This book examines select elements, issues and analyses relating to international energy partnerships. Topics discussed include the proposed U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement which marks the start of an energy partnership in an area of international waters estimated to contain as much as 172 million barrels of oil and 304 billion cubic feet of natural gas. The main purpose of the partnership would be to lift a moratorium and to jointly develop reservoirs of oil and natural gas, referred to as "transboundary resources," that exist in areas straddling the marine border of both countries. Also discussed are the potential approaches that Europe might employ to diversify its sources of natural gas supply, Russia's role in Europe's natural gas policies, and key factors that could hinder efforts to develop alternative suppliers of natural gas as well as strategies for international co-operation in support of energy development in Pacific island nations.

Welche Chancen Beschaffungsmarkte fur Strom und Gas den nachfragenden Unternehmen bieten, und wie sie diese nutzen koennen, wird in diesem Band dargestellt. Stephan Schnorr schildert den Weg von der Anfrage eines Endkunden bis hin zum Agieren der Lieferanten an den Grosshandelsmarkten, um die sich ergebenden Chancen, aber auch die korrespondierenden Risiken bewerten zu koennen. Die resultierende Betrachtung der nutzbaren Marktsegmente schafft ein grundsatzliches Verstandnis der preisbeeinflussenden Faktoren.

Policymakers at all levels of government are debating a wide range of options for addressing the nation's faltering economic conditions. One option that is once again receiving attention is accelerated investments in the nation's public infrastructure - that is, highways, mass transit, airports, water supply and wastewater, and other facilities - in order to create jobs while also promoting long-term economic growth. This book discusses policy issues associated with using infrastructure as a mechanism to benefit economic recovery. Discussed are the Federal-Aid Highway Program (FAHP); surface transportation funding and programs under MAP-21; federal-aid highway assistance for disaster-damaged roads and bridges; earthquake risk and U.S. highway infrastructure; information on materials and practices for improving highway pavement performance; federal freight policy; Positive Train Control (PTC); Essential Air Service (EAS); the changing tide of U.S.-international container trade; and containerships that carry inventory for U.S. retailers.

Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards are fleet-wide fuel economy averages that motor vehicle manufacturers must meet each model year. On May 19th, 2009, President Obama announced a plan to integrate CAFE standards administered by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) with automotive greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions standards to be issued by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This book explores the CAFE standards and its environmental and economical impacts.

The federal government is the nation's single largest energy consumer, spending approximately $17 billion in fiscal year 2007 on energy for buildings and vehicles. This total represents almost 1 percent of all federal expenditures and these costs have been rising in recent years. In light of these energy price increases, congressional interest in making the federal government more energy efficient has grown as well. Although the federal fleet is less than 1 percent of all vehicles on the road in the U.S. today, Congress and the administration have established energy conservation objectives for the federal fleet in an effort to provide leadership in reducing petroleum consumption. This book gathers the latest data from the Federal Energy Management office and explores current government energy efficiency goals.

Die Energiewende ist inzwischen Gegenstand der sozialwissenschaftlichen Fachdisziplinen geworden. Haufig konzentriert sich die wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung auf einen speziellen Themenkomplex. Im vorliegenden Sammelband werden erstmals originar politikwissenschaftliche Beitrage gebundelt. Das Themenspektrum reicht von Energiearmut bis zu Energiewende-Governance: Lokale Konflikte, politische Partizipation und soziales Engagement sowie regionale Strategien werden umfassend dargestellt. Daneben werden Energiepolitiken anderer Lander analysiert sowie eine theoretische Einordnung der Energietransformation vorgenommen. Der Band bietet damit einen ersten Einstieg in die Welt der Energiewende aus politikwissenschaftlicher Perspektive.

Energy policy is the manner in which a given entity (often governmental) has decided to address issues of energy development including energy production, distribution and consumption. The attributes of energy policy may include legislation, international treaties, incentives to investment, guidelines for energy conservation, taxation and other public policy techniques. A national energy policy comprises a set of measures involving that country's laws, treaties and agency directives. This book presents the latest research on the economic effects, security aspects and environmental issues connected with energy policy.

Dieser Band diskutiert auf knappem Raum die wichtigsten Themenfelder der deutschen Energiewende und die damit verbundenen Chancen und Risiken. Er richtet sich an alle Interessierten, die sich in der Debatte zur Umsetzung der Energiewende "nicht mehr mitgenommen" fuhlen und sich beteiligen moechten.

The Caspian Sea is a 700 mile-long body of water in central Asia, landlocked between Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkmenistan. While not a littoral state, nearby Uzbekistan is seen by some as being in the Caspian Sea region in view of its energy resources. It is estimated that the Caspian Sea region holds in reserves 16-33 billion barrels of oil and 236-337 trillion cubic feet of natural gas in reserve. This new book explores details related to energy exploration and the potentials of trade and production in this geo-politically significant region. The possible repercussions on OPEC are explored as well. Region: Potential Oil and Gas Supply to World Markets; Index.

Die Energieversorgung der Welt steht vor einer radikalen Wende: Mit Fracking erschliesst eine neue Technik bislang unerreichbare OEl- und Gasquellen in der Tiefe. Das verandert die Spielregeln im globalen Energiemarkt. Durch die Ausbeutung dieser sogenannten unkonventionellen Lagerstatten koennen einige Staaten, die bislang von OEl- und Gas-Importen abhangig sind, zu Exporteuren aufsteigen. Die Preise fur Energie werden gerade in diesen Regionen enorm sinken. Unternehmen investieren Milliarden in Fracking und die LNG-Technologie zur Erdgasverflussigung - und verandern damit das Gefuge der Weltwirtschaft. Fur energieintensive Industrien wie Stahl- und Aluminiumhutten, Automobilfertigung oder Maschinenbau werden etwa Verlagerungen in der Produktion noetig, um die Wettbewerbsfahigkeit zu halten. Doch die Fracking-Technologie ist heftig umstritten. In diesem Buch stellen Experten den neuesten Stand der Diskussion, Chancen und Risiken des Fracking-Booms vor. Entscheider aus Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft koennen sich so ein unvoreingenommenes Bild machen, um an einer aufgeheizten Debatte kompetent teilnehmen zu koennen. Die 2. Auflage wurde durchgesehen, aktualisiert und um aktuelle Technologiefakten, Statements mit dem aktuellen Stand der Gesetzgebung sowie Prognosen erganzt.

Deutschland wird seine bisher weitgehend auf fossilen Brennstoffen basierende Energieversorgung bis zum Jahr 2050 auf grosstenteils regenerative Energien umstellen. Die Burgerinnen und Burger dieses Landes kennen dieses weltweit einzigartige Projekt unter dem Namen Energiewende. Von ihren gesellschaftlichen Wurzeln, dem Beginn ihrer Umsetzung und ihrer rasanten Entwicklung in den letzten Jahren berichtet Klaus-Dieter Maubach. Er beschreibt, wie das deutsche Energiesystem der Zukunft aussehen muss, und schlagt einen kurzfristigen Aktionsplan vor, der die volkswirtschaftlichen Kosten eindammt und die Energiewende fur die Verbraucher bezahlbar macht."

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) issues standards regulations for energy conservation pursuant to the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975, as amended, and other authorities. These standards regulations apply to certain consumer products and commercial and industrial equipment. These can include air conditioning and heating systems, washing machines, and commercial refrigeration, among numerous other examples. DOE issues standards regulations by rulemaking and includes quantitative maximum water and energy use or minimum energy conservation standards. There are currently standards regulations for more than 70 product classes (i.e., a specific type of consumer product or commercial or industrial equipment). This report reviews the assumptions, models, and methodologies that DOE uses in setting the quantitative portion of the standards regulations following the Office of Management and Budget's guidance on the use of scientific information. Review of Methods Used by the U.S. Department of Energy in Setting Appliance and Equipment Standards makes findings and recommendations on how DOE can improve its analyses and align its regulatory analyses with best practices for cost-benefit analysis. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Framework for Developing Regulations 3 Assessing Current Models: Engineering and Technology Cost and Technology Performance 4 The Economic Analysis of Standards ANNEX 4A: DETAILED COMMENTS ON THE LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSIS FOR RESIDENTIAL DISHWASHERS 5 Consideration of Alternatives to a National Standards Program 6 Addressing the Needs of a Changing World Appendix A: Committee Biographies Appendix B: Committee Activities

Die zuverlAssige Versorgung einer hoch technisierten Gesellschaft mit elektrischer Energie ist von enormer Bedeutung. Der Bedarf an unterbrechungsfreiem Strom wAchst bestAndig; gleichzeitig sind Forderungen nach Wirtschaftlichkeit, Effizienz, Kostengerechtigkeit und nicht zuletzt Umweltschutz zu erfA1/4llen.

Hinzu kommt, dass grundlegend verAnderte rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen in Deutschland und Europa Netzbetreiber vor groAe Herausforderungen stellen: Die Netze mA1/4ssen langfristig ausgebaut werden, um einen EU-weiten Strombinnenmarkt gewAhrleisten zu kAnnen. Kurz- bis mittelfristig ist durch Koordination mit anderen Netzbetreibern sicherzustellen, dass trotz neuer Transportfunktionen der Netze gravierende StromausfAlle ausbleiben.

Die vorliegende Studie prAsentiert das Resultat einer interdisziplinAren Forschungsarbeit, die Ursachen von InstabilitAten, wesentlich beeinflusst durch den Trend zu einer weitergehenden Integration der europAischen Stromnetze, untersucht und die VerlAsslichkeit der Energieversorgungsnetze reflektiert. Die Studie richtet sich mit konkreten Empfehlungen zu Investitions-, Sicherheits-, Effizienz- und QualitAtsaspekten der elektrischen Netze an Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft, Politik und die interessierte A-ffentlichkeit. Ziel ist es, fA1/4r anstehende politische Entscheidungen sowie administrative und unternehmerische MaAnahmen eine wertvolle Entscheidungsgrundlage zu bieten. So wird durch die fachA1/4bergreifende Analyse der netzwirtschaftlichen Pflichten und ihrer Regulierung eine LA1/4cke in der wissenschaftlichen Betrachtung geschlossen und Impulse fA1/4r die weitere Gestaltung der ElektrizitAtsnetzwirtschaft gegeben.

The international energy industry frequently gives rise to complex, high-value disputes. As economic and commercial circumstances change, joint venture partners may disagree over operations, sellers and buyers may manoeuvre to amend pricing terms and states may seek to improve their take from investment projects. Any of these outcomes can have significant consequences for the long-term prospects of companies operating in the sector. These are just some of the issues covered by this title, which provides a practical, user-friendly overview of the essentials of international arbitration in the energy industry. Leading practitioners from international law firms and global companies consider, among other things, the effective drafting of arbitration clauses, how to keep international arbitration affordable, gas price arbitrations, EPC and construction arbitrations, investment treaty disputes under the Energy Charter Treaty, third party funding in international arbitration and enforcement of arbitral awards. Edited by Ronnie King, Tokyo Managing Partner and international arbitration expert at international law firm Ashurst LLP, this title will be of practical value for all lawyers advising in the energy industry, and for others who have an interest in the important issues discussed.

A great fall cannot be understood apart from the rise that preceded it. Enron Ascending is the only book to date that examines in detail the first two-thirds of that iconic energy company's life. Thus, it is the only book to date that exposes the deepest causes of Enron's stunning collapse. Nobel economist Paul Krugman predicted that history would look upon Enron's plummet as a greater turning point than the fall of the Twin Towers. Enron Ascending explains the shock of the company's fall by recalling the astounding achievements of Enron's birth, childhood, adolescence, and early maturity. It sets forth the once-celebrated but now-forgotten industry and innovation that caused the company and its reputation to soar stratospherically. At the same time, always conscious of the company's fate, the book highlights throughout the developing habits of thought and behavior that later evolved into self-destructive acts of desperation and deceit. Written fifteen years after the firm's demise, Enron Ascending offers the long perspective of a uniquely positioned insider, Robert L. Bradley, Jr., the company's director of public-policy analysis and Chairman Ken Lay's personal speechwriter. The book also offers a library of previously unavailable information, drawn from Bradley's innumerable corporate documents and unrepeatable interviews, which he collected in his capacity as the company's prospective historian. Most important, however, Enron Ascending offers an antidote to the unending stories, studies, and books about Enron that are presented as just-the-facts but are in reality shaped decisively by the worldview of their authors. Bradley shows, beyond dispute, that the early habits which set precedents for Enron's history-making demise were directly contrary to the free-market behaviors and capitalist attitudes generally blamed for Enron's fall.

Americans' safety, productivity, comfort, and convenience depend on the reliable supply of electric power. The electric power system is a complex "cyber-physical" system composed of a network of millions of components spread out across the continent. These components are owned, operated, and regulated by thousands of different entities. Power system operators work hard to assure safe and reliable service, but large outages occasionally happen. Given the nature of the system, there is simply no way that outages can be completely avoided, no matter how much time and money is devoted to such an effort. The system's reliability and resilience can be improved but never made perfect. Thus, system owners, operators, and regulators must prioritize their investments based on potential benefits. Enhancing the Resilience of the Nation's Electricity System focuses on identifying, developing, and implementing strategies to increase the power system's resilience in the face of events that can cause large-area, long-duration outages: blackouts that extend over multiple service areas and last several days or longer. Resilience is not just about lessening the likelihood that these outages will occur. It is also about limiting the scope and impact of outages when they do occur, restoring power rapidly afterwards, and learning from these experiences to better deal with events in the future. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction and Motivation 2 Today's Grid and the Evolving System of the Future 3 The Many Causes of Grid Failure 4 Strategies to Prepare for and Mitigate Large-Area, Long-Duration Blackouts 5 Strategies for Reducing the Harmful Consequences from Loss of Grid Power 6 Restoring Grid Function After a Major Disruption 7 Conclusions Appendix A: Statement of Task Appendix B: Committee Biographies Appendix C: Disclosure of Conflicts of Interest Appendix D: Presentations and Committee Meetings Appendix E: Examples of Large Outages Appendix F: Acronyms

The light-duty vehicle fleet is expected to undergo substantial technological changes over the next several decades. New powertrain designs, alternative fuels, advanced materials and significant changes to the vehicle body are being driven by increasingly stringent fuel economy and greenhouse gas emission standards. By the end of the next decade, cars and light-duty trucks will be more fuel efficient, weigh less, emit less air pollutants, have more safety features, and will be more expensive to purchase relative to current vehicles. Though the gasoline-powered spark ignition engine will continue to be the dominant powertrain configuration even through 2030, such vehicles will be equipped with advanced technologies, materials, electronics and controls, and aerodynamics. And by 2030, the deployment of alternative methods to propel and fuel vehicles and alternative modes of transportation, including autonomous vehicles, will be well underway. What are these new technologies - how will they work, and will some technologies be more effective than others? Written to inform The United States Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission standards, this new report from the National Research Council is a technical evaluation of costs, benefits, and implementation issues of fuel reduction technologies for next-generation light-duty vehicles. Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles estimates the cost, potential efficiency improvements, and barriers to commercial deployment of technologies that might be employed from 2020 to 2030. This report describes these promising technologies and makes recommendations for their inclusion on the list of technologies applicable for the 2017-2025 CAFE standards. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Technologies for Reducing Fuel Consumption in Spark-Ignition Engines 3 Technologies for Reducing Fuel Consumption in Compression-Ignition Diesel Engines 4 Electrified Powertrains 5 Transmissions 6 Non-Powertrain Technologies 7 Cost and Manufacturing Considerations for Meeting Fuel Economy Standards 8 Estimates of Technology Costs and Fuel Consumption Reduction Effectiveness 9 Consumer Impacts and Acceptance Issues 10 Overall Assessment of CAFE Program Methodology and Design Appendix A: Statement of Task Appendix B: Committee Biographies Appendix C: Presentations and Committee Meetings Appendix D: Ideal Thermodynamic Cycles for Otto, Diesel, and Atkinson Engines Appendix E: SI Engine Definitions and Efficiency Fundamentals Appendix F: Examples of Friction Reduction Opportunities for Main Engine Components Appendix G: Friction Reduction in Downsized Engines Appendix H: Variable Valve Timing Systems Appendix I: Variable Valve Lift Systems Appendix J: Reasons for Potential Differences from NHTSA Estimates for Fuel Consumption Reduction Effectiveness of Turbocharged, Downsized Engines Appendix K: DOE Research Projects on Turbocharged and Downsized Engines Appendix L: Relationship between Power and Performance Appendix M: HCCI Projects Appendix N: Effect of Compression Ratio of Brake Thermal Efficiency Appendix O: Variable Compression Ratio Engines Appendix P: Fuel Consumption Impact of Tier 3 Emission Standards Appendix Q: Examples of EPA's Standards for Gasoline Appendix R: Impact of Low Carbon Fuels to Achieve Reductions in GHG Emissions (California LCFS 2007 Alternative Fuels and Cleaner Fossil Fuels CNG, LPG) Appendix S: NHTSA's Estimated Fuel Consumption Reduction Effectiveness of Technologies and Estimated Costs of Technologies Appendix T: Derivation of Turbocharged, Downsized Engine Direct Manufacturing Costs Appendix U: SI Engine Pathway NHTSA Estimates Direct Manufacturing Costs and Total Costs Appendix V: SI Engine Pathway NRC Estimates Direct Manufacturing Costs Alternative Pathway, Alternative High CR with Exhaust Scavenging, and Alternative EVAS Supercharger Appendix W: Technologies, Footprints, and Fuel Economy for Example Passenger Cars, Trucks, and Hybrid Passenger Cars Appendix X: Full System Simulation Modeling of Fuel Consumption Reductions Appendix Y: Acronym List

The standard incandescent light bulb, which still works mainly as Thomas Edison invented it, converts more than 90% of the consumed electricity into heat. Given the availability of newer lighting technologies that convert a greater percentage of electricity into useful light, there is potential to decrease the amount of energy used for lighting in both commercial and residential applications. Although technologies such as compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) have emerged in the past few decades and will help achieve the goal of increased energy efficiency, solid-state lighting (SSL) stands to play a large role in dramatically decreasing U.S. energy consumption for lighting. This report summarizes the current status of SSL technologies and products-light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and organic LEDs (OLEDs)-and evaluates barriers to their improved cost and performance. Assessment of Advanced Solid State Lighting also discusses factors involved in achieving widespread deployment and consumer acceptance of SSL products. These factors include the perceived quality of light emitted by SSL devices, ease of use and the useful lifetime of these devices, issues of initial high cost, and possible benefits of reduced energy consumption. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 History of Public Policy on Lighting 3 Assessment of LED and OLED Technologies 4 Assessment of Solid-State Lighting Products 5 Solid-State Lighting Applications 6 SSL Large-Scale Deployment 7 Findings and Recommendations Glossary Appendixes Appendix A: Committee Biographical Information Appendix B: Committee Activities Appendix C: Acronyms and Abbreviations

This book redefines climate protection measures and readjusts climate protection targets in line with what is scientifically necessary and economically feasible. The reader is provided with an overview of recent developments and failings in, and successful instruments for, fighting climate change and global warming. Effective climate protection measures rest on two pillars: stopping all greenhouse gas emissions and cleaning the atmosphere of spare carbon. Both are possible, if the use of fossil fuels in the energy, transport, construction and chemistry sectors is terminated and the decision is made to consistently switch to a world economy with zero emissions instead. Global Feed-in-Tariffs can provide incentives for renewable energies as the German Feed-in-Tariff has proven - a measure which has been copied by almost 70 nations around the world. At the same time agricultural practices are necessary to support an increase in biodiversity, e.g. re-greening the desert, afforestation and organic agriculture and active storage of atmospheric carbon emissions within agricultural soils. This book demonstrates that investment in renewable energies and a sustainable economy is not only a worthwhile cause but also has an economic value. The book introduces new actors such as the financial industry as an investor and political actor. If the financial industry becomes a political actor and calls for a necessary regulatory framework, more nations will follow - accompanied by an economic benefit - which will create a class of pioneer nations instead of the ever failing project of a global climate agreement. The transformation of the world economy can be accelerated through the right political measures. Active legislative support is necessary, for example the implementation of Feed-in-Tariffs for renewable energies, ending all subsidies for fossil fuels and the internalization of external damage costs such as nuclear waste management. Global warming does not have to be our inescapable fate. If mankind pursues the right climate protection strategies, the earth can be cooled down to an acceptable level in a few decades.

This book examines the spectrum of risks posed to the development, financing, construction and operation of trans-boundary energy infrastructure and the tools that may be deployed to manage these risks. The book begins by examining trends in trans-boundary energy infrastructure and the nature of the risks - non-technical, technical and financing - which infrastructure development projects and existing operations must anticipate and manage. Individual categories of intergovernmental and host government risk will be viewed from the perspectives of leading international experts. These risks, and the tools applied to manage them, will also be viewed from the different viewpoints of the state and private sector counterparties, lenders, affected communities and other interested third parties, such as indigenous communities, individual landowners and the non-governmental organisations that typically represent their interests. Against a backdrop of global energy supply/demand dislocations, fragility in the global financial markets, increasing awareness of the impact of projects on individuals, communities and the environment (especially in the wake of the recent BP disaster in the Gulf of Mexico), and medium to longer-term concerns about security of supply and climate change, it is increasingly clear that the bandwidth of risks which infrastructure developers, operators and their advisers now need to be aware of is becoming much broader.

There is a growing sense of national urgency about the role of energy in long-term U.S. economic vitality, national security, and climate change. This urgency is the consequence of many factors, including the rising global demand for energy; the need for long-term security of energy supplies, especially oil; growing global concerns about carbon dioxide emissions; and many other factors affected to a great degree by government policies both here and abroad. On March 13, 2008, the National Academies brought together many of the most knowledgeable and influential people working on energy issues today to discuss how we can meet the need for energy without irreparably damaging Earth's environment or compromising U.S. economic and national security-a complex problem that will require technological and social changes that have few parallels in human history. The National Academies Summit on America's Energy Future: Summary of a Meeting chronicles that 2-day summit and serves as a current and far-reaching foundation for examining energy policy. The summit is part of the ongoing project 'America's Energy Future: Technology Opportunities, Risks, and Tradeoffs,' which will produce a series of reports providing authoritative estimates and analysis of the current and future supply of and demand for energy; new and existing technologies to meet those demands; their associated impacts; and their projected costs. The National Academies Summit on America's Energy Future: Summary of a Meeting is an essential base for anyone with an interest in strategic, tactical, and policy issues. Federal and state policy makers will find this book invaluable, as will industry leaders, investors, and others willing to convert concern into action to solve the energy problem. Table of Contents Front Matter Part I: The Current Context 1 A Growing Sense of Urgency 2 The Challenge of Global Warming 3 The Developing World - The Case of China Part II: Energy Supplies 4 Petroleum and Natural Gas 5 Coal 6 Nuclear Power 7 Biofuels 8 Other Renewable Sources of Energy Part III: Energy Uses 9 Transportation 10 Buildings and Industry Part IV: Meeting the Challenge 11 Pathways to a Sustainable Future 12 The Public Sector Response 13 The Role of the Private Sector - The Case of Google 14 Barriers and Potential References Appendixes Appendix A: America's Energy Future Project Appendix B: Speakers at the Summit Appendix C: Summit Agenda Appendix D: Units of Measure and Equivalences