At last geochemists are offered one comprehensive reference book which gives the Eh-pH diagrams for 75 elements found in the earth's surface environment, including transuranic and other radioactive species. For each of these newly calculated diagrams short explanatory texts are added. For the first time the primary elements are considered in water with metal, sulfur, carbon, and other species as appropriate. Furthermore, based on these figures and up-to-date thermodynamic data presented in this reference, researchers can predict the behavior of elements in the surface environment. Geoscientists, chemists and environmental agencies will also benefit from several brief texts on the importance of various elements to problems of radioactive waste disposal.

It is widely recognized that spiral grain in trees severely reduces the value of sawn timber through warping and loss of strength, and that it also causes problems for other wood uses as diverse as transmission poles or plywood. Yet, paradoxically, there are highly valued grain patterns including wavy and interlocked grain, whose origins in the cambium invite direct comparison with those of spiral grain, so that many authorities believe them to be related phenomena. In recent years this concept has prompted extensive research into the anatomy, genetics, and physiology of all such grain patterns in wood. As a result it has become apparent that tree cambia provide excellent systems through which to study the origins of stem polarity and the complex processes of morphogenetic control in plants. Beside these and other pressing topics for research, the book examines methods of measuring grain deviations, and considers their influence on wood properties, on the economics of timber production, and on wood manufacturing.

This book had its genesIs In the frustrations of the editors in locating authoritative, up-to-date material for an interdisciplinary graduate course in mammary gland biology, lactation, and breast-feeding. As we turned to the original literature several reasons for the dearth of usable material became clear: (1) In the areas of mammary gland biology and physiology, particularly as they relate to the human, reviews simply have not kept up with current research, which has in the last two decades provided tremendous insight into the mechanisms of milk secretion and its control. (2) The lack of interest in human milk as infant food inhibited researchers until very recently from investigating human lactation. (3) Much of the relevant clinical information remains anecdotal with little scientific basis. In this book we have tried to present the fundamentals of mammary gland physiology at the organismic and cellular levels in a form readily understood by physicians, scientists, and other professionals. This basic information is accompanied by authoritative reviews of the nutritional and immunological properties of human milk and by clinically relevant chapters designed to help health care professionals deal with the medical problems of the breast-feeding mother and her infant. We have strived in these chapters for up-to-date, authoritative, but readable accounts. In so far as possible we have avoided areas where much of our understanding rests on speculation. In the clinical domain this was not always possible because of a lack of solid, scientific information about breast-feeding.

A large proportion of the world's population is directly involved in agriculture, many of them as small businessmen. Each of these businessmen applies his skill and resources day in, day out, to produce food and raw materials. All of them to a greater or lesser extent operate in a changing environment to which they must adjust. Many aspects of the environments of agricultural institutions by the decisions of other people; in the marketplace, are influenced in ancillary industries, in research institutes and places of learning and in Government organisations that create and implement agricultural policy. Improvements in the quality of decisions made by those who manage all the various parts of the agricultural system can have a major impact on the quality of everyone's life. How can such improvements be achieved? This book is based on the belief that a grasp of concepts or principles can add a great deal to the understanding and management of agricultural systems of all kinds. It therefore attempts to transmit some ideas and observations about management in agriculture. It is not about techniques nor about the particular problems of a specific type of agriculture. Its aim is to promote reflection, thought and discussion by professional people whose decisions influence the performance of agricultural VII V11l PREFACE systems. As such, the book attempts to convey only the -central concepts of management in as simple a language as possible.

This volume summarises the result of an interdisciplinary research programme entitled Rehabilitation of the Atmosphere of the New States of Germany - Effects on Terrestrial Ecosystems'. Before the unification of Germany, emission loads of SO2 and dust particles were up to 18-fold higher in East than in West Germany. However, emission rates have decreased significantly since reunification in 1990, due to the breakdown of a large number of industrial and particularly lignite- fired powerplants and the implementation of clean air technologies. In order to study the effects of these dramatic changes in atmospheric chemistry on terrestrial ecosystems, comprehensive field studies were conducted in pine forest ecosystems along an historic gradient of atmospheric deposition rates in the northeastern lowlands of Germany. The fast and dramatic reduction of dust particle and SO2 emissions offers a unique opportunity to test the role of SO2 and alkaline particle deposition with regard to changes or damage to forest ecosystems and whether the forest stands return to a state of resilience. In this respect, this ecosystem experiment can be looked upon as a roof experiment without a roof.

Although the physiology of the menstrual cycle appears clear and easily explained by a balance in the concentration of various sex steroid hormones, numerous details of its mechanism are still poorly understood and little is known about the relationship among clinical events, plasma hormone concentrations, molecular impacts on target tissues and their regulation. In the following chapters, the authors have attempted to establish a correlation between endometrial histology and well-understood physiologic events of the menstrual cycle. They have provided up-to-date information on the effects of various hormones and combinations of hormones on the endometrium. The interdependence of endometrial morphology, molecular biology, endocrinology and physiology, provides grounds for a better understanding of the complex mechanism of the menstrual cycle, and sheds some light on its pathophysiology. Such an approach adds ariother dimension to interpretation of many menstrual abnormalities and numerous aspects of infertility in women with normal physiognomies and apparently regular menstrual cycles. The pathologist must be aware of these new concepts since a knowledge of functional changes reflected in hormone serum levels and sex steroid receptor concentrations allows a mare detailed analysis and a better interpretation of the structural features of the endometrium. This information placed in the proper clinical context can help the gynecologist provide optimal therapy. The reader will find a valuable reference for a synthesis of clinical, morphological, and biochemical data related to the menstrual cycle and its aberrations.

Changes in production, demand, supply, and trade patterns; the impact of green building and bioenergy on industry practices and policy infrastructure; and new economies with production advantages and large consumption bases all present challenges and opportunities in the forest sector. With contributions from leading experts in academia and professional organizations, The Global Forest Sector: Changes, Practices, and Prospects fills a gap in the literature that is preventing students, scholars, and policy makers from developing a timely, structured, big-picture view of forest sector business. In addition, the book reviews current thinking on a wide variety of business management issues in the forest sector.

The book covers managing change in the global forest sector and the impact of globalization on forest users. It discusses markets and market forces, new products and product categories, and the influence of China and Russia. The book then examines the environmental paradigm, including environmental activism, sustainability, and the impact of green building and bioenergy. The book concludes with coverage of the role of information technology, corporate social responsibility, innovation, and next steps.

Overall, this book helps readers both develop a bird s eye view of the changes surrounding the forest sector as well as have a magnified view of numerous managerial issues associated with these changes. The content paints a picture of the current and changing forest sector including the state of forests, the nature of markets, the newly emerged patterns of stakeholder impact, and evolution of key business practices. It provides the foundation needed to develop the conservation-based economy required for future success in the global forest sector."

Forest land managers face the challenges of preparing their forests for the impacts of climate change. However, climate change adds a new dimension to the task of developing and testing science-based management options to deal with the effects of stressors on forest ecosystems in the southern United States. The large spatial scale and complex interactions make traditional experimental approaches difficult. Yet, the current progression of climate change science offers new insights from recent syntheses, models, and experiments, providing enough information to start planning now for a future that will likely include an increase in disturbances and rapid changes in forest conditions. Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Management Options: A Guide for Natural Resource Managers in Southern Forest Ecosystems provides a comprehensive analysis of forest management options to guide natural resource management in the face of future climate change. Topics include potential climate change impacts on wildfire, insects, diseases, and invasives, and how these in turn might affect the values of southern forests that include timber, fiber, and carbon; water quality and quantity; species and habitats; and recreation. The book also considers southern forest carbon sequestration, vulnerability to biological threats, and migration of native tree populations due to climate change. This book utilizes the most relevant science and brings together science experts and land managers from various disciplines and regions throughout the south to combine science, models, and on-the-ground experience to develop management options. Providing a link between current management actions and future management options that would anticipate a changing climate, the authors hope to ensure a broader range of options for managing southern forests and protecting their values in the future.

During the last decade it has become clear that bacteria-plant interactions play an important role in agricultural science. In particular, symbiotic nitro gen fixation, plant tumorigenesis, and plant pathogenic bacteria have been extenSively investigated. Therefore, several of my colleagues suggested the importance of organizing a specialized symposium on the "Molecular genetics of the bacteria-plant interaction." This symposium was held in Germany, at the University of Bielefeld, in the autumn of 1982. The International Program Advisory Board, together with the National Organizing Committee, initially decided to concentrate on the following three topics: 1. Rhizobium-plant interaction 2. Agrobacterium-plant interaction 3. Plant pathogenic bacteria In retrospect, these topics proved to be most popular: Nearly all important groups working in this field contributed to the Bielefeld Symposium. The papers presented are now published as the Proceedings. It will be obvious that this book represents the most comprehensive collection of papers describing the molecular genetics of the bacteria-plant interaction. Scientists, as well as students, can use this book to learn about the basic principles and the current ideas that have recently been developed in this growing research area. The Symposium was financed by the Bundesministerium ftir Forschung und Technologie (Federal Ministry of Science and Technology). I express on behalf of the Organizing committee its sincere appreciation to this sponsor, without whom the Symposium would not have been possible. In addition, the help of several industrial companies is acknowledged."

Until relatively recently the valuable tropical montane cloud forests (hereaf ter usually referred to as TMCFs) of the world had scarcely come under the assaults experienced by the downslope montane and lowland forests. TMCFs are not hospitable environments for human occupation, and their remoteness (except in places near Andean high mountain settlements and in the Ethiopian Highlands) and difficult terrain have given them de facto protection. The ad jacent upper montane rain forests have indeed been under assault for timber, fuelwood, and for conversion to grazing and agriculture for many decades, even centuries in the Andes, but true cloud forest has only come under ex ploitation as these lower elevational resources have disappeared. They have also been "nibbled" at from above where there have been alpine grasslands under grazing pressure. Increasingly now, however, these cloud forest eco systems are being fragmented, reduced, and disturbed at an alarming rate. It is now becoming recognized that steps must be taken rapidly to increase our understanding of TMCF and to achieve their conservation, because: their water-capture function is extremely important to society; * their species endemism is high; they serve as refugia for endangered species being marginalized in these environments by increasingly transformed lower elevation ecosystems; they are relatively little studied; yet, their value to science is extremely high; they have low resilience to disturbance; vii viii Preface and many other reasons, which will be discussed subsequently in this publi cation.

With one new volume each year, this series keeps scientists and advanced students informed of the latest developments and results in all areas of botany. The present volume includes reviews on structural botany, plant physiology, genetics, taxonomy, and geobotany.

Compared with forces occurring in soil mechanics problems in civil engineering, the forces that are applied to soil in farming operations generally have a short duration, less than a few seconds, a small loaded area, no more than a few square decimeters, and small intensities, 10 bar being a high value. On the other hand, soil properties vary widely between those of a weak mud and a stone-like dry soil. Tillage and related applications of force to soil are practiced worldwide in farming. Tillage operations are performed on one hectare of land for every three human beings. This means that for the food production for each individual daily, something like one cubic meter of soil is stirred, or about 20 times his body weight. Theoretical knowledge of this most common human activity, which largely determines the surface shape of the fertile part of the earth, is still very limited. In this book the authors have tried to give an outline of the present state of the art. One of the starting points was a course in soil dynamics taught by the authors at the Agricultural University at Wageningen, The Netherlands. We hope to reach interested readers who have no more theoretical knowledge than high school level, as well as readers who want to go beyond the level of a third year university student. For the chapter on wheels and tires we received substantial support from F. G. J. Tijink of the Tillage Laboratory at Wageningen.

Latest techniques for the analysis of plant cell or tissue structure and the registration of physiological pathways are topics of this volume. The subjects include: - Laser Doppler Vibrometer Measurements of Leaves; - Laster Physical Methods. Laser Microprobe Mass Spectrometry; - Triplet States in Photosynthesis: Linear Dichroic Optical Difference Spectra via Magnetic Resonance; - Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry; -Microdissection and Biochemical Analysis of Plant Tissues; - Photoacoustic Spectroscopy - Photoacoustic and Photothermal Effects; - Membrane Operational Impedance of Spectra of Plant Cell.

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949there has been a rapid advance in climatology in China. The number of climatological stations has increased from less than 100 to more than of Chinese climatologists covers various 2,000, and the research work fields. The climate of China is no longer just a description of the average weather for an area or locality, but covers many fields such as the monsoon climate, the fluctuation of climate, the spatial and temporal variations of the climatic elements and physical and dynam ic climate. Four books on the climate of China, written in Chinese, have been published so far. There is, however, no excellent book written in English on the climate of China, although Volume 8 of the World Survey oj Climatology, dealing with the climates of northern and eastern Asia, edited by H. Arakawa in 1969, contains a chapter on the climate of China and Korea written by LE. M. Watts. The data sources for China are based mainly on observations from 1940-1952 and the climatological charts of China published by the Central Weather Bureau of China in 1953 and 1955. This monograph on The Climate ojChina by Prof. Dr. M. Dom ros and Prof. Peng Gongbing is the first comprehensive and advanced book in English on the climate of China."

It is apparent that wilt diseases continue to be a major problem in crop production because of the number of crops affected, the number and genetic variability of pathogens involved, and their widespread occurrence throughout tropical and temperate regions under a variety of cropping systems. It is also apparent, however, that new understandings and approaches, often in combinations not previously discerned, offer exciting new prospects for research, understanding and practical control methods. The current state-of-the-art and fields for further studies were discussed by researchers actively engaged in a wide range of areas from ecological studies of physical and biological factors in the host-parasite-environmental interactions in the soil, through physiological and biochemical studies of host-parasite recognition and interaction that determine relative colonization of the host, through genetic-molecular studies of these interactions, to the most practical field studies of disease control.

Global attention in scientific, industrial, and governmental commUnItIes to traces of toxic chemicals in foodstuffs and in both abiotic and biotic environ ments has justified the present triumvirate of specialized publications in this field: comprehensive reviews, rapidly published progress reports, and archival documentations. These three publications are integrated and scheduled to pro vide in international communication the coherency essential for nonduplicative and current progress in a field as dynamic and complex as environmental con tamination and toxicology. Until now there has been no journal or other publica tion series reserved exclusively for the diversified literature on "toxic" chemicals in our foods, our feeds, our geographical surroundings, our domestic animals, our wildlife, and ourselves. Around the world immense efforts and many talents have been mobilized to technical and other evaluations of natures, locales, magnitudes, fates, and toxicology of the persisting residues of these chemicals loosed upon the world. Among the sequelae of this broad new emphasis has been an inescapable need for an articulated set of authoritative publications where one could expect to find the latest important world literature produced by this emerging area of science together with documentation of pertinent ancil lary legislation."

This thorough study is an assessment of the risks involved with the deliberate release of microorganisms modified by means of genetic engineering. Major emphasis is on European cooperative research projects such as the ones on Rhizobium and Baculovirus. Further contributions cover aspects of soil microbiology, genetic transformation in soil, molecular and plasmid genetics, horizontal spread of plasmids, as well as administrative, regulative and legal aspects in relation to possible releases.

By their powers of reason scientists will be able to extract from nature the answers to their questions. From: Critique of Pure Reason, 1781 Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), German Philosopher History is a composite of stories. The history of the biological disciplines has been written by all those who opened the gates of new knowledge by generating ideas and the experiments to support them. Previous authors have attempted various approaches to the history of virology, as is reflected in the numerous books and book-series issuing from the publishing houses. This volume is an attempt at a compre hensive yet compact survey of virology, which has meant penetrating the rigid limits of the separate disciplines of biology in which virologists have worked. Writing this history of experimental virology was really a search for the origins and for vital signposts to portray the wide scope of the knowledge attained thus far. This was done in com plete awareness of the fact that every presentation depends heavily upon the perspective of the observer, and of necessity communi cates only a part of the whole. The present scientific story hopes to recount the most important knowledge achieved during this past century - the first century of the exciting developments in virology."

An extraordinary development of the knowledge, concepts and biomedical applications has occurred during the past two decades in the biological sciences, including the Reticuloendothelial Sys- tem (RES). For example, it is now widely recognized that distinct classes of cells are involved in the recognition of "exogenous" invaders of the body such as microorganisms and other foreign an- tigens, as well as of "endogenous" parasites represented by trans- formed neoplastic cells and altered "self" antigens. Prominent among cell populations involved in such recognition of antigens and subsequent immune responses are those constituting the RES. In recent years, there has been much discussion and indeed contro- versy as to what constitutes such a system and even whether the term "RES" is appropriate. Some investigators feel that the phago- cytes are the most important cells of the RES as they playa major role in the defense mechanism of the host. Mononuclear phagocytes include tissue macrophages ~s well as circulating monocytes and their precursors. Although phagocytosis is a major functional ac- tivity, it is only one of their several functions. The important role of phagocytes and other mononuclear cells in antibody forma- tion, cell-mediated immunity, specific and non-specific resistance to microorganisms and tumor cells, as well as homeostatic adjust- ments in general has become the focus of attention for many inves- tigators.

Worldwide concern in scientific, industrial, and governmental com munities over traces of toxic chemicals in foodstuffs and in both abiotic and biotic environments has justified the present triumvirate of specialized publications in this field: comprehensive reviews, rapidly published progress reports, and archival documentations. These three publications are integrated and scheduled to provide in international communication the coherency essential for nonduplicative and current progress in a field as dynamic and complex as environmental contamination and toxicology. Until now there has been no journal or other publication series reserved exclusively for the diversified literature on "toxic" chemicals in our foods, our feeds, our geographical surroundings, our domestic animals, our wild life, and ourselves. Around the world immense efforts and many talents have been mobilized to technical and other evaluations of natures, locales, magnitudes, fates, and toxicology of the persisting residues of these chemicals loosed upon the world. Among the sequelae of this broad new emphasis has been an inescapable need for an articulated set of authorita tive publications where one could expect to find the latest important world literature produced by this emerging area of science together with documentation of pertinent ancillary legislation."

The recogmtIon of the microcirculation as an ideal interdisciplinary meeting place for the life sciences is really a postwar phenomenon. The European and the American Societies more than any other organizations launched the idea, and the success of the European Society's International Meetings gave impetus to a growth of interest from a handful of specialists to the wide interdisciplinary study which microcirculation now represents. The meeting held in Canada in June 1975 was, however, the first truly international meeting devoted to the microcirculation. It, too, was a success from every point of view, and the exchange of knowledge and new ideas was rewarding. It is our present hope that the tradition of European meetings with their characteristic European flavor will continue, but larded by larger, international congresses conceived on a worldwide basis. For the present conference we were fortunate in the presence of Dr. B. Zweifach. He was once referred to as the "father of the microcircula tion." This claim, unfortunately, I cannot accept. That honor probably belongs to Harvey, who by one of the most brilliant strokes of inductive reasoning in medical history inferred the existence of capillaries though he could not see them. Ben Zweifach's role was rather that of the midwife, presiding at the birth rather than the conception. The baby he delivered long years ago has since thriven lustily and its growth is in no small measure due to the continuing zeal of Zweifach and his associates."

Acid rain is a serious international environmental problem. Scandinavian forests have suffered especially severe damage, and have been the focus of considerable research on the causes and impacts of atmospheric pollution. This book presents the results of long-term studies on acid rain in Norwegian forests. This research examined soil chemistry and biology; the impacts of acid rain on tree growth and nutrition; and its influence on ground vegetation, fungi, and seedling germination and development. Long-Term Experiments with Acid Rain in Norwegian Forest Ecosystems is a lasting contribution to the literature on acid precipitation, and will be of interest to researchers in ecology, air pollution, forestry and environmental chemistry.

This book consolidates the descriptive results of a pantropical project called Agroforestry Systems Inventory (AFSI), undertaken by the International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) from 1982 to 1987. Since agroforestry was a relatively new term when the project was initiated, the main objective was to increase the understanding of and provide a state-of the-art information base on existing agroforestry systems. Therefore, the project was designed to systematically collect, collate, synthesize, and dissem inate information on existing agroforestry systems in developing countries. One of the major results of the project, descriptions of existing agroforestry systems, was published as a series of articles in Agroforestry Systems. These system descriptions form the bulk of this book. Other products of the project include a microcomputer database on agroforestry systems, practices and components, and voluminous unpublished reports and records. Perhaps the title of the book is misleading in that the book does not include or cover all existing agroforestry systems in the tropics and geographical regions in the tropics. Additionally, some of the systems described are outside the tropical boul;ldaries of 23. 5" Nand S latitudes. For the purpose of this book, the word tropics is used in a general sense to also include subtropical developing countries that have agro-ecological and socio-economic character istics and land-use problems similar to those of the countries within the geographical limits of the tropical belt."

During the last decade, forest decline has become increasingly apparent. The decline in forest health was often reported to be associated with air pollution. The present study on Norway spruce stands in the Fichtelgebirge analyses various processes interacting within forest ecosystems. It covers transport and deposition of air pollutants, the direct effects of pollutants on above-ground plant parts, the responses of soil to acid rain, and the changing nutrient availability, and the accompanying effects on plant metabolism and growth. The role of fungi, microorganisms and soil animals in the decline of these stands is also assessed. The volume is concluded with a synthesis evaluation of the influence of different factors, and their interactions on forest decline.

Biologically active compounds isolated from microorganisms continue to be vital to the development of new drugs and agricultural chemicals. This book was prepared by current and past members of the laboratory of Dr. Satoshi Omura of the Kitasato Institute in Japan. Dr. Omura and his colleagues have discovered and studied a number of important antibiotics, and in their work they have pioneered new methods for screening microbes for interesting and important compounds. This book presents strategies and methods for identifying novel molecules with several types of biological activity. In addition, the book discusses the identification of microbial compounds of agrochemical importance, presents information on chemical screening methods, and concludes with chapters on microbial strain selection, fermentation technology, and genetic engineering of antibiotic-producing microorganisms. This book will be of great interest to scientists working in the very active and competitive fields of antibiotic and agrochemical discovery.