'Working Memory, Thought, and Action' is the magnum opus of one of the most influential cognitive psychologists of the past 50 years. This new volume on the model he created (with Graham Hitch) discusses the developments that have occurred within the model in the past twenty years, and places it within a broader context. Working memory is a temporary storage system that underpins our capacity for coherent thought. Some 30 years ago, Baddeley and Hitch proposed a way of thinking about working memory that has proved to be both valuable and influential in its application to practical problems. This book updates the theory, discussing both the evidence in its favour, and alternative approaches. In addition, it discusses the implications of the model for understanding social and emotional behaviour, concluding with an attempt to place working memory in a broader biological and philosophical context. Inside are chapters on the phonological loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad, the central executive and the episodic buffer. There are also chapters on the relevance to working memory of studies of the recency effect, of work based on individual differences, and of neuroimaging research. The broader implications of the concept of working memory are discussed in the chapters on social psychology, anxiety, depression, consciousness and on the control of action. Finally, Baddeley discusses the relevance of a concept of working memory to the classic problems of consciousness and free will. This new volume from one of the pioneers in memory research will doubtless emulate the success of its predecessor, and be a major publication within the psychological literature.

In everyday life, and particularly in the modern workplace, information technology and automation increasingly mediate, augment, and sometimes even interfere with how humans interact with their environment. How to understand and support cognition in human-technology interaction is both a practically and socially relevant problem. The chapters in this volume frame this problem in adaptive terms: How are behavior and cognition adapted, or perhaps ill-adapted, to the demands and opportunities of an environment where interaction is mediated by tools and technology? The authors draw heavily on the work of Egon Brunswik, a pioneer in ecological and cognitive psychology, as well as on modern refinements and extensions of Brunswikian ideas, including Hammond's Social Judgment Theory, Gigerenzer's Ecological Rationality and Anderson's Rational Analysis. Inspired by Brunswik's view of cognition as "coming to terms" with the "casual texture" of the external world, the chapters in this volume provide quantitative and computational models and measures for studying how people come to terms with an increasingly technological ecology, and provide insights for supporting cognition and performance through design, training, and other interventions. The methods, models, and measures presented in this book provide timely and important resources for addressing problems in the rapidly growing field of human-technology interaction. The book will be of interest to researchers, students, and practitioners in human factors, cognitive engineering, human-computer interaction, judgment and decision making, and cognitive science.

Eye movements are a vital part of our interaction with the world. They play a pivotal role in perception, cognition, and education. Research in this field is now proceeding at a considerable pace and casting new light on how the eyes move and what information we can derive during the frequent and brief periods of fixation. However, the origins of this work are less well known, even though much of our knowledge was derived from this research with far more primitive equipment. This book is unique in tracing the history of eye movement research. It shows how great strides were made in this area before modern recording devices were available, especially in the measurement of nystagmus. When photographic techniques were adapted to measure discontinuous eye movements, from about 1900, many of the issues that are now basic to modern research were then investigated. One of the earliest cognitive tasks examined was reading, and it remains in the vanguard of contemporary research. Modern researchers in this field will be astonished at the subtleties of these early experimental studies and the ingenuity of interpretations that were advanced one and even two centuries ago. Though physicians often carried out the original eye movement research, later on it was pursued by psychologists - it is within contemporary neuroscience that we find these two strands reunited. Anyone interested in the origins of psychology and neuroscience will find much to stimulate and surprise them in this valuable new work.

Findings from research on false memory have major implications for a number of fields central to human welfare, such as medicine and law. Although many important conclusions have been reached after a decade or so of intensive research, the majority of them are not well known outside the immediate field. To make this research accessible to a much wider audience, The Science of False Memory has been written to require little or no background knowledge of the theory and techniques used in memory research.
Brainerd and Reyna introduce the volume by considering the progenitors to the modern science of false memory, and noting the remarkable degree to which core themes of contemporary research were anticipated by historical figure such as Binet, Piaget, and Bartlett. They continue with an account of the varied methods that have been used to study false memory both inside and outside of the laboratory. The first part of the volume focuses on the basic science of false memory, revolving around three topics: old and new theoretical ideas that have been used to explain false memory and make predictions about it; research findings and predictions about false memory in normal adults; and research findings and predictions about age-related changes in false memory between early childhood and adulthood. Throughout Part I, Brainerd and Reyna emphasize how current opponent-processes conceptions of false memory act as a unifying influence by integrating predictions and data across disparate forms of false memory.
The second part focuses on the applied science of false memory, revolving around four topics: the falsifiability of witnesses and suspects memories of crimes, including false confessions by suspects; the falsifiability of eyewitness identifications of suspects; false-memory reports in investigative interviews of child victims and witnesses, particularly in connection with sexual-abuse crimes; false memory in psychotherapy, including recovered memories of childhood abuse, multiple-personality disorders, and recovered memories of previous lives. Although Part II is concerned with applied research, Brainerd and Reyna continue to emphasize the unifying influence of opponent-processes conceptions of false memory. The third part focuses on emerging trends, revolving around three expanding areas of false-memory research: mathematical models, aging effects, and cognitive neuroscience. False Memory will be an invaluable resource for professional researchers, practitioners, and students in the many fields for which false-memory research has implications, including child-protective services, clinical psychology, law, criminal justice, elementary and secondary education, general medicine, journalism, and psychiatry.

Musical Excellence offers performers, teachers, and researchers, new perspectives and practical guidance for enhancing performance and managing the stress that typically accompanies performance situations. It draws together, for the first time in a single collection, the findings of pioneering initiatives from across the arts and sciences. Specific recommendations are provided alongside comprehensive reviews of existing theory and research, enabling the practitioner to place the strategies and techniques within the broader context of human performance and encouraging novel ways of conceptualizing music making and teaching. Part I, Prospects and Limits, sets out ground rules for achieving musical excellence. What roles do innate talent, environmental influences, and sheer hard work play in attaining eminence? How can musicians best manage the physical demands of a profession that is intrinsically arduous, throughout a career that can literally span a lifetime? How can performers, teachers, and researchers effectively assess and reflect on performance enhancement for themselves, their colleagues, and their students? Part II, Practice Strategies, presents approaches for increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of practice. These are examined generally for the individual and ensembles and specifically for the tasks of memorizing, sight-reading, and improvising music. Musicians spend vast amounts of time and energy acquiring and refining their skills, but are there particular rehearsal strategies that they can employ to produce better performance results or to achieve the same results more quickly? What implication does existing knowledge of human information processing and physical functioning have for musical learning and practice? Part III, Techniques and Interventions, introduces scientifically validated methods for enhancing musical achievement, ordered from the more physical to the psychological to the pharmacological; however, they all address issues of both mental and physical significance for the musician. Collectively, they stand as clear evidence that applied, cross-disciplinary research can facilitate musicians' strive for performance excellence. Throughout, the book highlights ways for musicians to make the most of their existing practice, training, and experience and gives them additional tools for acquiring and developing new skills. Each chapter is underpinned by physical and psychological principles relevant to all performance traditions that demand dedication and resilience, unique artistic vision, and effective communication.

Humans, like other primates, are intensely social creatures. One of the major functions of our brains must be to enable us to be as skilful in social interactions as we are in our interactions with the physical world (e.g. recognising objects and grasping them). Furthermore, any differences between human brains and those of our nearest relatives, the great apes, are likely to be linked to our unique achievements in social interaction and communication rather than our motor or perceptual skills. Unique to humans is the ability to mentalise (or mind read), that is to perceive and communicate mental states, such as beliefs and desires. A key problem facing science is to uncover the biological mechanisms underlying our ability to read other minds and to show how these mechanisms evolved. To solve this problem we need to do experiments in which people (or animals) interact with one another rather than behaving in isolation. Such experiments are now being conducted in increasing numbers and many of the leading exponents of such experiments have contributed to this volume. 'The Neuroscience of Social Interactions' will be an important step in uncovering the biological mechanisms underlying social interactions - undoubtedly one of the major programmes for neuroscience in the 21st century.

Philosophers since Aristotle have explored emotion, so the new emphasis on emotion in Anglo-American philosophy is the rediscovery of a discipline that is very old and has always been essential to the "love of wisdom." Today, it has become evident to most philosophers that emotions are ripe for philosophical analysis, a view supported by a considerable number of excellent publications. Emotions have now become mainstream. In this volume, I have tried to bring together some of the best Anglo-American philosophers now writing on the philosophy of emotion. I have solicited chapters from those philosophers who have already distinguished themselves in the field of emotion research and have interdisciplinary interests, particularly in the social sciences. It is impossible to study the emotions today without engaging with contemporary psychology and the neurosciences. Philosophy has always been (in its own mind, at least) "the queen of the sciences." Thus the essays included here should appeal to a broad spectrum of emotion researchers as well as philosophers interested or at least curious about their emotions. Topics include Emotions, Physiology, Intentionality, Emotion, Appraisal, and Cognition, Emotions and Feelings, Emotions, and Rationality, Emotions, Action, and Freedom, Emotion and Value, On Theories of Emotion. The contributors include Annette Baier, Aaron Ben-Zeev, Purushottama Bilimoria, Cheshire Calhoun, John Deigh, Ronald De Sousa, Jon Elster, Peter Goldie, Pat Greenspan, Paul Griffiths, Jerry Neu, Martha Nussbaum, Jesse Prinz, Jenefer Robinson, Amelie Rorty, Robert C. Solomon, Michael Stocker, ,

Sacred Knowledge is the first well-documented, sophisticated account of the effect of psychedelics on biological processes, human consciousness, and revelatory religious experiences. Based on nearly three decades of legal research with volunteers, William A. Richards argues that, if used responsibly and legally, psychedelics have the potential to assuage suffering and constructively affect the quality of human life. Richards's analysis contributes to social and political debates over the responsible integration of psychedelic substances into modern society. His book serves as an invaluable resource for readers who, whether spontaneously or with the facilitation of psychedelics, have encountered meaningful, inspiring, or even disturbing states of consciousness and seek clarity about their experiences. Testing the limits of language and conceptual frameworks, Richards makes the most of experiential phenomena that stretch our conception of reality, advancing new frontiers in the study of belief, spiritual awakening, psychiatric treatment, and social well-being. His findings enrich humanities and scientific scholarship, expanding work in philosophy, anthropology, theology, and religious studies and bringing depth to research in mental health, psychotherapy, and psychopharmacology.

While many books have discussed methodological advances in nonlinear dynamical systems theory (NDS), this volume is unique in its focus on NDS's role in the development of psychological theory. After an introductory chapter covering the fundamentals of chaos, complexity and other nonlinear dynamics, subsequent chapters provide in-depth coverage of each of the specific topic areas in psychology. A concluding chapter takes stock of the field as a whole, evaluating important challenges for the immediate future. The chapters are written by experts in the use of NDS in each of their respective areas, including biological, cognitive, developmental, social, organizational and clinical psychology. Each chapter provides an in-depth examination of theoretical foundations and specific applications and a review of relevant methods. This edited collection represents the state of the art in NDS science across the disciplines of psychology.

Die Betrachtung der Interaktionen emotionaler und kognitiver Prozesse ist von zentraler Bedeutung fur das Verstandnis der menschlichen Entwicklung und des menschlichen Verhaltens sowie fur das Verstandnis unterschiedlicher psychiatrischer Erkrankungen. In der vorliegenden Monographie werden zunachst grundlegende Erkenntnisse zur Emotions/Kognitions-Kopplung bei Gedachtnisprozessen und deren Relevanz fur affektive Stoerungen dargestellt. Nach einer Einfuhrung in die Methodik der ereigniskorrelierten Hirnpotentiale werden die Moeglichkeiten der Anwendung dieses Verfahrens fur Fragestellungen im Bereich der Emotions/Kognitions-Kopplung bei Patienten mit affektiven Erkrankungen und bei gesunden Probanden untersucht und facherubergreifend (Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Neurobiologie und Elektrophysiologie) diskutiert.

From childhood to millennials and beyond, it is essential we take a life-course approach to occupation and work when in pain. Written by experts in the field, Work and pain: A lifespan development approach provides an authoritative summary and analysis of the relationship between all forms of occupation and pain. Divided into three sections, 'Foundations', provides a critical account of the nature of work and of pain. The next section, 'Investigations', analyses the bi-directional relationships between children living with chronic pain and parents; between being a child in pain and schooling; what it is to be a millennial in pain; the implications of pain which is determined to be occupational in origin; and enabling a life lived well with pain as one ages. The final section, 'Interventions', critically reviews what individuals can change, what workplaces can do, and how governments can innovate to try to maximise workability for people living with pain in the context of current working practices. Work and pain: A lifespan development approach investigates and guides the reader on understanding how and why people seek to be occupied, and how we can maximise their social and personal involvement when living with ongoing pain, suggesting ways forward in research, practice, and policy.

Herbst-/Winterdepressionen werden bereits seit der Antike beschrieben, und ebenso lang ist der Einfluss des Lichtes auf die seelische Gesundheit bekannt. Neuere systematische Untersuchungen der Herbst-/Winterdepression und der Lichttherapie haben jedoch erst seit etwa 20 Jahren Eingang in die Medizin und in psychiatrische Therapieformen gefunden. Es zeigte sich, dass die Lichttherapie bei den Herbst-/Winterdepressionen und deren subsyndromaler Form als Therapie der ersten Wahl eingesetzt werden kann, und dass die biologischen Veranderungen bei den Herbst-/Winterdepressionen ahnlich wie bei den nicht-saisonal gebundenen Depressionen vorhanden sind, eventuell in einer milderen Auspragung. In diesem Handbuch werden sowohl die Diagnostik der Herbst-/Winterdepression als auch die Praxis der Lichttherapie vom theoretischen und vor allem praktischen Gesichtspunkt international bekannter Forscher, vorwiegend aus dem deutschsprachigen Raum, bearbeitet."

Our sense that a waltz is "in three" or a blues song is "in four with a shuffle" comes from our sense of musical meter. Hearing in Time explores the metric aspect of our musical experience from a psychological point of view. Musical meter is taken as a musically-specific instance entrainment, that is, our more general ability to synchronize our actions to the rhythms around us. As such, musical meter is subject to a number of fundamental perceptual and cognitive constraints. These constraints are the cornerstones of Hearing in Time's account of musical meter. Hearing in Time also takes into account the fact that listening to music, like many other rhythmic activities, is something that we do a lot. It also approaches musical meter in the context of music as it is actually performed, with nuances of timing and dynamics, rather than as a theoretical ideal. Hearing in Time's approach to meter is not based on any particular musical style or cultural practice, and so it discusses musical examples from a wide range of musical styles and cultures-from Beethoven and Bach to Brubeck and Ghanaian (Ewe) drumming. In taking this broad approach a number of fundamental similarities between a variety of different metric phenomena-such as the difference between so-called simple versus complex or additive meters-become apparent. Hearing in Time is written for musicians, musicologists, music theorists and psychologists who are interested in rhythm and meter. Only a modest ability read a musical score is presumed, and most musical examples are taken from familiar popular and classical repertory.

The Musical Mind, published in 1985, was written by the relatively unknown John Sloboda. It made ground-breaking inroads in raising crucial questions relating to music's status as a form of human expression and has become the seminal text in the field of music psychology. The scope of that book was impressive: from music perception to production, embracing topics as diverse as music's origin and the circumstances that encourage its skill acquisition. Musical structure, grouping, and perceptual processing, including memory, were key areas where John Sloboda had made early empirical investigations. Discussion of emotional responses and creative processes were far more inductively written, based on his own personal experiences. The Musical Mind laid a research agenda in asking those crucial 'how' and 'why' questions that have since occupied a growing body of researchers from all over the world.
Following a quarter of a century after that seminal work, Music and the Mind celebrates the life and work of John Sloboda whilst taking stock of where the field of music psychology stands 25 years after The Musical Mind first appeared. It reviews key areas of current research in the field, written by world-leading authors, each making a significant and original academic contribution. Offering a timely review of the field of music psychology in the 21st Century, the contributors to Music and the Mind also reflect on how the field has been significantly stimulated by the influential work of John Sloboda. This book is fascinating reading for students and researchers in music psychology and musicology, as well as music professionals.

This book aims to impart an understanding of the changes in perception associated with cochlear hearing loss, of the difficulties faced by the hearing-impaired person and of the limitations of current hearing aids. Physiological data and perceptual data are inter-related and the book aims to present both data and concepts in an integrated way so that the reader comes away with an impression not only of what happens, but also why it happens.

Die Entstehungsbedingungen der Schizophrenie, einer meist chronisch verlaufenden psychobiologischen Erkrankung, unter der mindestens 1% der Weltbevoelkerung leidet, sind trotz intensiver Forschungen nach wie vor unbekannt. Die vorliegende Monographie legt ein Erklarungsmodell der Schizophrenie vor, wobei sich die molekulare Hypothese auf die Stoerung der Hirnfunktionen ubertragen lasst und davon die schizophrenen Symptome sowie das Wirklichkeitserleben dieser Patienten abgeleitet werden kann. Ferner kann die Theorie des Verlustes der Selbstgrenzen zumindest auf der molekularen Ebene experimentell uberpruft werden. Zum besseren Verstandnis des schizophrenen Wirklichkeitserlebens wird der Verlust der Selbstgrenzen auch durch psychologische, physiktheoretische, philosophische, kommunikationstheoretische und psychologische Konzepte erklart. Besonders beeindruckend sind die Fallbeispiele. Da die Theorie experimentell uberprufbar ist, ist ein voellig neuer Ansatz der Behandlung der Schizophrenie moeglich.

Zeichnen und Malen sind spezifisch menschliche Hirnleistungen und waren ursprunglich keine elitare Freizeitgestaltung, sondern ein lustbegleitetes Lernprogramm in der Auseinandersetzung mit der Umwelt. Sie sind in der Kindheit Vorbote und Begleiter der Sprachentwicklung. Bildliches Gestalten verbindet viele Einzelfunktionen unseres Nervensystems zu einem Aktionskanon und aktiviert Einzelfunktionen, die bei Gehirnerkrankungen beeintrachtigt wurden oder sichtbarer Ausdruck solcher Storungen sind. Damit konnen Zeichnen und Malen wertvolle Elemente der neurologischen Diagnostik und Rehabilitation sein. Dieses Buch enthalt keine Definition von Kunst, noch werden die beispielhaften Arbeiten neurologischer Patienten als Kunst gesehen, sondern der Autor zeigt die zerebralen Mechanismen, die in ihrem Zusammenwirken zu dieser menschenspezifischen Leistung fuhren und demonstriert an ausgewahlten Beispielen die Auswirkung von organischen Hirnerkrankungen auf das "Funktionsorchester" bildnerischen Gestaltens."

Die klassische Neuroanatomie scheiterte am Versuch, eine Erklarungsbasis fur die Gesetzmassigkeiten von Kognition, Verhalten, Erinnerung und Emotion zu schaffen. Eine Cartesianische Geist-Korper-Kluft verlauft daher mitten durch die Neurologie und Psychiatrie, die erst jetzt mit neuen neurobiologischen Einsichten eingeebnet wird. Der Autor entwickelt ein anatomisch und neurophysiologisch orientiertes Verstandnis fur Gefuhle, fur die Sexualitat, fur die trugerische Gewissheit von Erinnerung und die Scheinkompetenz der Sprache, aber auch fur die Erstarrungstendenzen unseres rationalen Planens und Verhaltens. Aus dieser Perspektive auf das Leben in Gesundheit und Krankheit zu blicken bedeutet, das eigene Gehirn und seine Funktionen naher kennen zu lernen und dabei zu bemerken, dass dieses Gehirn virtuelle Grenzen einen gitterlosen Kafig um unseren Lebensraum, um unsere Realitat aufstellt, die so echt wirken, dass man nicht auf die Idee kame, sie in eine neue Freiheit zu uberschreiten."

Music offers a unique opportunity to better understand the organization of the human brain. Like language, music exists in all human societies. Like language, music is a complex, rule-governed activity that seems specific to humans, and associated with a specific brain architecture. Yet unlike most other high-level functions of the human brain - and unlike language - music is a skill at which only a minority of people become proficient. The study of music as a major brain function has for some time been relatively neglected. Just recently, however, we have witnessed an explosion in research activities on music perception and performance and their correlates in the human brain. This volume brings together an outstanding collection of international authorities - from the fields of music, neuroscience, psychology, and neurology - to describe the amazing advances being made in understanding the complex relationship between music and the brain. Aimed at psychologists and neuroscientists, this is a book that will lay the foundations for a cognitive neuroscience of music.

Kantowitz, Roediger, and Elmes, all prominent researchers, take an example-based approach to the fundamentals of research methodology. The book is organized by topic--such as research in human factors, learning, thinking, and problem solving--and the authors discuss and clarify research methods in the context of actual research conducted in these specific areas. This unique feature helps readers connect the concepts of sound methodology with their practical applications. Carefully selected real-world examples allow readers to see for themselves the issues and problems that can occur in conducting research. More importantly, readers develop a sense of how to anticipate and adjust for problems in their own research.

1 Erkenntnisinteresse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1. 1 Warum Konstruktivismus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1. 1. 1 Ein emanzipatorisches Paradigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1. 1. 2 Konstruktivismus und Ethik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1. 1. 3 Konstruktivistische Imperative fUr das wissenschaftliche Vorgehen . . . . 8 1. 1. 4 Sozialer Konstruktivismus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1. 2 Warum Wahmehmungspsychologie? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1. 3 Warum Geschmackswahmehmung? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1. 3. 1 Zum Prinzip der undifferenzierten Codierung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1. 3. 2 Kultur & Geschmack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1. 3. 3 Ein wichtiger Unterschied zwischen Schmecken und Sehen . . . . . . . . 18 1. 4 Warum Vegetarier? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1. 4. 1 Vegetarier als EBkulturwechsler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1. 4. 2 Uber-Vegetarier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2 Geschmackswahmehmung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2. 1 Anfange der Geschmacksforschung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2. 2 Biologische und genetische Ansiitze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2. 2. 1 Belege gegen die traditionellen Ansiitze ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2. 3 Industrielle Geschmacksforschung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2. 4 Geschmack, Geruch, Optik und all die anderen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2. 5 Die Sprache der Geschmackswahmehmung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2. 6 EinfluB der Kultur und Kulturvergleiche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3 Konstruktivismus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3. 1 Entfemte Verwandte: Die Strukturalisten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3. 2 Die Binnenpsyche: Radikaler Konstruktivismus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3. 2. 1 Perspektivenwechsel: Von'den Sinnesorganen zum Gehim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3. 2. 2 Fragen an den Radikalen Konstruktivismus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3. 2. 3 Konstruktivismus und Gestaltpsychologie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3. 2. 4 Autopoiese und Selbstreferentialitat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3. 3 Ein sozial-konstruktivistischer Ansatz . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3. 3. 1 Yom DenkkolleKtiv und den Geschmacksgestalten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3. 3. 2 Unsere Sprache bestimmt unsere Welt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3. 3. 3 Das ''Y''-Modell der Wahmehmung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4 Ableitung der Fragestellungen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4. 1 Die Divergenz - Hypothese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .