With the emergence of urban and community forestry as the fastest growing part of our pro fession in the last 15 years, the need for a book such as this inevitably developed. The So ciety of American Foresters' urban forestry working group counts 32 or more universities now offering courses in this subject, and the number is growing. For the last several years I have coordinated a continuing education urban forestry course at Rutgers for nonmatriculated students. Registrants have included arborists, shade tree commissioners, landscape architects, city foresters, environmental commissioners, park superintendents, and others whose jobs involve care and management of trees. The course was started by Bob Tate in 1980, around a core of managerial subjects such as in ventories, budgets, and public relations. After Bob left in 1984 to join Asplundh and later to start his own prosperous business in California, the course languished after it exhausted the local market for those subjects.

Tea is a unique crop and, incidentally, a very interesting and attractive one. The tea bush, its cultivation and harvesting do not fit into any typical cropping pattern. Moreover, its processing and marketing are specific to tea. Thus the Tea Industry stands apart and constitutes a self contained entity. This is reflected in the title given to this book, Tea: Cultivation to consumption, and its treatment of the subject. The book is logically planned - starting with the plant itself and finishing with the traditional'cuppa'. Every aspect of tea production is covered, inevitably some in greater detail than others. However, it gives an authentic and comprehensive picture of the tea industry. The text deals in detail with cultural practices and research, where desirable, on a regional basis. The technology of tea cultivation and processing has been developed within the industry, aided by applied research which was largely financed by the tea companies themselves. This contributed to a technically competent industry but tended to bypass the more academic and fundamental investigations which might bring future rewards. The sponsorship of research has now widened and the range and depth of tea research has increased accordingly. The editors and authors of this book have played their part in these recent developments which are well reported in the book.

Modern forest products research had its start hardly fifty years ago. Today we are in a position to apply the title "wood science" to the field of wood technology that is based on scientific investigation, theoretical as well as experimental. It is this research that fosters new uses for wood as a raw material and that creates the foundation for new industries for the manufacture of wood-base materials such as plywood, laminated products, particle and fiber board and sand wich construction. Wood technology in its broadest sense combines the disciplines of wood anatomy, biology, chemistry, physics and mechanical technology. It is through this interdisciplinary approach that progress has been made in wood seasoning, wood preservation methods, wood machining, surfacing and gluing, and in the many other processes applied in its utilization. In 1936 the senior author published a book entitled, "Technologie des Holzes," which was a first approach to a universal reference book on wood technology. The first edition of Volume I of the Textbook of Wood Technology, co-authored by H. P. BROWN, A. J. P AN SHIN, and C. C. FORSAITH, was published in 1948. An indication of the rapid development of this field can be gained from the fact that the second edition of "Technologie des Holzes und der Holzwerkstoffe," completely revised, was needed by 1951. It contains 2233 pages compared with the 764 pages of the 1936 edition."

The electric field of the heart was described diagrammatically for the first time by A. Waller in 1888. However, it was not until a little more than ten years ago that with the development of micro electronic techniques, it became accessible to biophysical modeling, to exact physiological measurements, and to application in advanced clinical diagnosis. These possibilities opened the way to the treatment of questions which are called the direct and the inverse solution of the cardioelectric problem. Several groups of investigators are now working to achieve a complete biophysical and physiological description of the generation of the cardiac electric field. This work could well form the basis for a new method of diagnostic measurements, with applications even in clinical cardiology, delivering important information by a non invasive investigation of the patient. Several conferences have stimulated international exchange of the results of research on the cardiac electric field. Among others, the satellite symposium of the XXV International Congress of Physio logical Sciences on the electric field of the heart, in Brussels, August 2-3, 1971, and the Conference on Measuring and Modeling of the cardiac electric field, in Smolenice near Bratislava, June 14- 17, 1976, may be considered predecessors of the Dresden symposium the proceedings of which are presented in this volume."

Rapid progress in the field of organophosphate compounds has made this new edition necessary. Particular attention has been paid to new developments in biologically active products as this is probably of greatest interest to practical chemists. I have therefore updated the chapter on chemistry and, in connection with this, rewritten the chapter on metabolism. I should especially like to thank Professor Dr. HELLMUT HOFFMANN for his constant encouragement and interest in my work and for many fruitful discus sions. The co-author to the 1st edition, Dr. KARL-JULIUS SCHMIDT, died suddenly on November 21, 1980. I treasure the memory of a valued colleague of many years standing. Elberfeld, January 1982 CHRISTA FEST VII Preface to the First Edition Our intention has been to provide a short introduction to the chemistry and mode of action of insecticidal phosphoric acid compounds, with particular ref erence to the relationship between structure and activity. The yearly produc tion of these pesticides is now approaching 100,000 tons and thus offers an im portant example of applied research. If, however, one examines the historical development of these compounds, it is apparent that this was preceded by a hundred years of pure chemistry of phosphorus."

The purpose of this volume, the proceedings of the Second Ovarian Workshop, is to review the state of the art in, the field of ovarian follicular and corpus luteum function. This workshop was sponsored by the Center of Population Research, Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. We also acknowledge the support of The Channing-Weinberg Company, Mr. Henry Burckhardt, The Merck Institute for Experimental Research, The Ortho Pharmaceutical Company, The Expanded Program for Human Reproduction of the World Health Organization, and The University of Miami. We thank the organizing committee consisting of Drs. Hans Lindner, Georgianna Jagiello, Neena Schwartz, Rees Midgley, Gil Greenwald, Andrew Nalbandov, Sheldon Segal, Julia Labotsky, and Griff Ross for their generous assistance in setting up the program. We also thank the chairpersons of each session for their skillful work and for using their expertise in keeping the discussions to the point. We also are grateful to them for editing the written discussions. Chairpersons included Drs. Robert J. Ryan, Roy O. Greep, Allen W. Schuetz, Neena B. Schwartz, John M. Marsh, John W. Wilks, Hans R. Lindner, and Scheldon J. Segal. Special thanks go to all the invited speakers, discussants, participants and particularly Dr. Irving Rothchild for his summing up remarks. The above organization of Ms. Betty Howard and her staff is gratefully acknowledged. The above secretarial assistance of Ms. Gail Williams, Ms. Evelyn Wisowaty, Ms. Theda Smith and Ms.

Completely revised and up-to-date, this wide-ranging, comprehensive treatise examines the many different aspects of vegetables from an international perspective. The diversity and depth of coverage of vegetables is largely due to the extensive background and experiences of the authors, Vincent Rubatzky and Mas Yamaguchi, as well as considerable input from colleagues and expert reviewers. This logically-organized text, filled with numerous illustrations, photographs, and tables, begins with an easy-to-read introduction to such topics as: the current role of vegetables as a world food crop, the origin and classification of vegetables, vegetables in human nutrition, and plant toxicants and folklore concerning vegetables. Background material on the basic principles for growing crops and production under adverse conditions are also featured in this section. Much of the material covered in the book focuses on the major and minor vegetables, their origin, taxonomy, botany, physiology, production and post harvest handling, and composition and use. In addition, current world production statistics are provided for many vegetable crops as well as listings of important diseases, insects, and other pests for many family groups. New features of this edition include: *Three new chapters covering mushrooms, aquatic vegetables, and herbs and spices *several appendix tables listing vegetables according to family, genus, species, nutritive value, and recommended storage conditions for many vegetables The introductory chapter offers an excellent background of the role of vegetables for the beginning and advanced students, both in the U.S. and worldwide. The chapters following provide extension professionals, professors, agricultural agencies, commercial growers, and processing and seed industry personnel with a better understanding of individual vegetable species.

The concept of controlled release has attracted increasing attention over the last two decades, with the applications of this technology proliferating in diverse fields in cluding medicine, agriculture and biotechnology. Research and developmental efforts related to controlled release are multiplying in both industry and academia. The reason for this phenomenal growth is obvious. The use of a variety of biologically active agents, such as drugs, fertilizers and pesticides, has become an integral part of modern society. Along with the use of these reagents has evolved an awareness that their uncontrolled application almost inevitably induces harmful effects on the health of humans and their surrounding environments. To eliminate or minimize these harmful effects necessitates the controlled release of these chemicals. Moreover, the controlled release of substances, not usually considered toxic or hazardous, e.g., some catalysts and nutrients, can enhance their effectiveness. The number and variety of controlled release systems, differing in their physical and chemical makeup, are increasing rapidly. Proliferation almost always demands correlation, generalization and unification; it requires both the development of underlying theories of their behavior and the mechanistic interpretation of their performance. This, in turn, requires a statistical and mathematical (quantitative) treatment of the scientific information and technical data pertaining to them. A quantitative treatment can also facilitate the formulation of procedures for computer-aided design of these systems through a priori prediction of their per formance for a variety of design parameters.

A critical companion of zoosemiotics is the first attempt to systematise the study of animal communication and signification through its most important and/or problematic terms and concepts, and its most representative scholars. It is a companion, in that it attempts to cover the entire range of key terms in the field, and it's critical, in that it aims not only to describe, but also to discuss, problematise and, in some cases, resolve, these terms.

In the decade following the publication of the first edition of Cellular Biology of the Uterus, advances in this field have been so rapid as to require not merely a revision of the earlier text but an essentially new volume. Even the title of the book has been changed, to Biology of the Uterus, to reflect the incorporation of more material based on classical anatomy and physiology. This histological and embryological information provides a necessary, though often lacking, background for the protein chemist and molecular biologist, and a bridge between biochemistry and biophysics, on the one hand, and clinical medicine, on the other. Thus, major practical problems in human reproduction, such as the mode of action of contraceptive agents and the cause of the initiation of labor, may be approached on a firm scientific footing. This text deals primarily with the biology of the uterus itself (comparative and human) rather than with placentation or pregnancy, and as such is a synthesis of data derived from many techniques, conventional and modern. Inasmuch as it is clearly beyond the competence of anyone scientist to prepare such a text on the basis of personal knowledge and experience, the aid of distinguished biologists from this country and abroad was enlisted. All of these authors, acknowledged experts in their respective fields, agreed to extensive revision of their chapters or preparation of entirely new contributions.

Dr. Colin J. Schwartz, the scientific editor of this volume, has stated in his preface that this series is based on the needs identified by two scientific conferences, one in Lindau in April of 1970, and the other held in Heidelberg in October of 1973. Since those conferences, numerous data about vascular disease have been accumulated. Even though atherosclerosis remains the major cause of death in industrial countries, evidence in affluent societies points toward a decline in arteriosclerotic death- strokes and myocardial infarction in particular - during recent years. The most prominent example comes from the U. S., but other high-risk regions such as eastern Finland, have also reported a decline. Most likely, this development stems from a change in so called environmental risk factors. Volume II of this handbook deals further with the structure and function of the circulation and con sequently addresses the basic physiological and anatomical elements which are ultimately responsible for the pathological and anatomical changes in the arterial system. While not specifically devoted to the description of disease, this volume nevertheless touches on rele vant pathogenetic and etiologic mechanisms. More than a century ago the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in its initial phases had been described by VIRCHOW. He made endothe lium the centerpiece of his observations. The morphology of the endothelium and its function playa key role in the manifestations of atherosclerosis. Our knowledge about the function of these cells have yielded important insights."

In this volume experts present the latest status of mathematical and statistical methods in use for the analysis and modeling of plant disease epidemics. Topics treated are - methods in multivariate analyses, ordination and classification, - modeling of temporal and spatial aspects of air- and soilborne diseases, - methods to analyse and describe competition among subpopulations, e.g. pathogen races and - their interaction with resistance genes of host plants - assemblage and use of models - mathematical simulation of epidemics. New chapters on the modeling of the spreading of diseases in air and in soil are included in this second edition.

In evolutionary time scales natural disturbances have affected the vegetation on Earth. During the Quaternary the forest biomes of the tropics were subjected to manifold disturbances. Climate changes and climate oscillations were associated with changing precipitation and drought regimes, flooding, siltation, landslides, etc. The prehistorical forest was also influenced by the effects of large wildlife populations. Large-scale catastrophies in the forest biomes were mainly caused by abiotic environmental alterations, the small-scale disturbances were and still are related to both biotic and abiotic processes. Both the large-and the small-scale disturbances have played a significant role in shaping distribution, dynamics, structure and composition of the paleoforest. After the expansion of hominids and early humans, and later, by modern humans, the anthropogenic influences on the tropical forest began to overlap natural disturbances. Today's anthropogenic impacts on the tropical forests differ qualitatively and quanitatively from the natural disturbances. The speed of tropical deforestation and savannization is dramatically increasing. The physical and chemical impacts of forest conversion and biomass burning add to other anthropogenic influences on the atmosphere and climate. The expected anthropogenic climate change will also have considerable impacts on the tropical flora and fauna. The book on "Tropical Forests in Transition" synthesizes information on changing environmental conditions and human impacts on the tropical forest by looking back to the paleoecology, analyzing the impact of modern human populations and modeling the future of the tropical forest in a changing environment. The aim of the book is to strengthen multidisciplinary thinking in disturbance ecology.

The study of plant development in recent years has often been concerned with the effects of the environment and the possible involvement of growth substances. The prevalent belief that plant growth substances are crucial to plant development has tended to obscure rather than to clarify the underlying cellular mechanisms of development. The aim in this book is to try to focus on what is currently known, and what needs to be known, in order to explain plant development in terms that allow further experimentation at the cellular and molecular levels. We need to know where and at what level in the cell or organ the critical processes controlling development occur. Then, we will be better able to under stand how development is controlled by the genes, whether directly by the continual production of new gene transcripts or more indirectly by the genes merely defining self-regulating systems that then function autonomously. This book is not a survey of the whole of plant development but is meant to concentrate on the possible component cellular and molecular processes involved. Consequently, a basic knowledge of plant structure is assumed. The facts of plant morphogenesis can be obtained from the books listed in the General Reading section at the end of Chapter 1. Although references are not cited specifically in the text, the key references for each section are denoted by superscript numbers and listed in the Notes section at the end of each chapter."

Chemicals inhibiting the biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids form a new and promising class of herbicides. This volume discusses in an authoritative way recent developments in this field and covers important aspects of these potent herbicides (synthesis, structure-activity, mode of action, selectivity, weed resistance, metabolism).

In contrast to animals, plants are immobile and, thus, cannot leave a drastically changed environment. Therefore, plants have developped specific strategies involving particular signal and transduction systems as well as a form of cellular organization that allow them to buffer against sudden changes in external conditions. This state-of-the-art summary written by leading scientists deals with: - the most recent data available on the molecular mechanism involved in the response of plant cells to different stimuli; - the critical domaine of ignorance such as the signifi cance of site occupancy of receptors for growth substances; - the estimation of the applicability of new techniques such as electrophysiology, cell imaging and DNA recombinant technology; - directions for future work.

At last geochemists are offered one comprehensive reference book which gives the Eh-pH diagrams for 75 elements found in the earth's surface environment, including transuranic and other radioactive species. For each of these newly calculated diagrams short explanatory texts are added. For the first time the primary elements are considered in water with metal, sulfur, carbon, and other species as appropriate. Furthermore, based on these figures and up-to-date thermodynamic data presented in this reference, researchers can predict the behavior of elements in the surface environment. Geoscientists, chemists and environmental agencies will also benefit from several brief texts on the importance of various elements to problems of radioactive waste disposal.

Books dealing with climatic change are commonplace, as are those concerned with effects of environmental stresses on plants. The present volume distinguishes itself from earlier publications by highlighting several interrelated environmental stresses that are changing in intensity as the climate warms in response to the accumulation of 'greenhouse' gases. The stresses examined at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop upon which this book is based include atmospheric pollutants, flooding and sub mergence, drought and cold. In future, successful farming or landscape management will ultimately depend on strategies that offset the effects of these and other environmental constraints, while exploiting more favourable features. However, the to predicted speed of climate change may exceed the rate at which new approaches farming, forestry, landscape management and genetic conservation can be developed through experience and retroactive response. The alternative is to anticipate future needs and thus identify appropriate management and legislative strategies by research and discussion. The contents of this volume contribute to these vital processes, upon which the productivity of agroecosystems and conservation of natural ecosystems may increasingly depend. Those with any lingering doubts concerning the gravity of the likely future situation are especially encouraged to read the opening chapter. For convenience, chapters discussing pollution, flooding, drought and cold are grouped in separate sections. However, many authors have taken care to emphasise that interactions between the changing combinations of stresses pose particular problems for plants and plant communities."

Photochemical oxidants are secondary air pollutants formed under the influence of sunlight by complex photochemical reactions in air which contains nitrogen oxides and reactive hydrocarbons as precursors. The most adverse components formed by photochemical reactions in polluted air are ozone (0 ) 3 and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), among many other products such as aldehydes, ketones, organic and inorganic acids, nitrates, sulfates etc. An analysis and evaluation of the available knowledge has been used to characterize the relationships among emissions, ambient air concentrations, and effects, and to identify the important controlling influences on the formation and effects of photochemical oxidants. The biological activity of photochemical oxidants was first clearly manifested during the early 1940's, when vegetation injury was observed in the Los Angeles Basin in the United States. Since that time, as a consequence of the increasing emissions of photochemical oxidant precursors, the photochemical oxidants have become the most important air pollutants in North America. In other parts of the world, for example South and Central America, Asia, and Australia, photo chemical oxidants threaten vegetation, particularly the economic and ecological performance of plant life. According to my knowledge, the first observations of ozone and PAN injury to vegetation in Europe were made by Dr. Ellis F. Darley (Statewide Air Pollution Research Center, University of California, Riverside, California) during a study visit (1963/64) to the Federal Republic of Germany."

The series "Chemistry of Plant Protection" continues the handbook "Chemie der Pflanzenschutz- und Schadlingsbekampfungsmittel", edited by R. Wegler. This volume covers contributions in the fields of pyrethroid residues and immunoassays.

Plants are a major source of medicines, flavors, fragrances, and various pharmaceutical and industrial products. Biotechnology is being put to the service for mass clonal propagation of plants, and to produce impor- tant secondary products in cell cultures. In some cases cell cultures ac- cumulate higher amounts of products than the intact plant cells in situ, and such cultures can be stored through immobilization and cryopreser- vation. An in vitro-produced anti-inflammatory drug, shikonin, has been commercialized, and the recent observations on the increased pro- duction of atropine and hyoscyamine by Agrobacterium rhizogenes- mediated transformed "hairy roots" have encouraged the acceptance of such biotechnologies by the pharmaceutical industry. In an earlier volume, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants I, various aspects of in-vitro culture of cells, bioreactors, micropropagation, im- mobilization, and cryopreservation were discussed. The present volume concerns the application of these biotechnologies to 29 genera of medicinal and aromatic plants. It deals with the distribution, economic importance, conventional propagation, micro propagation, review of tissue culture studies, and the in-vitro production of important medicinal and pharmaceutical compounds in various species of Angelica, Anisodus, Basel/a, Bupleurum, Camellia, Co ix, Coptis, Cryp- tomeria, Datura, Dioscorea, Foeniculum, Gardenia, Geigeria, Heimia, Humulus, Hyoscyamus, Jasminum, Macleaya, Mucuna, Nicotiana, Pimpinel/a, Rauwolfia, Ruta, Salvia, So/anum, Saponaria, Stevia, Tabernaemontana, and Zingiber. The potential role of biotechnology for industrial production is discussed. Biotechnology enables the production and isolation of products of higher purity and also opens the possibility of making desired molecular alterations in products.

Presenting an analysis of the water relationships of the major groups of organisms: fungi, plants and animals, the text examines water stress at all levels of biological organization. Topics covered include: 1) organic osmotic agents: their distributions, modes of action, and mechanisms of regulation; 2) desiccation stress; mechanisms for preserving cellu lar integrity under conditions of low cellular water activity; 3) water stress and water compartmentation in plants; and 4) freezing stress: the prevention and regulation of ice formation in biological fluids, and mechanisms for overcoming the damaging effects of low temperatures on cellular integrity. Common adaptive strategies in diverse organisms are emphasized, as well as the fundamental physical-chemical properties of aqueous solutions that establish the nature of the interactions among water, low molecular weight solutes and macromolecules.

With improved microscope and preparation techniques, studies of histo logical structures of plant organisms experienced a revival of interest at the end of the 19th century. From that time, histological data have sub stantially studies of the pioneers in botanical science. From the beginning of the 20th century, the microscope allowed research in cell structure, the general functional unit of living beings. Advances in cytology gradually influenced histology, at first, however, rather timidly. Only the new and spectacular progress in ultrastructural cytology and cytochemistry led to a great increase in modern work on the structures of vascular plants and the related ontogenical and physiological data, thanks to the use of the electron microscope and the contribution of molecular biology. Not only did new techniques lead to new approaches, but achieve ments in general biology shifted the orientation of research, linking in vestigation to the physiological aspects of cell and tissue differentiation. Among these, the demonstration of the general principles of develop ment, and the characterization of molecules common to plants and animals, which control and govern the main basic functions of cells and tissues, have widened the scope of modern research on plant struc tures. Present trends in biological research show that it is necessary to know the structures thoroughly, from the ultrastructural cytological scale to the scale of tissue and organ arrangement, even for physiological research on either cells, tissues, or whole organs. The study of growth factors, differ entiation, or organogenesis can be mentioned as an example."

This book focuses on sediments as a pollutant in natural freshwater and marine habitats, and as a vector for the transfer of chemicals such as nutrients and contaminants. Sediment-water research is carried out all over the world within a variety of disciplines. The selected papers cover three main topics relating to assessment and/or restoration of disturbed watersheds, sediment-water linkages in terrestrial and aquatic environments and evaluation of sediment and ecological changes in marine and freshwater habitats. Innovative research in both developed and less developed countries is included. Both fundamental research, insight into applied research and system management are covered. The volume will also appeal to readers involved in sediment geochemistry and dynamics, aquatic habitats, water quality, aquatic ecology, river morphology, restoration techniques and catchment management.