This work explores how the presence of African peoples has influenced the national and literary identity of American countries that have a significant black population, but do not imagine themselves primarily as black, such as the United States and Latin American nations such as Brazil.

Dimensional analysis is an essential scientific method and a powerful tool for solving problems in physics and engineering. This book starts by introducing the Pi Theorem, which is the theoretical foundation of dimensional analysis. It also provides ample and detailed examples of how dimensional analysis is applied to solving problems in various branches of mechanics. The book covers the extensive findings on explosion mechanics and impact dynamics contributed by the author 's research group over the past forty years at the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

The book is intended for research scientists and engineers working in the fields of physics and engineering, as well as graduate students and advanced undergraduates of the related fields.

Qing-Ming Tan is a former Professor at the Institute of Mechanics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.

Qing-Ming Tan is a former Professor at the Institute of Mechanics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.

Since the early 1980s, researchers and practitioners in the organisational and management fields have presumed a link between organisational, or corporate, culture and organisational performance. Whilst many believe this exists, other authors have been critical of the validity of such studies. Part of this doubt stems from a reliance on measures of organisational performance that are based purely on financial measures of business growth. Using the construction industry as the subject of his research, Vaughan Coffey traces the development of the literature on organisational culture and business effectiveness and investigates the culture-performance link using a new and highly objective measure of company performance and an evaluation of organisational culture, which is largely behaviourally-based. Providing a theoretical contribution to the field, this work shows that various cultural traits appear to be closely linked to objectively measured organisational effectiveness. This book will be valuable to professionals and researchers in the fields of management and public policy. It indicates directions for construction companies to develop and change, and in doing so strengthen their chances of remaining strong when opportunities for work might deplete and only the most successful companies will be able to survive.

Engineers and technicians working on development projects are becoming more aware of the need for the participation of local people, and that women, in particular, should be involved closely at all stages of the project cycle. This booklet sets out why engineers should involve both men and women in infrastructure projects and why women's participation has a special emphasis. It introduces ways in which engineers and technicians can ensure their projects focus on the needs of men and women. Although many people working on development projects will be aware of these issues, others may not be. As well as providing an introduction for engineers and technicians who have not covered some of the social issues before, this booklet is also useful for managers who do understand the issues but are seeking ways to tackle these, or for those who wish to explain the problems and solutions to their colleagues. This book is one of the outputs from a Knowledge and Research project funded by the Department for International Development (DFID) of the British Government.

1 Zusammenfassung.- Konzept der Studie.- Moeglichkeiten und Grenzen der Kombination beider Ansatze.- Ergebnisse.- Sachbilanz Top-down-Ansatz (Momentaufnahme 1991).- Sachbilanz Bottom-up-Ansatz (Bestandsmodell).- Gegenuberstellung der Ergebnisse.- Eingebrachte Problemstoffe.- Trendfortschreibung.- Leitbilder fur den Baubereich.- 2 Methodischer Ansatz.- 2.1 Bottom-up-Ansatz: Das Modell des Gebaudebestands.- 2.1.1 Stoffflussrelevante Beschreibung des Bestandes in Nutzungs-und Altersklassen.- 2.1.2 Aufbau des Dynamischen Gebaudebestandsmodells.- 2.1.3 Zustand des Bestands - Alterung von Gebauden.- 2.2 Top-down-Ansatz.- 2.2.1 Berechnung kumulierter Groessen im Top-down-Ansatz.- 2.2.2 Vor-und Nachteile des Top-down-Ansatzes.- 2.2.3 Erganzende Erlauterungen zur Vorgehensweise und Datenbasis beim Top-down-Ansatz.- 2.3 Methodik und Datenbasis fur die Bestimmung der eingebrachten Problemstoffe.- 2.3.1 Vorgehensweise.- 2.3.2 Datenquellen und Datenqualitat.- 2.4 Systemgrenzen.- 2.5 Gegenuberstellung des Top-down und Bottom-up-Ansatzes.- 2.6 Sachbilanz.- 2.7 Szenario.- 3 Ergebnisse der Sachbilanz.- 3.1 Bottom-up-Ansatz.- 3.1.1 Stofflager.- 3.1.2 Stoffstroeme.- 3.1.3 Flachen.- 3.1.4 Energie.- 3.1.5 Emissionen und Umweltindikatoren.- 3.1.6 Kosten.- 3.2 Stoffstroeme, Energiestroeme, Luftschadstoffemissionen und Kosten - Top-down-Ansatz.- 3.2.1 Methodik.- 3.2.2 Erstellung der Sachbilanzen.- 3.2.3 Bestimmung jahrlich anfallender Mengen an Abfallen aus den Bereichen "Bauen und Wohnen" fur verschiedene Jahre, Angaben uber weiterverwertete und weiterverwendete Anteile.- 3.2.4 Die Kosten im Sektor "Bauen und Wohnen" im Spiegel der Statistik.- 3.2.5 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse.- 3.3 Eingebrachte Problemstoffe.- 3.3.1 Aufgabenstellung.- 3.3.2 Allgemeiner Untersuchungsgang.- 3.3.3 Vorgehensweise und Begrenzungen.- 3.3.4 Stofflisten und Problemstofffrachten.- 3.3.5 Ausgewahlte Stoffe.- 3.3.6 Ausgewahlte Tatigkeitsbereiche und zugeordnete Problemstoffe.- 3.3.7 Problemstoffe im Bauschutt.- 3.3.8 Zusammenfassung und Kommentar.- 3.4 Bilanzierung und Diskussion der Ergebnisse der Bottom-up und Top-down-Ansatze.- 3.4.1 Stoffstroeme.- 3.4.2 Energie und Umweltbelastungen.- 3.5 Vergleich mit anderen Studien.- 3.5.1 Stoffstroeme.- 3.5.2 Kosten.- 3.6 Internationaler Vergleich.- 3.7 Landschafts-und Bodenverbrauch.- 3.7.1 Flacheninanspruchnahme durch Wohnungsbauflachen.- 3.7.2 Katasterdaten.- 3.7.3 Baufertigstellungen und Baugenehmigungen.- 3.7.4 Stadtebauliche Strukturtypen und ihr Flachenbedarf.- 4 Szenario.- 4.1 Modellannahmen.- 4.2 Diskussion der Ergebnisse.- 4.3 Kommentar zum Szenario.- 5 Strategische UEberlegungen zur Bestandsbewirtschaftung.- 6 Forschungsbedarf.- 6.1 Methodische Probleme.- 6.2 Untersuchungsbereich.- 6.3 Regionale Erfassung.- 6.4 Gebaudebestand.- 6.4.1 Beschreibung der Gebaude.- 6.4.2 Abriss, Entsorgung, Recycling.- 6.5 Externe Kosten.- 6.6 Bautatigkeit und Baukosten.- 6.7 OEkobilanzen von Baustoffen.- 6.8 Problemstoffe.- 6.9 Datenlage.- 7 Ziele, Massnahmen und Instrumente fur eine nachhaltige Entwicklung im Sektor "Bauen und Wohnen".- 7.1 Nachhaltigkeit im Bereich Bauen und Wohnen - Ziele und gegenwartige Entwicklungstrends.- 7.2 Handlungsfelder fur eine nachhaltige Politik im Sektor "Bauen und Wohnen".- 7.3 Perspektiven zur Fortschreibung des Bestands.- Anhang A: GISBAU-Inhaltsstoffe.- Anhang B: BUWAL-Zusatzstoffe.- Anhang C: Problemstoffe im Bauschutt.

Structural Competency for Architects is a comprehensive volume covering topics from structural systems and typologies to statics, strength of materials, and component design. The book includes everything you need to know about structures for the design of components, as well as the logic for design of structural patterns, and selection of structural typologies. Organized into six key modules, each chapter includes examples, problems, and labs, along with an answer key available on our website, so that you learn the fundamentals. Structural Competency for Architects will also help you pass your registration examinations.

The safeguarding of children and young people participating in sport has become an increasingly prominent concern in policy-making and research communities around the world. Major organisations such as the IOC and UNICEF now officially recognize that children in sport can be at risk of exploitation and abuse, and this concern has led to the emergence of new initiatives and policies aimed at protecting vulnerable young people and athletes. This book is the first to comprehensively review contemporary developments in child protection and safeguarding in sport on a global level. The book is divided into two parts. Part One critically analyses current child protection and safeguarding policy and practice in sport across a range of countries, including the US, Canada, the UK, Australia, China and Germany, providing a global context for current policy and practice. This represents the most comprehensive review to date of the landscape of child protection and safeguarding in sport and provides a starting point for critical international comparisons. Part Two explores a range of issues related to child protection and safeguarding in sport, including many not covered in previous books, such as emotional abuse, injury and over-training. While in many instances the impetus for policy in this area has arisen from concerns about sexual abuse, the second part of this book therefore opens up a broader, more holistic approach to child and athlete welfare. By bringing together many of the leading researchers working in child and athlete protection in sport from around the world, this book is important reading for all advanced students, researchers, policy-makers or practitioners working in youth sport, physical education, sports coaching, coach education or child protection.

This new volume covers the important issues related to environmental emissions from SI and CI engines as well as their formation and various pollution mitigation techniques. The book addresses aspects of improvements in engine modification, such as design modifications for enhanced performance, both with conventional fuels as well as with new and alternative fuels. It also explores some new combustion concepts that will help to pave the way for complying with new emission concepts. Alternative fuels are addressed in this volume to help mitigate harmful emissions, and alternative power sources for automobiles are also discussed briefly to cover the switch over from fueled engines to electrics, including battery-powered electric vehicles and fuel cells. The authors explain the different technologies available to date to overcome the limitations of conventional prime movers (fueled by both fossil fuels and alternative fuels). Topics examined include: * Engine modifications needed to limit harmful emissions * The use of engine after-treatment devices to contain emissions * The development of new combustion concepts * Adoption of alternative fuels in existing engines * Switching over to electrics-advantages and limitations * Specifications of highly marketed automobiles * Emission measurement methods

The only book of its kind on the market today, COMMERCIAL DRAFTING AND DETAILING, 4E will give you everything you need to gain a solid understanding of commercial drafting and detailing - it's all here, in one comprehensive resource. The fourth edition maintains the winning features of its previous editions; clear explanations and professional, practical examples that walk you through the architectural and structural drawings required in a complete set of commercial plans. It then builds on these successes by increasingly integrating design components into each chapter, replacing free-hand sketches with CAD skeleton drawings, and updating the information to reflect the 2015 International Building Code. The end result: a valuable tool that will keep you up-to-date on the most current industry trends and prepare you to succeed.

Environmental Pollution, Biodiversity, and Sustainable Development: Issues and Remediation provides an extensive summary of biodiversity. It is the result of the assistance of environmentalists, researchers, policy experts, and academicians from across the globe sharing their research and knowledge on biodiversity and ways to mitigate the threat from climate change, over-utilization of natural resources, pollution, and more. The volume considers that biodiversity encompasses a wide range of biological processes, ranging from genetic diversity, species, populations, communities and ecosystems to landscapes and regions. This book, written by a panel of international experts in biodiversity, conservation biology, and evolution from different countries, including Iran, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Tajikistan, Russia, and others, highlights the human impact on biodiversity hotspots on a global scale. The volume provides an abundance of valuable research for faculty, students, and researchers in environmental sciences, government agencies, and many others.

A practical book for professionals who rely on water quality data for decision making, this book is based on three decades experience of three highly published water and watershed resource professionals. It focuses on the analysis of air pollution sensitive waters and the consequent effects associated with soil and water acidification, nutrient-N enrichment, or the effects of atmospherically deposited toxic substances. It also covers lake zooplankton and/or stream macroinvertebrate biomonitors. Explanations of the reasons behind various recommendations provide readers with the tools needed to alter recommended protocols to match particular study needs and budget.

Find Practical Solutions to Civil Engineering Design and Cost Management Problems A guide to successfully designing, estimating, and scheduling a civil engineering project, Integrated Design and Cost Management for Civil Engineers shows how practicing professionals can design fit-for-use solutions within established time frames and reliable budgets. This text combines technical compliance with practical solutions in relation to cost planning, estimating, time, and cost control. It incorporates solutions that are technically sound as well as cost effective and time efficient. It focuses on the integration of design and construction based on solid engineering foundations contained within a code of ethics, and navigates engineers through the complete process of project design, pricing, and tendering. Well illustrated The book uses cases studies to illustrate principles and processes. Although they center on Australasia and Southeast Asia, the principles are internationally relevant. The material details procedures that emphasize the correct quantification and planning of works, resulting in reliable cost and time predictions. It also works toward minimizing the risk of losing business through cost blowouts or losing profits through underestimation. This Text Details the Quest for Practical Solutions That: Are cost effective Can be completed within a reasonable timeline Conform to relevant quality controls Are framed within appropriate contract documents Satisfy ethical professional procedures, and Address the client's brief through a structured approach to integrated design and cost management Designed to help civil engineers develop and apply a multitude of skill bases, Integrated Design and Cost Management for Civil Engineers can aid them in maintaining relevancy in appropriate design justifications, guide work tasks, control costs, and structure project timelines. The book is an ideal link between a civil engineering course and practice.

Structural Competency for Architects is a comprehensive volume covering topics from structural systems and typologies to statics, strength of materials, and component design. The book includes everything you need to know about structures for the design of components, as well as the logic for design of structural patterns, and selection of structural typologies. Organized into six key modules, each chapter includes examples, problems, and labs, along with an answer key available on our website, so that you learn the fundamentals. Structural Competency for Architects will also help you pass your registration examinations.

Data Centre Essentials Understand the design, construction and operation of data centres with this easy-to-use reference Data centres are spaces where computer systems, physical network technology and associated components are housed, operated and monitored, and any industry or business that employs computer systems or networked systems at any scale will interact with data centres. Data centres are complex and expensive to build and operate, and successful project delivery requires a wide range of specialised knowledge and skills. This accessible reference lays out the requirements for creating these essential facilities. Data Centre Essentials is a comprehensive survey of the essential principles of data centre design, construction and operation. It is designed to provide those involved in a data centre project or providing professional service deliverables to the data centre industry but do not have a technical background or deep sector experience with the understanding required to participate in such projects. The non-technical language and thorough engagement with key considerations make it ideal for anyone looking to understand one of the pillars of a digital society. Data Centre Essentials readers will also find: An authorial team with decades of combined experience in engineering and construction consultancy Detailed information about every stage in the process, including securing investment and the building process Working lexicon of key data centre terminology Data Centre Essentials is a must-own for contractors, engineers and construction project managers involved in data centre projects and will be invaluable for professionals such as lawyers, financial and insurance advisors, surveyors, engineers and architects who do not necessarily have deep domain experience but find themselves involved in or are interested in engaging in, data centre projects.

The catchment area of the Mekong River and its tributaries extends from China, through Burma/Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and to Vietnam. The water resources of the Mekong region - from the Irrawaddy and Nu-Salween in the west, across the Chao Phraya to the Lancang-Mekong and Red River in the east- are increasingly contested. Governments, companies, and banks are driving new investments in roads, dams, diversions, irrigation schemes, navigation facilities, power plants and other emblems of conventional 'development'. Their plans and interventions should provide some benefits, but also pose multiple burdens and risks to millions of people dependent on wetlands, floodplains and aquatic resources, in particular, the wild capture fisheries of rivers and lakes. This book examines how large-scale projects are being proposed, justified, and built. How are such projects contested and how do specific governance regimes influence decision making? The book also highlights the emergence of new actors, rights and trade-off debates, and the social and environmental consequences of 'water resources development'. This book shows how diverse, and often antagonistic, ideologies and interests are contesting for legitimacy. It argues that the distribution of decision-making, political, and discursive power influences how the waterscapes of the region will ultimately look and how benefits, costs and risks will be distributed. These issues are crucial for the transformation of waterscapes and the prospects for democratizing water governance in the Mekong region. The book is part of the action-research of the M-POWER (Mekong Program on Water, Environment and Resilience) knowledge network. Published with IFAD, CG|AR Challenge Program on Water & Food, M-POWER, Project ECHEL-EAU and HEINRICH BOLL STIFTUNG

In "Stochastic Dynamics of Structures," Li and Chen present a unified view of the theory and techniques for stochastic dynamics analysis, prediction of reliability, and system control of structures within the innovative theoretical framework of physical stochastic systems. The authors outline the fundamental concepts of random variables, stochastic process and random field, and orthogonal expansion of random functions. Readers will gain insight into core concepts such as stochastic process models for typical dynamic excitations of structures, stochastic finite element, and random vibration analysis. Li and Chen also cover advanced topics, including the theory of and elaborate numerical methods for probability density evolution analysis of stochastic dynamical systems, reliability-based design, and performance control of structures.

"Stochastic Dynamics of Structures" presents techniques for researchers and graduate students in a wide variety of engineering fields: civil engineering, mechanical engineering, aerospace and aeronautics, marine and offshore engineering, ship engineering, and applied mechanics. Practicing engineers will benefit from the concise review of random vibration theory and the new methods introduced in the later chapters.

"The book is a valuable contribution to the continuing development of the field of stochastic structural dynamics, including the recent discoveries and developments by the authors of the probability density evolution method (PDEM) and its applications to the assessment of the dynamic reliability and control of complex structures through the equivalent extreme-value distribution."--A. H-S. Ang, NAE, Hon. Mem. ASCE, Research Professor, University of California, Irvine, USA

"The authors have made a concerted effort to present a responsible and even holistic account of modern stochastic dynamics. Beyond the traditional concepts, they also discuss theoretical tools of recent currency such as the Karhunen-Loeve expansion, evolutionary power spectra, etc. The theoretical developments are properly supplemented by examples from earthquake, wind, and ocean engineering. The book is integrated by also comprising several useful appendices, and an exhaustive list of references; it will be an indispensable tool for students, researchers, and practitioners endeavoring in its thematic field."--Pol Spanos, NAE, Ryon Chair in Engineering, Rice University, Houston, USA

This book explores 'lessons learned' from the military intervention in Libya by examining key aspects of the 2011 NATO campaign. NATO's intervention in Libya had unique features, rendering it unlikely to serve as a model for action in other situations. There was an explicit UN Security Council mandate to use military force, a strong European commitment to protect Libyan civilians, Arab League political endorsement and American engagement in the critical, initial phase of the air campaign. Although the seven-month intervention stretched NATO's ammunition stockpiles and political will almost to their respective breaking points, the definitive overthrow of the Gaddafi regime is universally regarded as a major accomplishment. With contributions from a range of key thinkers and analysts in the field, the book first explains the law and politics of the intervention, starting out with deliberations in NATO and at the UN Security Council, both noticeably influenced by the concept of a Responsibility to Protect (R2P). It then goes on to examine a wide set of military and auxiliary measures that governments and defence forces undertook in order to increasingly tilt the balance against the Gaddafi regime and to bring about an end to the conflict, as well as to the intervention proper, while striving to keep the number of NATO and civilian casualties to a minimum. This book will be of interest to students of strategic studies, history and war studies, and IR in general.

Providing real world applications for different structural types and seismic characteristics, Seismic Design of Steel Structures combines knowledge of seismic behavior of steel structures with the principles of earthquake engineering. This book focuses on seismic design, and concentrates specifically on seismic-resistant steel structures. Drawing on experience from the Northridge to the Tohoku earthquakes, it combines understanding of the seismic behavior of steel structures with the principles of earthquake engineering. The book focuses on the global as well as local behavior of steel structures and their effective seismic-resistant design. It recognises different types of earthquakes, takes into account the especial danger of fire after earthquake, and proposes new bracing and connecting systems for new seismic resistant steel structures, and also for upgrading existing reinforced concrete structures. Includes the results of the extensive use of the DUCTROCT M computer program, which is used for the evaluation of the seismic available ductility, both monotonic and cyclic, for different types of earthquakes Demonstrates good design principles by highlighting the behavior of seismic-resistant steel structures in many applications from around the world Provides a methodological approach, making a clear distinction between strong and low-to-moderate seismic regions This book serves as a reference for structural engineers involved in seismic design, as well as researchers and graduate students of seismic structural analysis and design.

This unique book is for anyone interested in how to justify and build light rail systems in the age of limited resources and green technologies. The historical introduction addresses how many of the problems faced by light rail promoters and planners are not new and how existing solutions can be used to save time and money. The planning chapter explains the process of route identification on the basis of travel patterns and maximizing modal switch. The engineering chapter shows the costs of infrastructure, equipping and commissioning a new light rail system. The economic evaluation chapter shows promoters how each line can be assessed for viability, comparing the capital cost of construction with expected revenue, including sensitivity to different fares, market conditions, and operating costs. In conclusion, the book reviews how to keep a light rail system attractive to riders and investors after opening.

In this updated and expanded second edition, Keith Potts and Nii Ankrah examine key issues in construction cost management across the building and civil engineering sectors, both in the UK and overseas. Best practice from pre-contract to post-contract phases of the project life-cycle are illustrated using major projects such as Heathrow Terminal 5, Crossrail and the London 2012 Olympics as case studies. More worked examples, legal cases, case studies and current research have been introduced to cover every aspect of the cost manager's role. Whole-life costing, value management, and risk management are also addressed, and self-test questions at the end of each chapter support independent learning. This comprehensive book is essential reading for students on surveying and construction management programmes, as well as built environment practitioners with cost or project management responsibilities.

The first textbook on the design of FRP for structural engineering applications
Composites for Construction is a one-of-a-kind guide to understanding fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) and designing and retrofitting structures with FRP. Written and organized like traditional textbooks on steel, concrete, and wood design, it demystifies FRP composites and demonstrates how both new and retrofit construction projects can especially benefit from these materials, such as offshore and waterfront structures, bridges, parking garages, cooling towers, and industrial buildings.
The code-based design guidelines featured in this book allow for demonstrated applications to immediately be implemented in the real world. Covered codes and design guidelines include ACI 440, ASCE Structural Plastics Design Manual, EUROCOMP Design Code, AASHTO Specifications, and manufacturer-published design guides. Procedures are provided to the structural designer on how to use this combination of code-like documents to design with FRP profiles.
In four convenient sections, Composites for Construction covers:
* An introduction to FRP applications, products and properties, and to the methods of obtaining the characteristic properties of FRP materials for use in structural design
* The design of concrete structural members reinforced with FRP reinforcing bars
* Design of FRP strengthening systems such as strips, sheets, and fabrics for upgrading the strength and ductility of reinforced concrete structural members
* The design of trusses and frames made entirely of FRP structural profiles produced by the pultrusion process

Good management of water resources - universally identified as a key aspect of poverty reduction, agriculture and food security - has proven, in practice, as difficult to achieve as it is eagerly sought. This book, edited and authored by leading authorities on water resource management, examines the recent changes in governance, institutions, economics and policies of water, covering developing, transitional and developed countries, with special emphasis on southern African case studies. The book examines how water policies, institutions and governance have shifted in recent years from supply-driven, quantitative, centrally controlled management to more demand-sensitive, decentralized, participatory approaches. Such a move often also implies cost recovery principles, resource allocation among competing sectors, and privatization. The case studies demonstrate that the new policies and legal frameworks have been difficult to implement and often fall short of initial expectations. Using an accessible multidisciplinary approach that integrates economics, sociology, geography and policy analysis, the book untangles the issues and presents best practices for policy- and decision-makers, governments and regulators, NGOs and user groups, service providers, and researchers. The overall aim is to show how good water governance structures can be developed and implemented for the benefit of all.

Offers quantity surveyors, engineers, building surveyors and contractors clear guidance on how to recognise and avoid measurement risk. The book recognises the interrelationship of measurement with complex contractual issues; emphasises the role of measurement in the entirety of the contracting process; and helps to widen the accessibility of measurement beyond the province of the professional quantity surveyor. For the busy practitioner, the book includes: * Detailed coverage of NRM1 and NRM2, CESMM4, Manual of Contract Documents for Highway Works and POM(I) * Comparison of NRM2 with SMM7 * Detailed analysis of changes from CESMM3 to CESMM4 * Coverage of the measurement implications of major main and sub-contract conditions (JCT, NEC3, Infrastructure Conditions and FIDIC) * Definitions of 5D BIM and exploration of BIM measurement protocols * Considerations of the measurement risk implications of both formal and informal tender documentation and common methods of procurement * An identification of pre- and post-contract measurement risk issues * Coverage of measurement risk in claims and final accounts * Detailed worked examples and explanations of computer-based measurement using a variety of industry-standard software packages.

This book provides the latest research on and applications of advanced GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) and 3D spatial techniques in the fields of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Geophysics, Architecture, Archaeology and Cultural Heritage. It offers an updated reference guide on the above-mentioned topics for undergraduate and graduate students, PhDs, researchers, professionals and practitioners alike.