology is used to form localised structures such as a selective emitter through doping or to locally ablate dielectric layers for contact definition. A critical factor is the ability to passivate the laser-induced defects to prevent premature charge carrier recombination reducing the cell efficiency. Hydrogenation is such a passivation technique. The exact mechanisms have until recently been poorly understood, so this timely reference covers the recent breakthroughs in the understanding of hydrogen passivation. The book addresses key technologies for improving the efficiency of solar cells, including the industry-dominating PERC concept with an added rear passivation layer to reduce recombination. Coverage includes hydrogen passivation mechanisms, bulk and surface defect passivation, hydrogenation of light-induced defects, potential negative impacts of hydrogen, and laser doping for rapid diffusion and for selective emitter formation. This work also provides brand new results that enable low-quality silicon to be used for heterojunction applications and could pave the way for future low-cost, high-efficiency silicon solar cell technologies featuring passivated contacts to be fabricated on p-type wafers. This work is indispensable for researchers in the field of photovoltaic energy, in academia as well as industry.

The main aim of this book is to discuss model order reduction (MOR) methods for differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) with linear coefficients that make use of splitting techniques before applying model order reduction. The splitting produces a system of ordinary differential equations (ODE) and a system of algebraic equations, which are then reduced separately. For the reduction of the ODE system, conventional MOR methods can be used, whereas for the reduction of the algebraic systems new methods are discussed. The discussion focuses on the index-aware model order reduction method (IMOR) and its variations, methods for which the so-called index of the original model is automatically preserved after reduction.

This book reviews and examines how power system low-frequency power oscillations and sub-synchronous oscillations may be affected by grid connection of wind power generation. Grid connection of wind power generation affects the power system small-signal stability and has been one of the most actively pursued research subjects in power systems and power electronics engineering in the last ten years. This book is the first of its kind to cover the impact of wind power generation on power system low-frequency oscillations and sub-synchronous oscillations. It begins with a comprehensive overview of the subject and progresses to modeling of power systems and introduces the application of conventional methods, including damping torque analysis, modal analysis and frequency-domain analysis, presented with detailed examples, making it useful for researchers and engineers worldwide.

This is an excellent resource for those who wish to study about Tesla's experiments. The notes are highly detailed, and clearly show his attempts at transmitting electricity without wires by means of his magnifying transmitter.

This book addresses the developing area of biomass for technological applications. Written by leading researchers in the field, the book differs from other literature available by providing a detailed, in-depth discussion of the characteristics of these materials. The use of biomass for technological applications is a rapidly growing area in materials engineering and green bioprocesses. In this approach, pre-treatments focus on the bioavailability of nutrients and facilitate the use of biomass for delivering byproducts (e.g. enzymes) and for bioenergy production, both of which are discussed at length in this book. In this regard, it explores various aspects of the structural complexity of residual biomass produced by agricultural, industrial and livestock activities for biotechnological purposes, and assesses both conventional and emerging pre-treatments (e.g. biological, enzymatic and physical-chemical). This book reveals the advantages of these techniques, both individually and in combination, making it an excellent resource for all readers interested in cutting-edge applications of biomass.

Generation of electricity from renewable sources has become a necessity, particularly due to environmental concerns. In order for renewable sources to provide reliable power, their sporadic availability under certain conditions and the lack of control over the resource must be addressed. Different renewable energy sources and storage technologies bring various properties to the table, and power systems must be adapted and constructed to accommodate these. Power electronics and micro-grids play key roles in enabling the use of renewable energy in the evolving smarter grids. This book, written by well-known researchers with broad expertise and successful publication records, provides a systematic overview of modern power systems with integrated renewable energy. Chapters provide concise coverage of renewable energy generation, of storage technologies including chemical, electrostatic and thermal storage systems, and of energy integration, power conditioning systems, economic dispatch and scheduling, EV integration, as well as communications and cyber-security in power systems. This work is a highly valuable resource for researchers in industry and academia involved with renewable energy technology and power systems, for advanced students of related subjects, and for utilities engineers and professionals.

To ensure the security and economy of future power system operation in the context of a high degree of renewable energy penetration, this thesis proposes a new distributed algorithm called generalized master-slave-splitting (G-MSS) theory and a new transmission-distribution coordinated energy management (TDCEM) method that is based on the G-MSS theory. The thesis studies the mathematical properties of the G-MSS theory in detail. Based on the G-MSS theory, a distributed TDCEM method - which involves distributed security analysis, distributed voltage stability analysis, distributed economic dispatch and distributed optimal power flow for an integrated transmission-distribution system - is then developed for the first time. The thesis demonstrates that the proposed TDCEM method significantly contributes to more reliable and optimal operation in power systems. The book will benefit researchers, scientists and engineers in the field of power system operation and optimization.

This book addresses the key concerns regarding the operation of wind turbines in cold climates and focuses in particular on the analysis of icing and methods for its mitigation. Topics covered include the implications of cold climates for wind turbine design and operation, the relevance of icing for wind turbines, the icing process itself, ice prevention systems and thermal anti-icing system design. In each chapter, care is taken to build systematically on the basic knowledge, providing the reader with the level of detail required for a thorough understanding. An important feature is the inclusion of several original analytical and numerical models for ready computation of icing impacts and design assessment. The breadth of the coverage and the in-depth scientific analysis, with calculations and worked examples relating to both fluid dynamics and thermodynamics, ensure that the book will serve not only as a textbook but also as a practical manual for general design tasks.

This book presents both the fundamental theory and numerical calculations and field experiments used in a range of practical engineering projects. It not only provides theoretical formulations and various solutions, but also offers concrete methods to extend the life of existing bridge structures and presents a guide to the rational design of new bridges, such as high-speed railway bridges and long-span bridges. Further, it offers a reference resource for solving vehicle-structure dynamic interaction problems in the research on and design of all types of highways, railways and other transport structures.

The present work focuses on the development of intensified small-scale extraction units for spent nuclear fuel reprocessing using advanced process engineering with combined experimental and modelling methodologies. It discusses a number of novel elements, such as the intensification of spent fuel reprocessing and the use of ionic liquids as green alternatives to organic solvents. The use of ionic liquids in two-phase liquid-liquid separation is new to the Multiphase Flow community, and has proved to be challenging, especially in small channels, because of the surface and interfacial properties involved, which are very different to those of common organic solvents. Numerical studies have been also performed to couple the hydrodynamics at small scale with the mass transfer. The numerical results, taken together with scale-up studies, are used to evaluate the applicability of the small-scale units in reprocessing large volumes of nuclear waste.

The UHV transmission has many advantages for new power networks due to its capacity, long distance potential, high efficiency, and low loss. Development of UHV transmission technology is led by infrastructure development and renewal, as well as smart grid developments, which can use UHV power networks as the transmission backbone for hydropower, coal, nuclear power and large renewable energy bases. Over the years, State Grid Corporation of China has developed a leading position in UHV core technology R&D, equipment development, plus construction experience, standards development and operational management. SGCC built the most advanced technology 'two AC and two DC' UHV projects with the highest voltage-class and largest transmission capacity in the world, with a cumulative power transmission of 10TWh. This book comprehensively summarizes the research achievement, theoretical innovation and engineering practice in UHV power grid construction in China since 2005. It covers the key technology and parameters used in the design of the UHV transmission network, shows readers the technical problems State Grid encountered during the construction, and the solution they come up with. It also introduces key technology like UHV series compensation, DC converter valve, and the systematic standards and norms.

Volume 2 of the book begins with chapter 6, in which we have taken up conventional MWTs (such as TWTs, klystrons, including multi-cavity and multi-beam klystrons, klystron variants including reflex klystron, IOT, EIK, EIO and twystron, and crossed-field tubes, namely, magnetron, CFA and carcinotron). In chapter 7, we have taken up fast-wave tubes (such as gyrotron, gyro-BWO, gyro-klystron, gyro-TWT, CARM, SWCA, hybrid gyro-tubes and peniotron). In chapter 8, we discuss vacuum microelectronic tubes (such as klystrino module, THz gyrotron and clinotron BWO); plasma-assisted tubes (such as PWT, plasma-filled TWT, BWO, including PASOTRON, and gyrotron); and HPM (high power microwave) tubes (such as relativistic TWT, relativistic BWO, RELTRON (variant of relativistic klystron), relativistic magnetron, high power Cerenkov tubes including SWO, RDG or orotron, MWCG and MWDG, bremsstrahlung radiation type tube, namely, vircator, and M-type tube MILO). In Chapter 9, we provide handy information about the frequency and power ranges of common MWTs, although more such information is provided at relevant places in the rest of the book as and where necessary. Chapter 10 is an epilogue that sums up the authors' attempt to bring out the various aspects of the basics of and trends in high power MWTs.

With production from unconventional rigs continuing to escalate and refineries grappling with the challenges of shale and heavier oil feedstocks, petroleum engineers and refinery managers must ensure that equipment used with today's crude oil is protected from fouling deposits Crude Oil Fouling addresses this overarching challenge for the petroleum community with clear explanations on what causes fouling, current models and new approaches to evaluate and study the formation of deposits, and how today's models could be applied from lab experiment to onsite field usability for not just the refinery, but for the rig, platform, or pipeline. Crude Oil Fouling is a must-have reference for every petroleum engineer's library that gives the basic framework needed to analyze, model, and integrate the best fouling strategies and operations for crude oil systems.

This expansive reference on the use of clean energy technologies in the aviation industry focuses on tools and solutions for maximizing the energy efficiency of aircrafts, airports, and other auxiliary components of air transit. Key topics range from predicting impacts of avionics and control systems to energy/exergy performance analyses of flight mechanics and computational fluid dynamics. The book includes findings both from experimental investigations and functional extant systems, ranging from propulsion technologies for aerospace vehicles to airport design to energy recovery systems. Engineers, researchers and students will benefit from the broad reach and numerous engineering examples provided.

Energy storage devices are a crucial area of research and development across many engineering disciplines and industries. While batteries provide the significant advantage of high energy density, their limited life cycles, disposal challenges and charge and discharge management constraints undercut their effectiveness in certain applications. Compared to electrochemical cells, supercapacitors are charge-storage devices with much longer life cycles, yet they have traditionally been hobbled by limited DC voltage capabilities and energy density. However, recent advances are improving these issues.

This book provides the opportunity to expand your knowledge of innovative supercapacitor applications, comparing them to other commonly used energy storage devices. It will strengthen your understanding of energy storage from a practical, applications-based point-of-view, without requiring detailed examination of underlying electrochemical equations. No matter what your field, you will find inspiration and guidance in the cutting-edge advances in energy storage devices in this book.
Provides explanations of the latest energy storage devices in a practical applications-based context Includes examples of circuit designs that optimize the use of supercapacitors, and pathways to improve existing designs by effectively managing energy storage devices crucial to both low and high power applications.Covers batteries, BMS (battery management systems) and cutting-edge advances in supercapacitors, providing a unique compare and contrast examination demonstrating applications where each technology can offer unique benefits

"Physics and Engineering of Radiation Detection "presents an overview of the physics of radiation detection and its applications. It covers the origins and properties of different kinds of ionizing radiation, their detection and measurement, and the procedures used to protect people and the environment from their potentially harmful effects.

The second edition isfully revised and provides the latest developments in detector technology and analyses software. Also, more material related to measurements in particle physics and a complete solutions manual have been added.
Discussesthe experimental techniques and instrumentation used in different detection systems in a very practical way without sacrificing the physics contentProvides useful formulae and explains methodologies to solve problems related to radiation measurementsContains many worked-out examples and end-of-chapter problemsDetailed discussions on different detection media, such as gases, liquids, liquefied gases, semiconductors, and scintillatorsChapters on statistics, data analysis techniques, software for data analysis, and data acquisition systems"

This book focuses on a broad spectrum of electrical engineering materials at the undergraduate and postgraduate level. It deals with fundamentals of the subject matter in a comprehensive way with emphasis on different devices in the field of material science. The text includes new developments in the subject elaborating electronic devices and their applications. The subject is particularly covered and explained lucidly in areas like magnetic materials, semiconductors, semiconductor devices, superconductors, and insulating materials.

This volume investigates the impact of energy issues on geostrategy. The crucial importance of energy and the fact that fossil fuels are not equally distributed among countries means that decisions are not only based on financial arguments, but also on the political impact. It can be said that "Energy is Politics". In three parts - 1) Energy Economy; 2) Finance; and 3) Geostrategy - academics and practitioners address both economic and political questions and present cases from several countries. This is the sixth volume in a series on energy organized by the Centre for Energy and Value Issues (CEVI). The previous volumes in the series were: Financial Aspects in Energy (2011), Energy Economics and Financial Markets (2012), Perspectives on Energy Risk (2014), Energy Technology and Valuation Issues (2015) and Energy and Finance (2016).