What are the forces that are driving firms and industries to globalize their operations? This volume explores how specific industries have organized their global operations through case studies of seven manufacturing industries: garments and textiles, automobiles and auto parts, televisions, hard disk drives, flat panel displays, semiconductors, and personal computers. Based on long-term research sponsored by the Sloan Foundation, the chapters provide readers with a nuanced understanding of the complex matrix of factor costs, access to inimitable capabilities, and time-based pressures that influence where firms decide to locate particular segments of the value chain.
The book examines globalization within the context of five factors affecting locational decisions: advances in transportation and communication; the clustering of knowledge assets; the drive to reduce cycle times; the commodification of existing products; and the relative advantages of proximity to customers. The case studies are framed by Paul Deguid's Preface on the significance of power in value chains and Bruce Kogut's conclusion on the importance of knowledge in locational decisions. Together, the chapters reveal a remarkable diversity of responses across industries to these forces, and suggest that any understanding of globalization must appreciate this diversity.
This volume is ideal for both MBA and undergraduate students studying the location of economic activities by multinational firms.

"Presenting findings from research into Sweden's leading multinationals this book focuses on engineering companies operating in global industries such as pharmaceutical, aerospace, packing systems and automotive. It explores research and practice within the area of HRM focusing on project-based organizations"--

This annotated bibliography of 19th-century literature by and about American textile factory workers examines 457 texts, including novels, short fiction, poetry, drama, narratives, and children's literature, and offers new insights into 19th-century working-class culture. The textile industry was the premier and largest 19th-century industry in the United States. The texts, drawn from a variety of publications, such as workers' periodicals, mainstream publishers' monographs, newspapers, magazines, story papers, dime novels, pulp publications, and Sunday-school tracts, reveal the variety and complexity of the factory literature and represent the largest body of American working-class women's literature. The literature explores a number of women's concerns, such as their roles as workers, sexual harassment, marriage, motherhood, and homosexual and heterosexual relationships, and treats the factory work experience of hundreds of thousands of 19th-century children. Annotations are divided among 14 topical chapters that highlight such key issues as women's independence, class bias, child labor, technology, and protest. Most entries include information on text availability, including microform reprints and U.S. library holdings for rare titles. Scholars of 19th-century women's literature and history will value the full picture of 19th-century factory women's lives that emerges through the synopses of the literature. This work includes the first literary depictions of and protest against child labor, the first anti-factory poem, and the first fictional depiction of a strike. The more than 50 annotated texts that treat child labor offer new source material for the study of child labor in19th-century America. Appendices furnish a chronological listing of titles, a selection of nonfiction texts, and a listing of unavailable texts.

This book examines the U.S. pulp and paper industry between 1900 and 1940, the period when pulp and paper production relocated from the North to the South and the West. This relocation was one of the most influential shifts in industrial production in the 20th century, ranking second in extent of out-migration only to the exit of the cotton textile industry in roughly the same period. This study focuses on the reason for the shift, with an emphasis on the interrelationships among firm location, industrial structure, vertical integration, and firm survival and growth. The work opens with an introductory summary of the economic background of the industry during the period and, then, provides a more detailed description of economic trends in pulp and paper production from 1900 to 1940. Chapter 3 analyzes the relocation of pulp and paper production to the South and the Pacific Coast. Chapter 4 discusses the structure of the industry in light of modern industrial organization theory. The vertical integration of pulp and paper production is covered in chapters 5 and 6, and chapter 7 analyzes mill survival and growth. The final chapter reviews the study's major findings. The book will be of interest to economic historians, industrial economists, and students of economic geography, development economics, and regional economics.

With the establishment of new international standards for environmental management systems (EMS), many managers are faced with the daunting and often bewildering task of creating management systems that enable their companies to conform to these standards. In their haste and confusion, however, many companies implement bureaucratic, ineffective systems that add no real value to their businesses.

The ISO 14001 Implementation Guide: Creating an Integrated Management System shows you how to use the ISO 14001 standard to improve your company's productivity and profitability while meeting registration requirements. Using a practical, business-oriented approach, this authoritative book details the background and development of the ISO 14000 series of standards, fully explains the requirements of 14001, and offers hands-on guidance on how to implement an effective EMS. It highlights common but costly mistakes, and leads you step-by-step through the creation of an EMS that will result in a more competitive business as well as a cleaner environment.

Suzan L. Jackson draws on her experience as an ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 consultant and trainer and as a member of the U.S. Technical Advisory Group to ISO Technical Committee 207, which is developing the ISO 14000 environmental management standards. With her insider's perspective, Jackson demonstrates how the implementation of a cohesive, well-defined management system helps cut costs, increase efficiency, and focus energies. In addition, she provides insights into ways of successfully integrating ISO 9000, ISO 14001, and other management systems.

The ISO 14001 Implementation Guide provides a wealth of proven tips, techniques, and tools that help ensure smooth, trouble-free, and efficient EMS implementation, including critical success factors, flowcharts for setting up the elements of an environmental management system, helpful tips, and advice for avoiding common pitfalls.

With its timely, straightforward, and on-target advice, The ISO 14001 Implementation Guide is the definitive, practical guide for environmental and quality professionals and managers who need to develop an environmental management system that will improve business as well as meet the ISO 14001 standard.

"An excellent, and very readable workbook on how to integrate management systems into an organization. ISO 14001 will be an important, but difficult, step into the future for much of U.S. industry—this book should be close at hand for those taking that step."—Dorothy P. Bowers, Vice President, Environmental and Safety Policy , Merck & Co., Inc.

"Suzan Jackson's book provides vital guidance and answers. . . . Her book can be quite helpful to those who are considering establishing a new environmental management system, or those who just want a better understanding of ISO 14001."—John Master, Former Director, Environmental, Health and Safety , ARCO Chemical Co.

"A remarkably easy-to-read, highly authoritative guide to a very complex standard. Suzan Jackson shows us how environmental management and business ,improvement are no longer mutually exclusive goals." —Robin Gildersleeve, President, INFORM (International Forum for Management Systems, Inc.)

Written by a recognized ISO expert and member of the U.S. Technical Advisory Group to ISO Technical Committee 207, which is preparing the ISO 14000 environmental management standard, this invaluable guide shows you how to:

• Learn to use an environmental management system to improve the overall effectiveness and profitability of the company.
• Meet the requirements of ISO 14001.
• Develop and implement a cohesive, well-defined environmental management system.
• Integrate an EMS with other management systems.
• Formulate an environmental policy and draw up strategic plans and objectives for your company.
• Monitor and measure the effectiveness of the system, keep records, and take preventive and corrective action.

Fast advances in information technology have led to a smarter world vision with ubiquitous interconnection and intelligence. Smart Manufacturing Innovation and Transformation: Interconnection and Intelligence covers both theoretical perspectives and practical approaches to smart manufacturing research and development triggered by ubiquitous interconnection and intelligence. This reference work discusses the transformation of manufacturing, the latest developments in smart manufacturing innovation, current and emerging technology opportunities, and market imperatives that enable manufacturing innovation and transformation, useful tools for readers in industry, academia, and government.

It is commonly known that fashion is big business, yet given its global significance, little has been written on the phenomenon of the fashion system. Instead, books have tended to focus on dress history, although recently the discipline has taken a more theoretical turn, with a spate of books appearing that analyze the underlying forces motivating fashion. This pioneering book unites theory and practice to provide an integrated series of snapshots taken from different perspectives of the fashion business in the second half of the twentieth century. Featuring contributions by leading experts in three main areas of important debate within the industry - the theory and culture of fashion; design and industry; and image and marketing - the book will be an essential reference for students, practitioners and theoreticians. It addresses such key issues as: the relationship between culture and clothing; the intersection of fashion and modernity; the origins of glamour; the role of creativity and the power of design; the chain store challenge; the age of the thinking designer; retail concepts; and minimalism in fashion. It is certain to be required reading on fashion courses and in related disciplines, including media, cultural and consumption studies.

Whether used as predictors or indicators of stock prices, financial risk, merger candidates, or bond yields, financial ratios have been, and continue to be, a popular tool for analyzing a firm and its performance. Practitioners and academics who employ financial ratios often compare and contrast across several industries, but such evaluations assume that the ratios of one industry measure the same underlying concepts as the ratios of another. This book provides evidence on the comparability of financial ratios across several industries, assessing the similarity or dissimilarity of ratios among industry taxonomies, or groups of ratios.

Extending previous studies that focused primarily on manufacturing firms, this work surveys a wide variety of both manufacturing and retail corporations, and determines the classification patterns of their respective financial ratios. The taxonomies of thirty two ratios, in seven representative industries, are examined for the ten-year period from 1978 through 1987. Two introductory chapters detail the nature of the research, the data utilized, variables employed, and statistical methodologies, as well as providing a brief summary of the results. A third chapter furnishes results for the entire economy by factors of return, cash flow, cash position, inventory, sales, liquidity, and debt; while seven separate chapters describe the study's conclusions for each of the primary industries: automobile and aerospace; chemical, rubber, and oil; electronics; food; retail; steel; and textile. The work concludes with a summary of the study and its conclusions, and an examination of the limitations of this type of research and possibilities for its extension. This book will be a valuable practical resource for accounting and finance professionals, as well as an important reference for courses in finance, accounting, and management. Public, academic, and business libraries will also find it a useful addition to their collections.

The book is focused on various applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in additive manufacturing such as aerospace and defense, automotive, consumer products, industrial products, medical devices and more. The book not only highlights the latest research status in the domain but also identi?es future scope of work for the field of manufacturing. It provides a provides a deep and state-of-the-art technological-scientific approach and offers a comprehensive guide on AI in additive manufacturing. It presents a necessary discussion on the successes and challenges within the excitement of building a future with AI technology and serves as a guide for how the technology impacts industries, how the technology has matured and been implemented, and the long-term competitive advantages. This book will present case studies, literature reviews, recent examples and technical developments to illustrate existing technologies and prospects for the future. There is no doubt that AI in additive manufacturing has gained interest and the research in the area will continue to develop, with this book itself adding to the commentary.

This book assesses the state of international manufacturing strategy and clarifies how recent developments, for example regarding configuration, technology, and the environment, are impacting on its content and direction and on its relationship to manufacturing performance. In providing up-to-date coverage of the consequences of such forces and factors for international manufacturing, this book aims to expand the debate concerning international manufacturing strategy and cast light on its current evolution. International manufacturing is operating within a time of great flux. While offshoring of activities has dominated over recent decades, nearshoring and reshoring are increasingly being considered and observed in practice. At the same time, technologies such as 3D-printing are gaining traction and the role of ICT and data analytics is increasingly important in the international manufacturing landscape while digitization becomes more prevalent and the embrace of the Internet of Things (IOT) accelerates. Furthermore, issues related to the environment are figuring more prominently in international manufacturing considerations, and assumptions regarding the long-term cost of energy are being called into question. International manufacturing is also experiencing greater servitization.

This work serves as a comprehensive update to Jesse W. MarkhaM's 1952 industrial organization study, Competition in the Rayon Industry. It extends MarkhaM's study to all large volume man-made fibers in a manner that will also be applicable to other industries. David Goldenberg offers new insights into the structure, price and nonprice behavior, and performance of a large and technically advanced industry. This study provides a practical test of industrial organization theory and performance, as well as a real-world examination of many of the issues most crucial to the man-made fibers industry.

Goldenberg begins his work with an introduction and general summary that outline the study's major conclusions. Subsequent chapters provide a brief overview of the U.S. man-made fibers industry, and a detailed look at the numerous structural issues. Among the subjects covered are the conditions of supply and demand, the structures of the subindustries composing the larger fibers industry, and the structural determinants such as costs and economies of scale, existence, and integration. Two chapters focus on the price aspects of the industry's behavior, including price trends, cyclical and short-run behavior, price structures, and selling terms, as well as nonprice behavior. The final chapter examines the industry's performance in terms of its overall social benefits, productivity, and workability. This work will be an important resource for scholars and students in the industrial organization and industrial economics fields, as well as for public, academic, and business libraries.

This work explores the rise of manufacturing in antebellum America through the beliefs and practices of key industrialists and their families, exploring how they represented the diverse possibilities for the organization of a new industrial society.

The capital goods industries--machinery, electrical and electronic equipment, transport equipment (except automobiles), and instruments and related equipment--provide more than one-third of total U.S. exports. But in the past twenty years, these industries have displayed a continual weakening of their competitive position. In this study, Robert Eckley investigates this leading sector of the American economy and its competition for global markets by concentrating on case studies of seven companies that represent the principal segments of the capital goods industries.

The approach that Eckley takes is an empirical one, utilizing the experience of IBM, Boeing, General Electric, Eastman Kodak, Caterpillar, Cummins, and Cincinnati Milacron to illustrate the developments that have occurred in this sector of the world economy. The companies are all leaders within their industries, and also offer a representative variety of the products, processes, and labor organizations found in the capital goods industries. Following a detailed introduction, Eckley devotes one chapter to each of the seven companies, seeking out commonalities within the larger capital goods sector and drawing conclusions about costs, markets, and organizational and managerial practices. A concluding chapter focuses on the keys to regaining American leadership: increasing capital investment, remedying educational deficiencies, and improving business decisions. Marketing and planning executives in international business will find this work to be an invaluable resource, as will students in business and public policy courses.

ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) systems are now the backbone of the information systems in many commercial companies and public sector organisations. The intended benefits of these systems are well known (coping with the fragmentation of former information systems, providing functional integration and supporting best practices for instance). Yet, their implementation in a company is still a traumatising project, with these difficulties being reported in many articles and books explaining reasons for failure, listing conditions of success, or suggesting project management methods aimed at improving their implementation.

A Socio-technical Insight on ERP Systems and Organisational Change is based on the premise that two distinct communities are interested in this problem: engineers and consultants on the one hand, and researchers of Human and Social Sciences on the other hand. The first group often emphasises the technical benefit of the ERP adoption as a source of performance improvement, while the latter group is mainly oriented on the difficulties - and perhaps impossibility - of the adoption of such systems by individuals and organisations.

A Socio-technical Insight on ERP Systems and Organisational Change brings together the views of experts from the two communities to allow for interpretations of the different interrelations amongst ERP systems, organisations and individuals. As ERP systems are software systems that are supposed to support both organisation activity and individual work, the book emphasises not only the influence of the software on the organisation but also how the different ways they are used in practice result in the unpredictable mutualadjustment between those in the organisation and the tool. Together, the chapters illustrate various aspects of this mutual adjustment and are written by engineers, computer scientists, consultants, sociologists, economists and researchers situated in the information and communication sciences. This affords a unique and comprehensive insight into the problem. Without trying to build an artificial consensus, several case studies are commented upon alternatively with a technical and social view, showing how the same facts can have different interpretations providing a better understanding of the phenomenon in question.

A Socio-technical Insight on ERP Systems and Organisational Change is a must-read text for students and researchers in management, engineering science and sociology, as well as for technical and human resource managers and consultants in charge of implementation projects.

This book represents a major milestone in the endeavour to understand how communication is impacting on the fashion industry and on societal fashion-related practices and values in the digital age. It presents the proceedings of FACTUM 19, the first in a series of fashion communication conferences that highlights important theoretical and empirical work in the field. Beyond documenting the latest scientific insights, the book is intended to foster the sharing of methodological approaches, expand the dialogue between communications' studies and fashion-related disciplines, help establish an international and interdisciplinary network of scholars, and offer encouragement and fresh ideas to junior researchers. It is of high value to academics and students in the fields of fashion communication, fashion marketing, visual studies in fashion, digital transformation of the fashion industry, and the cultural heritage dimension of fashion. In addition, it is a key resource for professionals seeking sound research on fashion communication and marketing.

Achieving operative excellence is an important endeavour for all companies ? it is the golden path that leads to increased value over the long term. Through this book you too can achieve operations excellence within your own company.

This book explores, describes and explains the predictors essential for the acceptance of social media as a digital platform to share professional knowledge in the field of automotive repair in Germany. It reports a rigorous literature review covering key elements of social media, knowledge management and technology acceptance studies. The book assumes a pragmatist approach and applies mixed methods in an exploratory sequential design, combining qualitative and quantitative methods to ensure robust collection and analysis of the collected data. Based on a survey on German automotive repair shops, the author provides a framework, for various stakeholders, to comprehend the motivations for knowledge sharing for automotive repair professionals in Germany. This book not only adds to the existing academic body of knowledge but also provides implications for industry and legislation on a European scale.