Key Features: Describes feedstock evaluation and the effects of elemental, chemical and fractional composition. Details reactor types and bed types. Explores the process options and parameters involved. Assesses coke formation and additives. Considers next generation processes and developments.

This book addresses the rapidly changing citizen roles in innovation, technology adoption, intermediation, market creation, and legitimacy building for low-carbon solutions. It links research in innovation studies, sustainability transitions, and science and technology studies, and builds a new approach for the study of user contributions to innovation and sociotechnical change. Citizen Activities in Energy Transition gives detailed and empirically grounded overall appraisal of citizens' active technological engagement in the current energy transition, in an era when Internet connectivity has given rise to important new forms of citizen communities and interactions. It elaborates a new way to study users in sociotechnical change through long-term ethnographic and historical research and reports its deployment in a major, decade-long line of investigation on user activities in small-scale renewables, addressing user contributions from the early years to the late proliferation stages of small-scale renewable energy technologies (S-RETs). It offers a much-needed empirical and theoretical understanding of the dynamics of the activities in which users are engaged over the course of sociotechnical change, including innovation, adoption, adjustment, intermediation, community building, digital communities, market creation, and legitimacy creation. This work is a must-read for those seeking to understand the role of users in innovation, energy systems change and the significance of new digital communities in present and future sociotechnical change. Academics, policymakers, and managers are given a new resource to understand the "demand side" of sociotechnical change beyond the patterns of investment, adoption, and social acceptance that have traditionally occupied their attention.

This book compares the degree of energy production efficiency and the uses to which energy resources are allocated in Mexico with those in other countries. It explores the energy use patterns and discusses prospects for energy-saving policies between the mid-1980s and the end of the century.

Explores the link between universe, space exploration, and rocketry Discusses protection of Earth from asteroids, debris, and global warming Includes basic methodology to be adopted to design rockets for various specific applications Covers use of multi-objective optimization to realize a system and differences in design philosophies for satellite launch Examines material on environment protection of Earth

This book investigates and evaluates the opportunities and limitations of network governance in building local capacity for energy infrastructure governance. Presenting a comparative analysis of three city cases from across Europe- Birmingham, Frankfurt and Budapest- this book demonstrates how local factors shape the prospect of network governance to support low-carbon energy transitions. It maps out existing governance networks, highlighting the actors involved and their interactions with one another, and also discusses the role and embeddedness of networks in the urban governance of low-carbon energy. Drawing on case study evidence, Nochta develops a comparative analysis which discusses the intricate connections between network characteristics, context and impact. It highlights that organisational fragmentation; the complexity of the low-carbon energy problem and historical developments all influence network characteristics in terms of degree of integration and vertical (hierarchical) power relationships among network actors. Overall, the book concludes that understanding such links between context and networks is crucial when designing and implementing new governance models aimed at facilitating and governing low-carbon urban development. Low-Carbon Energy Transitions in European Cities will be of great interest to scholars of energy policy, urban governance and sustainability transitions.

Benjamin Sovacool and Christopher Jon Cooper have produced an astonishing and well-written book, based on extensive original research in twelve countries. They explore the technical, social, political and economic dimensions of four energy megaprojects. The large scale of megaprojects always appears to complicate the decision-making process and often causes failures. Megaprojects may even reinforce corruption and erode democracy. It highlights that today's experiences can be explained by statements by Aristotle and Einstein who argue, both in their own way, that is always wise to take the limits of size into account and to reduce the size of projects, wherever this is possible. For everybody involved in megaprojects, this book must be read!' - Hugo Priemus, Delft University of Technology, The NetherlandsBased on extensive original research, this book explores the technical, social, political, and economic dimensions of four Asian energy megaprojects: a regional natural gas pipeline network in Southeast Asia, a series of hydroelectric dams on the island of Borneo, an oil pipeline linking Europe with the Caspian Sea, and a very large solar energy array in the Gobi desert. This book investigates why energy megaprojects fail to deliver their promised benefits. It offers the first comprehensive assessment of the complicated dynamics driving - and constraining - megaprojects initiated in the rapid scramble for energy resources and efforts to improve energy security. The authors approach the assessment of megaprojects from a socio-technical angle, emphasizing broad issues of political leadership, regulation, financing, interest group opposition and environmental impact, as well as conventional technological factors such as engineering design and project management. The Governance of Energy Megaprojects will prove insightful for academics concerned about energy policy, energy security, environmental impact and technology assessment. But the book should prove equally compelling to those engaged in the practical management and implementation of large-scale energy projects anywhere in the world. Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Understanding Why Energy Megaprojects Fail 3. The Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipeline Network (TAGP) 4. The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) Oil Pipeline 5. The Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy (SCORE) 6. The Gobitec Solar Array 7. Conclusions Bigger is Blunder Index

Since its first development in the 1970s, Process Integration (PI) has become an important methodology in achieving more energy efficient processes. This pioneering handbook brings together the leading scientists and researchers currently contributing to PI development, pooling their expertise and specialist knowledge to provide readers with a comprehensive and up-to-date guide to the latest PI research and applications.
After an introduction to the principles of PI, the book reviews a wide range of process design and integration topics ranging from heat and utility systems to water, recycling, waste and hydrogen systems. The book considers Heat Integration, Mass Integration and Extended PI as well as a series of applications and case studies. Chapters address not just operating and capital costs but also equipment design and operability issues, through to buildings and supply chains.
With its distinguished editor and international team of expert contributors, Handbook of Process Integration (PI) is a standard reference work for managers and researchers in all energy-intensive industries, as well as academics with an interest in them, including those designing and managing oil refineries, petrochemical and power plants, as well as paper/pulp, steel, waste, food and drink processors.
This pioneering handbook provides a comprehensive and up-to-date guide to the latest process integration research and applicationsReviews a wide range of process design and integration topics ranging from heat and utility systems to water, recycling, waste and hydrogen systemsChapters also address equipment design and operability issues, through to buildings and supply chains

This book explores all the energy-efficient communication technologies used for various communication systems and every aspect of these systems, such as green electronics, network protocols, handover, codes, antenna, and the role of artificial intelligence and IoT, including the energy management strategies. It identifies the development of sustainable plans and programs at the communication level within the current legislative framework. Features: Gives a fundamental description of the green communications including granularities of green wired and wireless systems. Describes a comprehensive review of innovations, challenges, and opportunities for green communication. Provides guiding principles on how to build the green communication network. Includes a holistic view of both wireless and wired green communication systems with an emphasis on applications and challenges in each area. Suggests various ways of benchmarking and measuring the performance of green communication systems. This book will be of great interest to graduate students and researchers in green technologies, communications, wireless communication, optical communication, underwater communication, microwave and satellite communication, networking, the internet of things, and energy management.

Now in its 3e, this single resource covers all aspects of the utilization of geothermal energy for power generation using fundamental scientific and engineering principles. Its practical emphasis is enhanced by the use of case studies from real plants that increase the reader's understanding of geothermal energy conversion and provide a unique compilation of hard-to-obtain data and experience.

Important new chapters cover Hot Dry Rock, Enhanced Geothermal Systems, and Deep Hydrothermal Systems. New, international case studies provide practical, hands-on knowledge.
Provides coverage of all aspects of the utilization of geothermal energy for power generation from fundamental scientific and engineering principlesInternational case studies from real plants provide a unique compilation of hard-to-obtain data and experienceIncludes pivotal updates on advances in Hot Dry Rock, Enhanced Geothermal Systems, and Deep Hydrothermal Systems

- written by world leading experts in the field - contains many worked-out examples, taken from daily life fire related practical problems - covers the entire range from basics up to state-of-the-art computer simulations of fire and smoke related fluid mechanics aspects, including the effect of water - provides extensive treatment of the interaction of water sprays with a fire-driven flow - contains a chapter on CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), the increasingly popular calculation method in the field of fire safety science

This book draws on social science analysis to understand the ongoing dynamics within and surrounding local energy communities in reliably electrified countries: Belgium, Canada, Colombia, France, Germany, India, the Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. It offers a comprehensive overview of recent results and thus outlines a diversity of drivers and levers for scaling up energy communities or, at least, local energy sharing. Analysing the main types of energy communities such as collective self-consumption, citizen cooperatives and peer-to-peer digital platforms, the book does not only raise new questions for social scientists, but also offers a comprehensive overview for all those contributing to the circular economy and the decentralization of energy production in inhabited areas where energy consumption is concentrated. This book provides input for the ongoing debates in many European countries implementing the national law on the European directives for energy communities. Furthermore, without evading the antagonism between cooperative and market approaches, or the contradictions between different issues, the book outlines the innovative decision-making tools that can facilitate the development of local energy production and sharing systems. As well as being of interest to postgraduates and researchers in the field of energy studies, this book will be vital to energy professionals looking to support local energy communities' decision-making and design, who wish to consider sociological, organizational and territorial dimensions.

- Covers topics such as fundamentals of electrochemistry for energy applications of COFs not covered in competing titles - Provides details about recent methods used for synthesis and characterization of COFs-based nanomaterials, particularly of energy applications - Covers the state-of-the-art development in COFs and their applications in green energy generation and storage - Widens fundamentals about COFs and mechanisms for realization and advancement in devices with improved energy efficiency and high storage capacity - Provides new directions to scientists, researchers, and students to better understand the principle, technologies, and applications of COFs

Industry relies heavily on the combustion process. The already high demand for energy, primarily from combustion, is expected to continue to rapidly increase. Yet, the information is scattered and incomplete, with very little attention paid to the overall combustion system. Designed for practicing engineers, Heat Transfer in Industrial Combustion eclipses the extant literature with an emphasis on the aspects of heat transfer that directly apply to industry. From a practical point of view, the editor organizes relevant papers into a single, coherent resource. The book encompasses heat transfer, thermodynamics, and fluid mechanics, including the little-covered subjects of the use of oxygen to enhance combustion and flame impingement. Maximizing applications and minimizing theory, it covers modes of heat transfer, computer modeling, heat transfer from flame impingement, from burners, low temperature, high temperature, and advanced applications, and more. The theoretical focus of most literature has created a clear need for a practical treatment of the heat transfer as it applies to industrial combustion systems. With detailed coverage and extensive references, Heat Transfer in Industrial Combustion fills this void. Features

Design of Hydrodynamic Machines provides a broad, yet concise, theoretical background on the relationship between fluid dynamics and geometry. It covers the most important types of turbomachinery used in power generation industrial processes, utilities, and the oil and gas industry. Offering guidance on the hydraulic design aspect of different parts of turbomachinery, such as impellers, diffusers, volute casing, inlet and outlets, the book discusses how to conduct performance characteristics testing and evaluate performance parameters of the designed parts. It also covers aspects of CFD of turbomachinery. Readers will be able to perform hydraulic design of important turbomachinery parts using commercially available software. Intended for final year undergraduates and postgraduates in mechanical, civil, and aeronautical engineering, the book will also be useful for those involved in the hydraulic design, analysis, and testing of turbomachinery.

Explains concepts of Internet of Everything problems, research challenge goals, and vision in smart cities Based on the most recent innovations, and covering the major challenges in smart cities, between IoT and Big Data Examines security issues and challenges related to data-intensive advances in IoT Addresses the total information science challenges in Internet of Everything enabled technologies Covers the exploring and creating IoT environment related self-adaptive systems

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is one of the most widespread analytical and preparative scale separation techniques used for both scientific investigations and industrial and biomedical analysis. Now in its second edition, this revised and updated version of the Handbook of HPLC examines the new advances made in this field since the publication of the benchmark first edition twelve years ago. It reports detailed information on fundamental and practical aspects of HPLC related to conventional format and sophisticated novel approaches which have been developed to address a variety of separation problems in different fields. The latest concepts New concepts presented in this edition include monolithic columns, bonded stationary phases, micro-HPLC, two-dimensional comprehensive liquid chromatography, gradient elution mode, and capillary electromigration techniques. The book also discusses LC-MS interfaces, nonlinear chromatography, displacement chromatography of peptides and proteins, field-flow fractionation, retention models for ions, and polymer HPLC. Fundamentals and applications The first section of the book explores emerging novel aspects of HPLC and related separation methods based on the differential velocity of analytes in a liquid medium under the action of either an electric field (capillary electromigration techniques) or a gravitational field (field-flow fractionation). The section focusing on applications highlights four significant areas in which HPLC is successfully employed: chiral pharmaceutical, environmental analysis, food analysis, and forensic science. Ideal for a widespread audience Explanatory figures and tables supplement the text and clarify difficult concepts. Extensive references provide gateways to more focused study. Suitable for undergraduates or new practitioners interested in improving their knowledge on the current status and future trends of HPLC, the book is also a critical resource for researchers looking for solutions to complex separation problems or those who currently use HPLC either as an analytical or a preparative scale tool.

This book forges a link between residential CO2 emissions and time use, focussing on China as a key case study. To provide a better understanding of the energy implications of the lifestyle differences between urban and rural China, Pui Ting Wong and Yuan Xu utilise time-use methodology as an alternative way to explore the links between individual lifestyle and residential electricity consumption. They begin by examining how Chinese citizens divide their time between daily activities, highlighting patterns around indicators including age, gender, education, and economic status. They go on to quantify CO2 intensities of these time-use activities. Through this linkage, this book presents an alternative strategy for climate-friendly living, highlighting the ways in which urban planning can be deployed to help individuals adapt their time-use patterns for CO2 mitigation. Providing a novel contribution to the growing literature on residential electricity consumption, Residential Electricity Consumption in Urbanizing China will be of great interest to scholars of climate policy, energy studies, time use, and urban planning.

* Mechanical methods * Chemical methods * Combination methods Description / back cover text: Well activation is one of the most important aspects in the oil and gas industries and nitrogen gas is predominately used. The gas, being light, is sent down the producing reservoir which will enhance the production or improve the flow of crude oil. In addition to the methods used to increase production there are several problems like sand production and water production from the producing wells. Sand production occurs when the destabilizing stresses at the formation face exceed the strength of the natural arching tendencies and/or grain-to-grain cementation strength. Ideally, during oil production, the formation should be porous, permeable and well consolidated through which hydrocarbons can easily flow into the production wells. But sometimes, especially during production from unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs, the produced hydrocarbons may also carry large amounts of sand into the well bore and sand entering production wells is one of the oldest problems faced by oil companies and one of the toughest to solve. These unconsolidated formations may not restrain grain movement, and produce sand along with the fluids especially at high rates. Water production is also a problem that many reservoir or production engineers face in day-to-day life. As engineers we should be able to decide whether water control solutions should be applied or not. The excess production of water is caused by the depletion of the reservoir and simply sweeps away most of the oil that the reservoir can produce. This book gives an information how well activation using nitrogen is carried out, and how sand control and water control issues can be resolved.

This volume brings together 18 experts with diverse backgrounds and expertise from around the globe to tackle climate change from multiple angles. A comprehensive exposition of the interconnection between ocean, weather, and climate variability is a pre-requisite for understanding the challenge. The solution approach encompasses a better appreciation of the roof, refined solar energy estimation, heightened heat exchange effectiveness, improved understanding of photovoltaic operation in the Arctic, and integration of thermoelectric with photovoltaic. Adaptation is an essential and immediate remedy that every individual must take part in, understanding that men and women respond to the thermal environment differently. Imagine future buildings made from appetizing materials, closing a sustainable design process with self-sufficient communities. Would hydrogen become a crucial part of the mitigation?

In petroleum refineries, although there are sets of standard operating procedures to operate the plants, unique problems often arise, which need to be tackled with engineering knowledge and experience without much loss of energy and time. This process is termed 'troubleshooting', and it saves production loss, leading to profitability and sustainability of the refinery operation. This book covers the ins and outs of troubleshooting in petroleum refineries, with an analysis of the problems faced, the fundamentals behind them and logical reasoning and illustrations to solve the problems, along with lessons learnt. This is the first such book on the market since the publication of one by Norman P. Lieberman about 30 years ago, and there has been a massive change in technology since then. This book will not only enlighten practicing engineers in refineries and postgraduate students but also facilitate the creation of a knowledge bank on troubleshooting case studies, helping share engineering knowledge and experiences.

The field of social movement studies has expanded dramatically over the past three decades. But as it has done so, its focus has become increasingly narrow and movement-centric. When combined with the tendency to select successful struggles for study, the conceptual and methodological conventions of the field conduce to a decidedly Ptolemaic view of social movements: one that exaggerates the frequency and causal significance of movements as a form of politics. This book reports the results of a comparative study, not of movements, but of 20 communities earmarked for environmentally risky energy projects. In stark contrast to the central thrust of the social movement literature, the authors find that the overall level of emergent opposition to the projects to have been very low, and they seek to explain that variation and the impact, if any, it had on the ultimate fate of the proposed projects.

The Second Edition of Introduction to Electrochemical Science and Engineering outlines the basic principles and techniques used in the development of electrochemical engineering related technologies, such as fuel cells, electrolyzers, and flow-batteries. Covering topics from electrolyte solutions to electrochemical energy conversion systems and corrosion, this revised and expanded edition provides new educational material to help readers familiarize themselves with some of today's most useful electrochemical concepts. The Second Edition includes a new Appendix C with a detailed description of how the most common electrochemical laboratories can be organized, what data should be collected, and how the data should be treated and presented in a report. Video demonstrations for these laboratories are available on YouTube. In addition, the author has added conceptual and numerical exercises to all of the chapters to help with the understanding of the book material and to extend the important aspects of the electrochemical science and engineering. Finally, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is now used in most electrochemical laboratories, and so a new section briefly describes this technique in Chapter 7. This new edition Ensures readers have a fundamental knowledge of the core concepts of electrochemical science and engineering, such as electrochemical cells, electrolytic conductivity, electrode potential, and current-potential relations related to a variety of electrochemical systems Develops the initial skills needed to understand an electrochemical experiment and successfully evaluate experimental data without visiting a laboratory Promotes an appreciation of the capabilities and applications of key electrochemical techniques Features eight lab descriptions and instructions that can be used to develop the labs by instructors for a university electrochemical engineering class Integrates eight online videos with lab demonstrations to advise instructors and students on how the labs can be carried out Features a solutions manual for adopting instructors The Second Edition is an ideal and unique text for undergraduate engineering and science students and readers in need of introductory-level content. Graduate students and engineers looking for a quick introduction to the subject will benefit from the simple structure of this book. Instructors interested in teaching the subject to undergraduate students can immediately use this book without reservation.

This book provides an analysis of the European policy approach to combined heat and power (CHP), a highly efficient technology used by all EU Member States for the needs of generating electricity and heat. European Law on Combined Heat and Power carries out an assessment of the European legal and policy measures on CHP, evaluating how it has changed over the years through progress and decline in specific member states. Over the course of the book, Sokolowski explores all aspects of CHP, examining the types of measures used to steer the growth of cogeneration in the EU and the policies and regulatory tools that have influenced its development. He also assesses the specific role of CHP in the liberalisation of the internal energy market and EU action on climate and sustainability. Finally, by delivering his notions of "cogenatives", "cogenmunities", or "Micro-Collective-Flexible-Smart-High-Efficiency cogeneration", Sokolowski considers how the new EU energy package - "Clean energy for all Europeans" - will shape future developments. This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of energy law and regulation, combined heat and power and energy efficiency, as well as policy makers and energy experts working in the CHP sector.

Originally published in 1980, this book by a group of international lawyers and experts from the energy industries suggests ways in which the law may have to change to cope with developments in the oil and nuclear energy industries and the way they impact on marine pollution. Incorporating issues arising on an international and comparative basis, the book discusses the approaches made to marine pollution problems by the UK, EU and USA.