This thesis presents the implementation of fully three-dimensional sediment transport and morphological updating formulations within a proven three-dimensional hydrodynamic flow solver. The thesis briefly discusses the formulations used to model both suspended and bed-load transport of non-cohesive sediment, and describes the implementation of a morphological updating scheme which incorporates novel approaches to morphological acceleration and dry bank erosion. Approaches used to model the three-dimensional effects of waves on coastal hydrodynamics and of three-dimensional currents on waves are also discussed. Results of several validation studies are presented and the model is shown to perform well in a series of simplified theoretical, laboratory, and full scale test cases. Application of the model and acceleration techniques to the complex and dynamic entrance to Willapa Bay, WA, USA is also discussed. Model processes are validated against the results of an extensive field measurement campaign, and diagnostic morphological model simulations are performed for two historical periods of contrasting morphological development. Input reduction and morphological acceleration techniques used to perform 5-year simulations of Willapa Bay are critically analysed and a new generic method to select a representative morphological tide for coastal environments containing significant diurnal tidal energy is presented.

This well-established text book fills the gap between the general texts on fluid mechanics and the highly specialised volumes on hydraulic engineering.It covers all aspects of hydraulic science normally dealt with in a civil engineering degree course and will be as useful to the engineer in practice as it is to the student and the teacher.

Fingerponds are earthen ponds dug at the edge of natural wetlands and stocked naturally with wild fish during flooding. They preserve the wetland environment in which they are situated while maintaining a productive culture system. In this study, the importance of organic manure applications in enhancing nutrient levels, phytoplankton and periphyton productivities and ultimately fish production was examined in experimental Fingerponds set up with the participation of local communities in Uganda. Results show that organic manures enhance algal development and fish production in Fingerponds, but close monitoring and control are needed. Fish yields in Fingerponds can be enhanced to 1500 - 2800 kg/ha over a functional period of 200 to 300 days using animal manure (e.g. chicken), fermented green manure and artificial substrates for periphyton development. Good management practices are required to regulate pond inputs and conditions. High clay turbidity, nitrogen limitation and high recruitment of fish can limit fish production. Overall, Fingerponds were shown to be an effective addition to protein production for poor riparian communities in East Africa and are recommended for adoption.

Composting and Recycling Municipal Solid Waste is a comprehensive guide that identifies, describes, explains, and evaluates the options available when composting and recycling municipal solid waste (MSW). The book begins with an introductory chapter on the nature of MSW and the importance of solid waste management programs and resource recovery. Chapter 2 discusses MSW storage and collection, with emphasis on recyclables. Chapter 3 examines issues involved in determining the quantity, composition, and key physical characteristics of the MSW to be managed and processed. The book's other chapters cover topics such as the steps required for processing MSW for material recovery, the use of uncomposted organic matter as a soil amendment, composting and use of compost product, the marketing of recyclables, biogasification, and integrated waste management. Composting and Recycling Municipal Solid Waste provides essential information needed by solid waste professionals, consultants, regulators, and planners to arrive at rational decisions regarding available economic and technological resources for MSW composting and recycling.

This volume includes over 30 chapters, written by experts from around the world. It examines the environmental aspects of drought such as groundwater and soil contamination, river low-flow, urban water quality, and desertification. It also examines the effects of climate change and variability on drought, and discusses the differences in groundwater, rainfall, and temperatures and their related effects. It presents analytical modeling for better understanding drought in uncertain and changing climates.

It is becoming increasingly recognized that for the optimal sustainable development and use of natural resources, an integrated approach to water management, agriculture, food security and energy is required. This "nexus" is now the focus of major attention by researchers, policy-makers and practitioners. In this book, the authors show how these issues are being addressed in India as part of its economic development, and how these can provide lessons for other developing nations. They address the conflicting claims of water resources for irrigation and hydropower, where both are scarce at the national level for fostering water and energy security. They also consider the relationship between water for irrigated agriculture and household use and its impact on rural poverty. They identify weaknesses in the current hydropower development programme in India that are preventing it from being an ecologically sustainable, socially just and economically viable solution to meeting growing energy demand. The empirical analyses presented show the enormous scope for co-management of water, energy, agricultural growth and food security through appropriate technological interventions and market instruments.

Comprehensive reference on the field of inverse heat conduction problems (IHCPs), now including advanced topics, numerous practical examples, and downloadable MATLAB codes. The 1st Edition of the classic book Inverse Heat Conduction: Ill-posed Problems, published in 1985, has been used as one of the primary references for researchers and professionals working on IHCPs due to its comprehensive scope and dedication to the topic. The 2nd Edition of the book is a largely revised version of the 1st Edition with several all-new chapters and significant enhancement of the previous materials. Over the past 30 years, the authors of this 2nd Edition have collaborated on research projects that form the basis for this book. The book can serve as an effective textbook for graduate students and as a reliable reference book for professionals. Examples and problems throughout the text reinforce concepts presented and the book is accompanied by downloadable MATLAB codes covering solutions for every example in the book. The 2nd Edition also comes with additional materials including course slides, additional problems and suggested course syllabus that are available on an instructor companion website. The 2nd Edition continues emphasis from the 1st Edition on linear heat conduction problems with revised presentation of Stolz, Function Specification and Tikhonov Regularization methods and expands coverage to include Conjugate Gradient Methods and the Singular Value Decomposition method. The Filter Matrix concept is explained and embraced throughout the presentation and allows any of these solution techniques to be represented in a simple explicit linear form. Two direct approaches suitable for non-linear problems, the Adjoint Method and Kalman Filtering, are presented, as well as an adaptation of the Filter Matrix approach applicable to non-linear heat conduction problems. In the 2nd Edition of Inverse Heat Conduction: Ill-posed Problems, readers will find detailed discussions on: A comprehensive literature review of IHCP applications in various fields of engineering. Exact solutions to several fundamental problems for direct heat conduction problems, the concept of the computational analytical solution, and approximate solution methods for discrete time steps using superposition of exact solutions which form the basis for the IHCP solutions in the text. IHCP solution methods and comparison of many of these approaches through a common suite of test problems. Filter matrix form of IHCP solution methods and discussion of using filter-form Tikhonov regularization for solving complex IHCPs in multi-layer domain with temperature-dependent material properties. Methods and criteria for selection of the optimal degree of regularization in solution of IHCPs. Application of the filter concept for solving two-dimensional transient IHCP problems with multiple unknown heat fluxes. Estimating the heat transfer coefficient, h, for lumped capacitance body and bodies with temperature gradients. Bias in temperature measurements in the IHCP and correcting for temperature measurement bias. Inverse Heat Conduction is a must-have resource on the topic for mechanical, aerospace, chemical, biomedical or metallurgical engineers who are active in the design and analysis of thermal systems within the fields of manufacturing, aerospace, medical, defense, and instrumentation, as well as researchers in the areas of thermal science and computational heat transfer.

A copublication of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists and Lewis Publishers, this series continues the former Annuals of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. This series is designed to present state-of-the-art information on research and practical applications of science in the field of occupational health. Bokos are normally the proceedings of an important symposium or conference sponsored by the ACGIH or other leading professional organization in, or allied with, the occupational health field. Content deals with subject of current interest. Books in the Industrial Hygiene Science Series should become valued additions to the international scientific literature. Published volumes in this series are: Microcomputer Applications in Occupational Health and Safety Ergonomic Interventions to Prevent Musculoskeletal Injuries in Industry Advances in Air Sampling.

This fourth edition of a bestselling textbook has been extensively rewritten and expanded in line with the current Eurocodes. It presents the principles of the design of concrete elements and of complete structures, with practical illustrations of the theory. It explains the background to the Eurocode rules and goes beyond the core topics to cover the design of foundations, retaining walls, and water retaining structures. The text includes more than sixty worked out design examples and more than six hundred diagrams, plans, and charts. It suitable for civil engineering courses and is a useful reference for practicing engineers.

This highly successful book describes the background to the design principles, methods and procedures required in the design process for reinforced concrete structures. The easy to follow style makes it an ideal reference for students and professionals alike.

Innovation and Application of Engineering Technology contains the proceeding of International Symposium of Engineering Technology and Application Convocation (ISETA 2017, 25-28 May 2017, Montreal, Canada). The Symposium provided an international forum for discussion and communication of engineering technology and application of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mining Engineering, Risk and Occupational Engineering and other fields related to engineering. Sponsored by Concordia University, International Joint Research Laboratory of Henan Province for Underground Space Development, Henan Polytechnic University and IJSS, Innovation and Application of Engineering Technology will be useful for researchers, engineers and graduate and Ph.D. students in related Engineering fields.

The growth in the world's nuclear industry, motivated by peaking world oil supplies, concerns about the greenhouse effect, and domestic needs for energy independence, has resulted in a heightened focus on the need for next-generation nuclear fuel-cycle technologies. Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction: A Series of Advances, Volume 19 provides a comprehensive look at the state of the science underlying solvent extraction in its role as the most powerful separation technique for the reprocessing of commercial spent nuclear fuel. Capturing the current technology and scientific progress as it exists today and looking ahead to potential developments, the book examines the overall state of solvent extraction in reprocessing, new molecules for increased selectivity and performance, methods for predicting extractant properties, and actinide-lanthanide group separation. The contributors also explore the simultaneous extraction of radionuclides by mixing extractants, the cause and nature of third-phase formation, the effects of radiation on the solvent and its performance, analytical techniques for measuring process concentrations, new centrifugal contactors for more efficient processing, and new chemistry using novel media. The long-term vision of many professionals in the field entails a proliferation-free nuclear energy economy in which little or no waste is stored or released into the environment and all potential energy values in spent nuclear fuel are recycled. This text opens a window on that possibility, offering insight from world leaders on the cutting edge of nuclear research.

Tasked by the Clean Water Act to restore and maintain the integrity of their waters, state and local governments must develop systems for assessing the health of the streams within their borders. They quickly find that one size does not fit all when it comes to sampling. Rapid Bioassessment of Stream Health examines the sampling techniques, laboratory methods, and data analysis necessary to create a protocol for analyzing the health of streams, using rapid bioassessment techniques. The editors explore how to determine reference streams in each ecoregion and subecoregion with specific indices of health. They provide field methods for monitoring and sampling invertebrates and laboratory methods for subsampling. The work focuses on the application of the EPA's Rapid Bioassessment Protocol (RBP) but suggests various techniques that can be used to improve sampling protocols and quality control, where necessary. It also includes general listings of health classifications, appendices of more than 300 streams that have been sampled, and a GIS method for designating the reference condition for purposes of comparison in each ecological unit. Although the EPA's RBP Manual is considered to be the standard of information on the types of metrics that can be used, this book explores, from a state regulatory standpoint, the practical development of such a system to begin compliance with critical sections of the Clean Water Act. A compendium of information about prioritizing those streams and small rivers requiring analysis, this book contains guidelines on the assessment of streams in a particular ecoregion and sampling streams that are at least impaired as points of comparison. It supplies guidance for the production of other rapid bioassessment tools customized to various ecoregions and subecoregions.

Used in the production of a wide number of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals, the Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction represents a synthetic process of great interest to organic chemists of academia and industry. Nearly 40 years since the last major treatise on the topic and reflecting the growing emphasis on green technology, Advances in Friedel-Crafts Acylation Reactions: Catalytic and Green Processes focuses on how to make this reaction more economically and environmentally friendly by using green acylating conditions, thus minimizing the formation of waste and decreasing production costs. Divided into four parts, the book explores stoichiometric acylations, catalytic homogeneous acylations, catalytic heterogeneous acylations, and phenol acylations. It is structured according to the role played by the catalyst in the activation of reagents as well as in the different modes of regioselectivity encountered in the acylation of arenes, aromatic ethers, and phenols. Incorporating examples of all acid-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions, the text considers classic Lewis and Broensted acid types along with more innovative and advanced multicomponent superacid catalysts. These range from rare earth triflates or triflimides and their combination with ionic liquids to metal-promoted zeolites and zeotypes, clays, polymetal oxides, sulfated zirconia, heteropoly acids, and Nafion. The book emphasizes the major industrial applications, providing a critical assessment of the differences, advantages, and disadvantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Helping readers to better understand the mechanism of the Friedel-Crafts acylation, the examples in the book substantiate the development of more effective catalysts and more selective processes achieved during the last few decades, enabling industry to embark on a safer and more efficient synthesis of aromatic ketones for the manufacture of a wide array of products.

The natural scarcity of water in arid and semiarid regions, aggravated by man-made factors, makes it difficult to achieve a reliable water resources supply. Communities in these areas pay the price for thousands of years of water manipulation. Presenting important insight into the complexities of arid region hydrology, Engineering Hydrology of Arid and Semi-Arid Regions explores the key components for formulating and implementing integrated management approaches in catchment (wadi) systems. The book introduces the engineering hydrology of arid and semi-arid regions, covering meteorological processes and hydrology. The author discusses precipitation and precipitation losses, catchment characteristics, and runoff estimation methods. He also examines streamflow measurements and hydrographs, flood routing, and groundwater hydrology, including the basic equations of groundwater flow and analytic solutions describing flow aquifers, pumping tests, and salt water intrusion. Building on this foundation, the book then delineates sediment yield in watersheds and streams and the design of hydraulic structures for protection and management of water resources systems. It includes case studies, conversion tables, and modeling software. During the last two decades, research efforts and networking have enhanced the state of knowledge about arid and semi-arid areas, especially watershed and catchment systems. Pulling this information together into a comprehensive resource, this book provides a better understanding of wadi hydrology, capacity-building processes, water education and training, and institutional development. This understanding can then be used to select the appropriate tools to support water management and optimize the sustainable use of water resources. "When the well is dry, we learn the worth of water" - Benjamin Franklin

The 12th International Conference on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation (TransNav 2017) will take place on June 21-23 in Gdynia, Poland. Main themes of this conference include: electronic navigation, route planning, mathematical models, methods and algorithms, ships manoeuvring, navigational risks, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), Automatic Identification System (AIS), marine radar, anti-collision, dynamic positioning, visualization of data, hydrometereological aspects and weather routing, safety at sea, inland navigation, autonomous water transport, communications and global maritime distress and safety system (GMDSS), port ant routes optimum location and magnetic compasses.

Safety of Sea Transportation is the second of two Conference Proceedings of TransNav 2017, June 21-23 in Gdynia, Poland. Safety of Sea Transportation will focus on the following themes: Sustainability, intermodal and multimodal transportation Safety and hydrodynamic study of hydrotechnical structures Bunkering and fuel consumption Gases emission, water pollution and environmental protection Occupational accidents Supply chain of blocks and spare parts Electrotechnical problems Ships stability and loading strength Cargo loading and port operations Maritime Education and Training (MET) Human factor, crew manning and seafarers problems Economic analysis Mathematical models, methods and algorithms Fishery Legal aspects Aviation

How does mercury get out of the ground and into our food? Is tuna safe to eat? What was the Minamata Disaster? Mercury Pollution: A Transdisciplinary Treatment addresses these questions and more. The editors weave interdisciplinary threads into a tapestry that presents a more complete picture of the effects of mercury pollution and provides new ways to think about the environment. The remarkable features that make mercury so useful-and poisonous-have given rise to many stories laid out in rich objective detail, carefully detailing medical, epidemiological, or historical insight, but sidestepping the human experience. A technically rich book that only touches on the human consequences of mercury poisoning cannot fully portray the anguish, confusion, and painful deaths that are the consequence of mercury pollution. Therefore, the editors purposely step out of the conventional scientific framework for discussing mercury pollution to explore the wider human experience. This book clarifies how we are all connected to mercury, how we absorb it through the food we eat and the air we breathe, and how we release it as a consequence of our new technologies. It tackles interesting environmental issues without being overly technical and uses mercury as a case study and model for studying environmental problems. The book uses discussions of the issues surrounding mercury pollution to illustrate how an interdisciplinary vantage is necessary to solve environmental problems. Read an article in the SETAC Globe by Michael C. Newman and Sharon L. Zuber at http://www.setac.org/globe/2011/november/mercury-pollution.html

Nonlinear static monotonic (pushover) analysis has become a common practice in performance-based bridge seismic design. The popularity of pushover analysis is due to its ability to identify the failure modes and the design limit states of bridge piers and to provide the progressive collapse sequence of damaged bridges when subjected to major earthquakes. Seismic Design Aids for Nonlinear Pushover Analysis of Reinforced Concrete and Steel Bridges fills the need for a complete reference on pushover analysis for practicing engineers. This technical reference covers the pushover analysis of reinforced concrete and steel bridges with confined and unconfined concrete column members of either circular or rectangular cross sections as well as steel members of standard shapes. It provides step-by-step procedures for pushover analysis with various nonlinear member stiffness formulations, including: Finite segment-finite string (FSFS) Finite segment-moment curvature (FSMC) Axial load-moment interaction (PM) Constant moment ratio (CMR) Plastic hinge length (PHL) Ranging from the simplest to the most sophisticated, the methods are suitable for engineers with varying levels of experience in nonlinear structural analysis. The authors also provide a downloadable computer program, INSTRUCT (INelastic STRUCTural Analysis of Reinforced-Concrete and Steel Structures), that allows readers to perform their own pushover analyses. Numerous real-world examples demonstrate the accuracy of analytical prediction by comparing numerical results with full- or large-scale test results. A useful reference for researchers and engineers working in structural engineering, this book also offers an organized collection of nonlinear pushover analysis applications for students.

A successful modern heavy metal control program for any industry will include not only traditional water pollution control, but also air pollution control, soil conservation, site remediation, groundwater protection, public health management, solid waste disposal, and combined industrial-municipal heavy metal waste management. In fact, it should be a total environmental control program. Comprehensive in scope, Heavy Metals in the Environment provides technical and economical information on the development of a feasible total heavy metal control program that can benefit industry and local municipalities. The book discusses the importance and contamination of metals such as lead, chromium, cadmium, zinc, copper, nickel, iron, and mercury. It covers important research of metals in the environment, the processes and mechanisms for metals control and removal, the environmental behavior and effects of engineered metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, environmental geochemistry of high arsenic aquifer systems, nano-technology applications in metal ion adsorption, biosorption of metals, and heavy metal removal by expopolysaccharide-producing cyanobacteria. The authors delineate technologies for metals treatment and management, metal bearing effluents, metal-contaminated solid wastes, metal finishing industry wastes and brownfield sites, and arsenic-contaminated groundwater streams. They also discuss control, treatment, and management of metal emissions from motor vehicles. The authors reflect the breadth of the field and draw on personal experiences to provide an in-depth presentation of environmental pollution sources, waste characteristics, control technologies, management strategies, facility innovations, process alternatives, costs, case histories, effluent standards, and future trends for each industrial or commercial operation. The methodologies and technologies discussed are directly applicable to the waste management problems that must be met in all industries.

The mechanisms by which buildings and infrastructures degrade are complex, as are the procedures and methods for inspection and for rehabilitation. This book examines the various problems caused by non-uniform deformation changes, poor durability, and natural and human disasters such as earthquakes and fire. Attention is given to the causes and mechanisms of the deterioration. General procedures and commonly used techniques for inspection and evaluation of existing infrastructures are introduced. The desk study, destructive test, and non-destructive test are discussed - in particular the newly developed non-destructive methods for deterioration monitoring. The book then moves on to conventional renovation techniques such as patch and steel plate strengthening, which meet the requirements of normal practice. Special attention is paid to compatibility between repair materials and degraded materials. Fibrous composite materials are then introduced as a basis for innovative repair techniques, and different fibre and matrix properties are outlined, as are newly developed inorganic binders as a matrix for fibrous composites. Finally, advanced rehabilitation techniques using fibrous composite are described. Fundamental issues such as bonding and failure mechanisms are then discussed in detail. Fibrous composite strengthening techniques for beam, wall, column and slabs are covered, including shear strengthening, flexural strengthening, and fillet winding, as are codes of practice for retrofitting with fibrous composites. This caters to students and academics world-wide and serves as a "tool book" for concrete and structural engineering professionals.

Structural Dynamics: Concepts and Applications focuses on dynamic problems in mechanical, civil and aerospace engineering through the equations of motion. The text explains structural response from dynamic loads and the modeling and calculation of dynamic responses in structural systems. A range of applications is included, from various engineering disciplines. Coverage progresses consistently from basic to advanced, with emphasis placed on analytical methods and numerical solution techniques. Stress analysis is discussed, and MATLAB applications are integrated throughout. A solutions manual and figure slides for classroom projection are available for instructors.

Helping you better understand the processes, instruments, and methods of aerosol spectroscopy, Fundamentals and Applications in Aerosol Spectroscopy provides an overview of the state of the art in this rapidly developing field. It covers fundamental aspects of aerosol spectroscopy, applications to atmospherically and astronomically relevant problems, and several aspects that need further research and development. Chapters in the book are arranged in order of decreasing wavelength of the light/electrons. The text starts with infrared spectroscopy, one of the most important aerosol characterization methods for laboratory studies, field measurements, remote sensing, and space missions. It then focuses on Raman spectroscopy for investigating aerosol processes in controlled laboratory studies and for analyzing environmental particles and atmospheric pollution. The next section discusses the use of cavity ring-down spectroscopy to measure light extinction, laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy to identify and classify biological aerosol particles, and ultrafast laser techniques to improve the specificity of bioaerosol detection. The final section examines recent developments involving novel techniques based on UV, x-ray, and electron beam studies. This book offers the first comprehensive overview of the spectroscopy of aerosols. It includes some results for the first time in the literature and presents a unique link between fundamental aspects and applications.

"Everything that sustains us - grown, mined, or drilled - begins its journey to us on a low-volume road (Long)." Defined as roads with traffic volumes of no more than 400 vehicles per day, they have enormous impacts on economies, communication, and social interaction. Low-volume roads comprise, at one end of the spectrum, farm-to-market roads, roads in developing countries, northern roads, roads on aboriginal lands and parklands; and at the other end of the spectrum, heavy haul roads for mining, oil and gas, oil sands extraction, and forestry. Low-Volume Road Engineering: Design, Construction, and Maintenance gives an international perspective to the engineering design of low-volume roads and their construction and maintenance. It is a single reference drawing from the dispersed literature. It lays out the basic principles of each topic, from road location and geometric design, pavement design, slope stability and erosion control, through construction to maintenance, then refers the reader to more comprehensive treatment elsewhere. Wherever possible, comparisons are made between the standard specifications and practices existing in the US, Canada, the UK, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.Topics covered include the following: Road classification, location, and geometric design Pavement concepts, materials, and thickness design Drainage, erosion and sediment control, and watercrossings Slope stability Geosynthetics Road construction, maintenance, and maintenance management Low-Volume Road Engineering: Design, Construction, and Maintenance i s a valuable reference for engineers, planners, designers and project managers in consulting firms, contracting firms and NGOs. It also is an essential reference in support of university courses on transportation engineering and planning, and on mining, oil and gas, and forestry infrastructure.

Although nosocomial, or hospital-acquired, infections have been well cataloged and are fairly well understood, traditional solutions have failed to completely eliminate the problem. Even the most modern hospitals find themselves stymied by the persistence of these pathogens in hospital wards and operating rooms. The degree to which most of these infections are airborne is not known, but a growing body of evidence indicates that airborne transmission plays a role in many hospital-acquired infections. Addressing one of the most important topics in health care, Hospital Airborne Infection Control is the first book to deal with the control of airborne nosocomial infections in detail. It identifies all pathogens known or suspected to be airborne, along with their sources in hospital environments. It also summarizes all epidemiological evidence for airborne transmission. The text addresses respiratory, surgical site, burn wound, immunocompromised, pediatric, nursing home, and non-respiratory infections. In each category, an extensive number of examples show that inhalation is not the only airborne route by which infections may be transmitted. Noting that airborne transmission and surface contamination are virtually inseparable, the author emphasizes that both air and surface disinfection, including hand hygiene, are important factors in controlling the transmission of airborne disease. He also proposes a variety of new solutions and technologies, including ultraviolet, ionization, ozone, plasma, and vegetative air cleaning systems. A compendium of scientific and medical information, this book helps hospitals control nosocomial infections and outbreaks spread by the airborne route as well as by direct contact and contact with fomites or contaminated equipment.