Life does not exist without the intestine. The source of the heart and mind exists in what makes the intestine move, searching for food or reproduction. Higher living animals have been borne from the intestine and sustained by it. This suggests that the heart and mind is located in the internal organs. The character of a patient who underwent the simultaneous transplant of the heart and lungs, has been replaced by that of the donor. The author thinks that the heart and mind dwells in the intestine such as the heart, the reproductive organ and the face. He, a world-famous doctor for the development of artificial organs, has searched for the origin of the heart and mind by elucidation of the evolution of the vertebrate in his own way.

Two distinguished scientists encouraged Warwick Collins in writing his revolutionary theory of evolution. Professor Freeman Dyson, one of the world's leading theoretical physicists, wrote, "I like your theory, and think it has a good chance of being right."He added, "Darwin would have liked your theory." Professor Donald Braben, a nuclear physicist who directed a series of wide-ranging research programs at BP, responded, "Hierarchically speaking, variation is of greater significance than selection. I agree, therefore, that if silent gene theory were proved correct, it would be the more complete theory, as Einstein's is compared with Newton's."Charles Darwin wrote in The Origin of Species that ..". unless profitable variations do occur, natural selection can do nothing." As Darwin recognized, natural selection, far from increasing variation within species, reduces variation constantly in favor of an optimum type. What then is the true source of variation in evolutionary systems? It is a question which has obsessed Warwick Collins, a novelist who had studied biology at university, for much of his adult life.He proposed in March 2000 that the required degree of variation could be achieved if large numbers of inert or silent genes existed within the genome. Such genes, because they do not code for physical characteristics, could freely mutate over time without deleteriously affecting the host organism. At a later stage they could be switched on, by largely random processes, and generate exotic new variants. Remarkably, his description of silent genes was found to correspond precisely with the so-called junk genes. These are found in all species, forming the great majority of genes in multicellular species and rising to 98.5% of the genome in humans. Until then their function had proved mysterious. In addition, Collins's theory predicted a number of features of the silent or junk genes which have since been increasingly verified by recent research: for example, that they could become active and begin to code, and that they influenced other genes.It is now widely accepted that, just as Collins predicted, the vast majority of significant mutation in the genomes of complex species arises from the silent genes. But Collins's powerful and ambitious theory moves well beyond the molecular realm. He argues that while natural selection is a major force in evolution, it is primarily negative and entropic. Instead, the great driver of complex evolution is the range of variation created by the silent genes. As Professor Donald Braben writes in his illuminating foreword, "Collins is proposing a general evolutionary theory which, if it continues to be supported by the data, may in due course come to rival Darwin's theory that evolution is driven by natural selection."

Exam Board: Salters Nuffield Level: A level Subject: Science / Biology First teaching: September 2015 First exams: June 2017 Revise smart and save! Designed for hassle-free classroom and independent study, our Revision Guides are designed to complement the Student Books with a range of specially designed features such as: One-topic-per-page format Worked examples with exemplar answers 'Now Try This' practice questions Knowledge checks and skills checks Includes FREE online edition! With a one-to-one page correspondence between this Revision Guide and the companion Salters Nuffield AS/A level Biology Revision Workbook, the hugely popular REVISE series offers the best value available for A level students.

Exam Board: OCR Level: A level Subject: Science / Biology First teaching: September 2015 First exams: June 2017 An ActiveBook is included with every Student Book, giving your students easy online access to the content in the Student Book. They can make it their own with notes, highlights and links to their wider reading. Perfect for supporting work and revision activities. Student Book 1 supports a standalone AS course and provides the first year of a two-year A level course; Student Books 1 and 2 together support the full A level course. A cumulative approach to learning constantly builds on what has previously been taught. The chapter openers highlight prior learning requirements and link to future learning. The required maths skills are highlighted at the start of each chapter providing opportunities for students to check understanding and remedy gaps. Bigger spreads require students to read real-life material that's relevant to the course and use knowledge in new contexts. Accompanying questions require students to analyse how scientists write, think critically and consider issues. Preparing for your exams sections highlight the key differences between preparing for an AS and full A level exam. Practice question spreads provide opportunities for students to regularly check their understanding using questions written in the style of the new exams from day one.

Exam Board: WJEC, Eduqas Level: A-level Subject: Biology First Teaching: September 2015 First Exam: Summer 2017 Reinforce students' understanding throughout their course with clear topic summaries and sample questions and answers to help your students target higher grades. Written by experienced teacher Andy Clarke, our Student Guides are divided into two key sections, content guidance and sample questions and answers. Content guidance will: - Develop students' understanding of key concepts and terminology; this guide covers WJEC A-level Unit 3; Eduqas A-level Component 1 and Component 3. - Consolidate students' knowledge with 'knowledge check questions' at the end of each topic and answers in the back of the book. Sample questions and answers will: - Build students' understanding of the different question types, so they can approach each question with confidence. - Enable students to target top grades with sample answers and commentary explaining exactly why marks have been awarded.

IT'S NOT YOU. IT'S YOUR BIOLOGY.

Modern society is plagued by health epidemics: obesity, record levels of loneliness, increasing mental health problems and various forms of addiction. From the outside, all these issues might seem unrelated. But a single phenomenon actually ties them all together: superstimuli.

Superstimuli are exaggerated, unnatural versions of things we have evolved to want and need such as food, sex and social recognition. This hard wired evolutionary response is why we binge on fake ultra-processed food, lust after airbrushed people online, and struggle to stop scrolling on social media, even when it makes us feel bad. Our lack of control isn't because we are weak. It's because powerful companies spend billions creating superstimuli that manipulate our biology for profit, leaving us unhealthy and unhappy as a consequence.

Super Stimulated shows how we can resist this hijacking of our natural instincts, recognise superstimulus traps, and take control of our bad habits to live longer, healthier lives.

BENEFICIAL CHEMICAL ELEMENTS OF PLANTS Understand beneficial elements and their role in the future of botany and agriculture Beneficial elements are those which, while not essential to plant life, can provide stimulation and enhance plant growth. Properly harnessed, these elements can bolster plant growth in the face of environmental conditions—including drought, nutrient deficiency, and excessive soil salinity—and biotic stresses like pathogens and animal activity. As climate change and population growth pose increasingly serious challenges to agriculture and essential plant production, it has never been more important to unleash the potential of beneficial elements. Beneficial Chemical Elements of Plants is an essential resource for researchers and industry specialists looking to enhance their understanding of these elements and the range and variety of their enhancements to plant growth. Written by leading scholars in the field of plant stress tolerance and nutrient enrichment, it discusses not only the rich possibilities of beneficial elements but their mechanisms of action at both biochemical and molecular levels. It details the precise potential roles played by each major beneficial element and surveys a range of elemental responses to specific environmental conditions and plant stresses. Beneficial Chemical Elements of Plants readers will also find: Chapters covering beneficial elements including aluminum, cobalt, sodium, selenium, and silicon Discussion of application methods and typical plant responses Treatment of beneficial elements in a wider environmental context Beneficial element applications to the field of sustainable agriculture Beneficial Chemical Elements of Plants is a fundamental starting point for researchers and students in the fields of plant physiology, crop science, agriculture, and botany, as well as for professionals in the biotechnology and agricultural industries.