Nearly four decades after a revolution, experiencing one of the longest wars in contemporary history, facing political and ideological threats by regional radicals such as ISIS and the Taliban, and having succeeded in negotiations with six world powers over her nuclear program, Iran appears as an experienced Muslim country seeking to build bridges with its Sunni neighbours as well as with the West. Ethics of War and Peace in Iran and Shi'i Islam explores the wide spectrum of theoretical approaches and practical attitudes concerning the justifications, causes and conduct of war in Iranian-Shi'i culture. By examining primary and secondary sources, and investigating longer lasting factors and questions over circumstantial ones, Mohammed Jafar Amir Mahallati seeks to understand modern Iranian responses to war and peace. His work is the first in its field to look into the ethics of war and peace in Iran and Shi'i Islam. It provides a prism through which the binary source of the Iranian national and religious identity informs Iranian response to modernity. By doing so, the author reveals that a syncretic and civilization-conscious soul in modern Iran is re-emerging.

In the past few years, one of the most misunderstood concepts is income disparity. Income inequality issues are now a concern for the public. However, it was heightened by the recession in 2008-09, resulting in consequences for the corporate sector, the Occupy Wall Street movement, Covid-19 pandemic and a myriad of other events. This book analyzed how income disparity is rising with higher income distribution margins witnessed among the highest earners. This book has thirteen chapters, eliminating the introductory overview chapter, on income disparity, poverty, and economic well-being. These chapters were authored by academics who publish articles on these issues on a regular basis. The literature on these issues is substantial, and research interest in these topics has a long history. Furthermore, it is fairly unusual for academics' viewpoints on these subjects to disagree. In light of this, the subjects of the articles may best be regarded as representing the contributors' different viewpoints. Graduate students and professional researchers will also find these guides an excellent contribution to supplemental teaching in economic fields, especially labor economics, macroeconomics, and economic policies.

Mark Amstutz offers a groundbreaking exploration of the rise, evolution, and crucial impact of Evangelicals on American foreign affairs. In the nineteenth century, Protestant missionaries spearheaded global engagement by serving throughout the world. They gained fluency in foreign languages, developed knowledge about distant societies, and increased cross-cultural awareness. They also played a vital role in advancing human dignity by teaching and modeling values, building schools and clinics, and creating institutions that nurtured civil society. In view of their important role in global affairs, Amstutz argues, Evangelicals can be regarded as America's first internationalists. When modernists gained control of Protestant denominations at the turn of the twentieth century, traditional Protestants responded by creating a Fundamentalist movement that gave precedence to spiritual life but neglected social and political concerns. Four decades later, orthodox believers sought to restore the spiritual-temporal balance that had characterized traditional Protestantism. To a significant degree, contemporary Evangelicalism is the result of this movement. Amstutz illuminates the influence of the political theology of this group of believers on Evangelicals' thought and action on global affairs. Although the New Evangelicals have not established a body of teachings comparable to Catholics', they have developed a framework that has shaped members' social thought and political action. After highlighting distinctive features of Evangelicals' political ethics, Amstutz illustrates how such thinking has influenced the analysis of global poverty, U.S. foreign policy towards Israel, and a variety of foreign policy initiatives. In view of the increasing political advocacy of Evangelical groups, Amstutz concludes with a number of recommendations on how to strengthen Evangelicals' global engagement.

Why and how has the Business Corporation come to exert such a powerful influence on American Society? The essays here take up this question, offering a fresh perspective on the ways in which the business corporation has assumed as enduring place in the modern capitalist economy, and how it has affected American society, culture and politics over the past two centuries. The authors challenge standard assumptions about the business corporation's emergence and performance in the United States over the past two centuries. Reviewing in depth the different theoretical and historiographical traditions that have treated the corporation, the volume seeks a new departure that can more fully explain this crucial institution of capitalism. Rejecting assertions that the corporation is dead, the essays show that in fact it has survived and even thrived down to the present in part because of the ways in which it has related to its social, political and cultural environment. In doing so, the book breaks with older explanations ground in technology and economics, and treats the corporation for the first time as a fully social institution. Drawing on a variety of social theories and approaches, the essays help to point the way toward future studies of this powerful and enduring institution, offering a new periodization and a new set of questions for scholars to explore. The range of essays engages the legal and political position of the corporation, the ways in which the corporation has been shaped by and shaped American culture, the controversies over corporate regulation and corporate power, and the efforts of minority and disadvantaged groups to gain access to the resources and opportunities that corporations control.

The American people and small mailers are being hoodwinked, bamboozled, fleeced and taken to the cleaners by a bunch of self-serving ingrates. The Forever Stamp should be free!

A collection of extraordinary essays written by Advanced Placement (AP) US Government students at West Potomac High School in Fairfax, County, Virginia, "White House Under Fire" delves into the political consequences facing the President of the United States as he makes fateful decisions affecting, at least, the map of the US and, in some cases, the future of the world. The students explore such challenging topics as Jefferson's controversial purchase of the Louisiana Territory, Woodrow Wilson's reluctance to embrace the Women's Suffrage movement, the reactions of Herbert Hoover and Franklin Delano Roosevelt to the Great Depression, Harry Truman's decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan, Nixon's opening to China and his downfall from the Watergate scandal, sand George W. Bush's response to the attack on New York and Washington, September 11, 2001. This work highlights some of the most dangerous and controversial periods in American history, from the confrontation with the Soviet Union over access to Berlin and missiles in Cuba to war with Spain. On the domestic front, the students tackle Andrew Jackson's "Bank War," Lincoln's response to the South's secession and Ronald Reagan's decision to fire the Air Traffic Controllers. Harry Truman, who served as president before these students' parents were born, turns out to be their favorite - with seven essays devoted to his presidency, including the creation of the nation of Israel, his authorization of the Berlin Airlift, the Communist invasion of South Korea, his firing of the popular General Douglas Mac Arthur and his desegregation order to the US military. These students take a fresh, young approach to the American presidency and how it has evolved over the life of the Republic, providing the reader with not only an insight into American history from the perspective of today's youth, but also a sense that today's young people are keenly aware of our nation's history and will soon be ready to accept the mantel of leadership in a world at least as dangerous to them as it has been to every earlier generation since its inception.

Brazil, occupying nearly 50 percent of the South American continent, has the largest economy and is a major political power in Latin America. In this updated and expanded fifth edition of his text, Roett provides a thorough introduction to the dynamics shaping Brazilian politics, economics, and society, the difficult transition from military to civilian government in the 1980s, and the social issues facing Brazilian leaders as the country enters the 21st century. As Roett makes clear, despite years of economic growth and industrialization, by the late 1990s, Brazil still faces continued and growing challenges to its social cohesiveness and stability. Without greater attention to the basic needs of the Brazilian poor, the fabric of democracy in the New Republic faces formidable challenges. A thorough and engaging resource for all students and scholars of contemporary Latin America and, more specifically, Brazil.

Roger Ewing was ONE of America's first international inspectors of weapons systems and disarmament as he participated in the First International Disarmament Exercise as a Division Inspector. Roger learned the ability to analyze a country's capability to wage war. He also predicted the fall of the Soviet Union from within 16 years before it happened. Now he is trying to wake up Americans to the reality that the DOWNFALL OF THE USA is a real possibility unless the Congress of the USA wakes up to reality and understands the survival of our country is at stake. Roger explains how the USA is on a collision course with the JIHAD and Communist China. He explains how politics have trumped reality and the consequence has been that our military has not kept up to the events of this dangerous world. In 1994 the Communist Chinese leaders initiated a 15 year program to upgrade their military technology and those 15 years are up in 2009. Their military technology today is almost at the level with the USA. Beginning in 2010 Communist China will be ready to attack the USA with a much larger military than ours. We are in imminent danger Remember China is controlled by a Communist Party that wants to rule the world. It is well known by many scholars that the GREAT PYRAMID was inspired by GOD as to the layout and construction. It is a STONE CALENDAR which has predicted every major event in the world and it ends in 2012 Also, the Mayan calendar ends in 2012 The Aztecs also predicted the world would end in 2012 Folks, Jerusalem is the key. If Jerusalem is destroyed the world as we know it will be destroyed and half of the world's population including the USA.

Collaborators of Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet took over Chile's news media as part of an endeavor to promote the ideology of the dictatorship during times of democracy. To support this claim, Leon-Dermota offers a complete examination of Chile's media and political and economic bases that no political science, economic, or media studies work has done. Finding that much of Chile's power-brokering occurs outside of the political playing field, Leon-Dermota shows why left-of-center governments elected since 1990 have been powerless to advance programs or policies not approved by Chile's power elite, which comprises most industry, the rightmost Roman Catholic service organizations, and the media--with the goal of imposing an ideology descended from fascist Spain under Francisco Franco.

Written in a clear, accessible style, the author reconstructs a political world and culture very different from the images of stability with which the mid eighteenth century has often been associated.

"Who am I? Where do I belong? Should I hide or reveal my identity? What if we have another Holocaust? How can I continue to live clandestinely?" Anguish, hardship, and the courage to survive flow through Joseph Kutrzeba's veins as he grows up under Nazi occupation in Poland. From a prominent Polish-Jewish family, Joseph is barely fifteen years old and yet is driven to participate in the resistance movement of World War II's Warsaw Ghetto. During one of the Nazi's numerous raids, Joseph is packed into a cattle car bound for the Treblinka gas chambers, but he manages a hair-raising escape from the moving train. Following his turbulent and dangerous wonderings, an idealistic young priest introduces him to the Catholic vernacular; ostensibly to help him disguise his true identity. Following escape after miraculous escape, Joseph is finally liberated by U.S. troops in Germany. Just weeks after coming to America, he is drafted and ends up in the battle zone of the Korean War. On his discharge, Joseph graduates from Yale and later from NYU. Still, his entire life he's tormented by the gnawing, unremitting question: Who am I? This beautifully lyrical memoir describes Joseph's persistence and bravery as he struggles to understand his true self.

Ignorant Armies: Tales and Morals of an Alien Empire combines startling stories from the life of an American diplomat with equally startling opinions about the country he represented abroad for over three decades. Charles Sam Courtney chose his book's title to convey bizarreness, the bizarreness of some of the things that happened to him as well as the bizarreness of contemporary America's behavior toward the rest of the world.
In his Forward and in Chapters II, IV and VI he expresses his dismay at what has become of the United States in the post-Cold War era. He depicts the decline of the country from its former status as the world's model nation to its current one as global pariah. He attributes this decline, not to mischievous foreign powers or even to wicked politics at home, but rather to the Americans themselves. He describes how the pervasive culture of consumerism and overweening ignorance of Americans have left them incapable of engaging in the kind of enlightened public discourse a genuine democracy demands. He considers the decline irreparable, and he has come to believe that he has lost his country. After a lifetime of service to America, his loss is personal and painful.
In Chapters I, III and V he recounts some personal episodes in his life as a diplomat. He was a hostage to terrorists twice, once in the Near East and once in the United States Senate. On an earlier occasion, as a brand new junior diplomat, he was fired for slugging a journalist. JFK saved his career, but in a heart-rending way. Not long after that Courtney helped his Turkish secretary in Istanbul pursue an illicit affair, with the result that interlocking sexual and political betrayals disruptedthe Soviet Union's espionage operations throughout the Near East. A few years later in Calcutta he was encouraged by the CIA, no less, to fall into a Soviet sex trap. He concludes his personal reminiscences by describing his friendship with a man who probably was the KGB station chief in London but who, in 1992, was seeing his world turn upside down. This poignant tale and those preceding it capture the Cold-War world that was. They also foreshadow the world that was to come.

This book of elementary principles of politics is written in two (2) parts. Part One is entitled: The Campaign is all About The Candidate." It is primarily concerned with matters to be considered by a person involved in a campaign. Part is entitled: Thoughts of an Elected Official." It is primarily concerned with a reflection of what happened during a term in office when the campaigning ends and the work of representing the people begins. This book is a primer on practical politics before and after the election and it provides a guide for any person who wants to be a Candidate and a Public Official.

A cultural history of fundamentalism's formative decades; Protestant fundamentalists have always allied themselves with conservative politics and stood against liberal theology and evolution From the start, however, their relationship with mass culture has been complex and ambivalent Selling the Old-Time Religion tells how the first generation of fundamentalists embraced the modern business and entertainment techniques of marketing advertising, drama, film, radio, and publishing to spread the gospel Selectively, and with more sophistlcation than has been accorded to them, fundamentalists adapted to the consumer society and popular culture with the accompanying values of materialism and immediate gratification. Selling the Old-Time Religion is written by a fundamentalist who is based at the country's foremost fundamentalist institution of higher education. It is a candid and remarkable piece of self-scrutiny that reveals the movement's first encounters with some of the media methods it now wields with well-documented virtuosity. Douglas Carl Abrams draws extensively on sermons, popular journals, and educational archives to reveal the attitudes and actions of the fundamental leadership and the laity. Abrams discusses how fundamentalists' outlook toward contemporary trends and events shifted from aloofiness to engagement as they moved inward from the margins of American culture and began to weigh in on the day's issues - from jazz to ""flappers"" - in large numbers. Fundamentalists in the 1920s and 1930s ""were willing to compromise certain traditions that defined the movement, such as premillennialism, holiness, and defense of the faith,"" Abrams concludes, ""but their flexibility with forms of consumption and pleasure strengthened their evangelistic emphasis, perhaps the movement's core."" Contrary to the myth of fundamentalism's demise after the Scopes Trial, the movement's uses of mass culture help explain their success in the decades following it. In the end fundamentalists imitated mass culture not to be like the world but to evangelize it.

The Perfect Officer focuses on the careers of a group of brilliant officers from the Napoleonic Wars and up to our own times: what they did right, what they did wrong, and what lessons they drew from their experiences. The book's recurring theme is the importance of imagination, and it demonstrates how these men were constantly inspired by each other and borrowed each other's ideas. A number of these lessons are equally applicable in the civilian sphere, with one notable difference: If a business leader errs, he may lose his position or his investment. An officer risks losing his life and the lives of the men entrusted to his command.