Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

Life does not exist without the intestine. The source of the heart and mind exists in what makes the intestine move, searching for food or reproduction. Higher living animals have been borne from the intestine and sustained by it. This suggests that the heart and mind is located in the internal organs. The character of a patient who underwent the simultaneous transplant of the heart and lungs, has been replaced by that of the donor. The author thinks that the heart and mind dwells in the intestine such as the heart, the reproductive organ and the face. He, a world-famous doctor for the development of artificial organs, has searched for the origin of the heart and mind by elucidation of the evolution of the vertebrate in his own way.

Exam Board: Salters Nuffield Level: A level Subject: Science / Biology First teaching: September 2015 First exams: June 2017 Revise smart and save! Designed for hassle-free classroom and independent study, our Revision Guides are designed to complement the Student Books with a range of specially designed features such as: One-topic-per-page format Worked examples with exemplar answers 'Now Try This' practice questions Knowledge checks and skills checks Includes FREE online edition! With a one-to-one page correspondence between this Revision Guide and the companion Salters Nuffield AS/A level Biology Revision Workbook, the hugely popular REVISE series offers the best value available for A level students.

Two distinguished scientists encouraged Warwick Collins in writing his revolutionary theory of evolution. Professor Freeman Dyson, one of the world's leading theoretical physicists, wrote, "I like your theory, and think it has a good chance of being right."He added, "Darwin would have liked your theory." Professor Donald Braben, a nuclear physicist who directed a series of wide-ranging research programs at BP, responded, "Hierarchically speaking, variation is of greater significance than selection. I agree, therefore, that if silent gene theory were proved correct, it would be the more complete theory, as Einstein's is compared with Newton's."Charles Darwin wrote in The Origin of Species that ..". unless profitable variations do occur, natural selection can do nothing." As Darwin recognized, natural selection, far from increasing variation within species, reduces variation constantly in favor of an optimum type. What then is the true source of variation in evolutionary systems? It is a question which has obsessed Warwick Collins, a novelist who had studied biology at university, for much of his adult life.He proposed in March 2000 that the required degree of variation could be achieved if large numbers of inert or silent genes existed within the genome. Such genes, because they do not code for physical characteristics, could freely mutate over time without deleteriously affecting the host organism. At a later stage they could be switched on, by largely random processes, and generate exotic new variants. Remarkably, his description of silent genes was found to correspond precisely with the so-called junk genes. These are found in all species, forming the great majority of genes in multicellular species and rising to 98.5% of the genome in humans. Until then their function had proved mysterious. In addition, Collins's theory predicted a number of features of the silent or junk genes which have since been increasingly verified by recent research: for example, that they could become active and begin to code, and that they influenced other genes.It is now widely accepted that, just as Collins predicted, the vast majority of significant mutation in the genomes of complex species arises from the silent genes. But Collins's powerful and ambitious theory moves well beyond the molecular realm. He argues that while natural selection is a major force in evolution, it is primarily negative and entropic. Instead, the great driver of complex evolution is the range of variation created by the silent genes. As Professor Donald Braben writes in his illuminating foreword, "Collins is proposing a general evolutionary theory which, if it continues to be supported by the data, may in due course come to rival Darwin's theory that evolution is driven by natural selection."

Exam Board: WJEC, Eduqas Level: A-level Subject: Biology First Teaching: September 2015 First Exam: Summer 2017 Reinforce students' understanding throughout their course with clear topic summaries and sample questions and answers to help your students target higher grades. Written by experienced teacher Andy Clarke, our Student Guides are divided into two key sections, content guidance and sample questions and answers. Content guidance will: - Develop students' understanding of key concepts and terminology; this guide covers WJEC A-level Unit 3; Eduqas A-level Component 1 and Component 3. - Consolidate students' knowledge with 'knowledge check questions' at the end of each topic and answers in the back of the book. Sample questions and answers will: - Build students' understanding of the different question types, so they can approach each question with confidence. - Enable students to target top grades with sample answers and commentary explaining exactly why marks have been awarded.

Exam Board: Salters Nuffield Level: A level Subject: Biology First teaching: September 2015 First exams: June 2017 Revise smart and save! Our Revision Workbooks are designed to help students develop vital skills throughout the course in preparation for the exam with: One-to-one page match with the Salters Nuffield AS/A level Biology Revision Guide so you can find the practice you need quickly and easily Skills building pages and practice questions in the style of the new exams Guided support and hints providing additional scaffolding, helping you avoid common pitfalls Full set of practice papers written to match the new specification exactly