The seventh "Oxford Conference" on Modeling and Control of Ventilation was held in the beautiful setting of Northem Ontario at the Grandview Inn in Hunstville. This meet- ing was called the Canadian Conference on Modeling and Control ofVentilation (CCMCV) to follow on LCMCV held in London, England, three years ago. The beautiful view over Fairy Lake greeted everyone in the moming and provided an ideal setting for many discus- sions about respiratory physiology and modeling. The Oxford Conferences began in 1971 when Dr. Richard Hercynski (a mathematical modeler with an interest in respiratory physiology) and Dr. Dan Cunningham (a respiratory physiologist with an interest in modeling) decided to organize a meeting "Modelling of a Biological Control System: Tbe Regulation of Breathing" in Oxford, England, in 1978. The meeting was a success, and it spawned aseries of meetings that have continued to today. A second conference was organized at Lake Arrowbead, Califomia, in 1982. After tbis, con- ferences were repeated at tbree-year intervals. My first Oxford Conference was at tbe abbey in Solignac, France, in 1985. Next, we met in tbe cabins overlooking Grand Lake, Colorado, in 1988. In 1991, we traveled to the training institute at the base ofMt. Fuji (or at least they tell us Mt. Fuji was out there--we never saw it because of a typhoon rolling through). Our last meeting was at Royal Holloway College (University of London) where we got to dine in a castle among artwork that required guards and an electronic security system.

Why write a book on the tourniquet? The tourniquet is used routinely in op- ating theatres throughout the world, but as far as I know there is no single book that surveys the considerable literature that has accumulated. If used sensibly, the tourniquet is a safe instrument. Most of the few complications seen with its use are preventable. However, when something untoward happens, the tour- quet suddenly becomes an interesting subject, particularly if there is the likelihood of medicolegal consequences. This book summarises the scientific background of the tourniquet and describes a safe physiological approach to preventing complications. Examples of medicolegal problems are included. Considerable progress had been made since Lister first excised a tuberculous wrist joint in a bloodless field. Many researchers have studied the effects of ischaemia and pressure on nerves and muscles. Tourniquets have entered the age of computers and are now much more sophisticated. Despite this, there is still much dogma surrounding the tourniquet in operating theatres and in textbooks. This book is aimed at orthopaedic surgeons, anaesthetists and op- ating-theatre staff. I hope that this short text will stimulate a more widespread interest in the tour- quet and improve safe practice.

Many drugs used in current anesthetic practice are administered intravenously. An appreciation of their kinetics and dynamics is of great assistance in determining the most appropriate drug to use, and optimal dosage regimens for any given patient. This book is specially oriented to the requirements of anesthesiologists. It will enable the student of those subjects to gain enough knowledge to make these subjects usable in daily anesthetic practice. As such it is intermediate in difficulty between mathematically oriented texts, and those which only offer a very qualitative understanding of these subjects. Practical applications and examples of the uses to which kinetic and dynamic principles can be put in daily practice are emphasized and illustrated. Basic principles and techniques with which the reader can perform kinetic and dynamic calculations are explained simply and demonstrated in detail using examples derived from clinical practice. Two appendices provide kinetic and dynamic data on the most commonly used anesthetic drugs. The last chapters use the principles discussed in the first chapters to show how variations of normal physiology and disease affect drug kinetics and dynamics. This is especially valuable to the clinician as it enables clinically useful, albeit qualitative, predictions to be made of the direction of any change of kinetic and dynamic parameters of drugs due to these factors.

Dr Podcast (www.dr-podcast.com) is a great way to revise for the FRCA exams and has been met with widespread enthusiasm from candidates. It provides podcasts of questions and model answers with no redundant material. Dr Podcast scripts are now available in print format. Containing the scripts of all 90 individual podcasts from the Dr Podcast Primary FRCA collection, they also include diagrams the reader can draw to explain their answers. They cover the entire syllabus for the Primary FRCA, allowing the readers to experience the style of the questions likely to be asked and providing tips on how to excel in the exam. Each podcast is written by a successful candidate who has insight and experience of the exam, and all material has been reviewed by experienced consultants with detailed knowledge of the educational standards. For those preparing for the Primary FRCA exams, Dr Podcast scripts are a must.

When I first proposed this book, one of the hopes was that it would be the stage upon which would be conducted a quiet, well reasoned discussion of the various techniques of stereotactic radio surgery. At that time, there was quite a bit of rancorous debate that tended to obscure the scientific and medical merits of each of the separate methods. At the present time, I am happy to report that the field of stereotactic radiosurgery is much less riven by such inappropriate posturing. The field has taken many steps towards maturity, both technically and medically. In the course of this mat uration process, there have been many grandiose plans and speeches made on behalf of stereotactic radiosurgery. Inevitably, the reality will not live up to the hype, but such is the natural course of devel opment in these sorts of matters. However, even though events may not match our hopes, we should keep in mind the words of Herbert Parker. Recognizing that new modalities for the treatment of cancer do not stand much chance of revolutionary success, nevertheless, he quite correctly pointed out that " . . . with any type of radiatiQn, the margin between success and failure is small. If the chance of success is a little greater . . . thi~ might well be classed as a great advance. " Mark H.

In the past ten years, full-scale simulation training has become dramatically more evident in undergraduate and graduate medical education. This increase has been due pri marily to two factors: the development of new computer-driven technology and an interest in simulation-specific training techniques. Technologically, simulators have evolved from simple anatomical reproductions to full-scale accurate reproductions of anatomy and physiology powered by multiple computers. High-technology simulation centers run by teams of faculty are emerging as integral tools in fulfilling medical centers' educational missions. In addition, educational techniques specific to simulation, which have been de veloped and used by other industries for over half a century, are being applied to medical training. Aviation and aerospace have used sophisticated simulation since the 1950s to train pilots and astronauts. Extrapolating these methods for use in the medical world has been a natural course of events, particularly in specialties that require some of the same basic thought processes and interactions required of the pilot or astronaut. It is not surprising, then, that anesthesiology would be the medical specialty to take the lead in adding simula tion training to its educational programs. The anesthesiologist's job in the operating room is similar to that of a pilot in a cockpit, not in the specific tasks, but in decision making, technological and human interfaces, and crisis management."

Authored by "a superb clinician and award-winning teacher,"* Near Misses in Pediatric Anesthesiology, Second Edition is a thorough updating and significant expansion of this popular case book in the newest anesthesiology subspecialty to be approved by the American Board of Medical Specialties. The book comprises 87 true-story clinical "near misses," including 40 cases that are brand new. Recommendations, references, and discussion accompany each case. The cases provide an ideal basis for problem-centered learning and also model how to learn from experience and to maintain professionalism during the lifelong development of clinical expertise. Dr. Brock-Utne's latest case book provides a pediatric complement to his bestselling Case Studies of Near Misses in Clinical Anesthesia (Springer, 2012) and Clinical Anesthesia: Near Misses and Lessons Learned (Springer, 2008) . * Jay B. Brodsky, MD, from the Foreword.

This volume contains selected works from the 25th Anniversary of the International Conference on Intracranial Pressure (ICP) held in Williamsburg, Virginia. The theme of the meeting was Intracranial Pressure and Neuromonitoring and focused on all the current state of the art brain monitoring methodologies and their application to brain injury. The brain monitoring techniques covered a wide spectrum from neurochemical monitoring of the injured brain to specialized techniques for assessing shunt function in normal pressure hydrocephalus. It also includes the most recent advances in monitoring of the brain oxygen levels using electrodes or the less invasive Near Infrared Sprectroscopy devices. Controversial issues regarding the management of ICP and CPP or both are also addressed and there are several works dealing with this topic. Of particular interest is the group of papers describing diagnosis and outcome in normal pressure hydrocephalus. It is the first compilation of papers which covers all the latest brain monitoring studies in both ischemia, trauma and hydrocephalus. The manuscripts in this volume have been selected from over 300 abstracts submitted to this international symposium. The abstracts are also published in order to provide the most comprehensive view of the progress made in brain injury research.

Anesthesia and the Central Nervous System is a textbook for a postgraduate course as well as a reference for all anesthesiologists which presents many of the latest concepts in anesthesiology within a brief formal presentation. An outstanding faculty presents topics relating to the biochemistry, physiology, and pharmacology of the nervous system, the anesthetic management of intracranial and spinal cord surgery, and the intensive care management of central nervous system disease. Each chapter is a brief but sharply focused glimpse of the interests in anesthesia. This textbook is the eleventh in a continuing series documenting the proceedings of the Postgraduate Course in Salt Lake City.

The small neck of the aneurysm afforded an easy surgical attack. An ordinary flat silver clip was placed over the sac and tightly compressed obliterated it completely. The clip was flush with the wall of the carotid artery. The sac, lateral to the silver clip, was then picked up with the forceps and thrombosed by the electocautery. Walter Dandy reporting his successful operation of a posterior communicating aneurysm on March 23, 1937. Walter Dandy's patient left the hospital in good health 2 weeks later, and from his report one may gain the impression that the operation was an easy task. Despite continuous developments during the following decades, it was not until the introduction of the operating microscope and microsurgical techniques that surgical treatment was generally accepted. During the microsurgical era surgical results have continued to improve due to diagnostical, neuroanaesthesi ological, and microsurgical refinements, and improved neurointensive care. Endovascular obliteration has become an important treatment alternative but this has not been included in this particular volume. The purpose of the present supplement of the ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA is to review some of the elements in the neurosurgical management of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage that are important for a successful outcome. Professor Helge Nornes has been a major force in the development of new techniques and research strategies in this area for a number of years and has recently retired from the National Hospital in Oslo."

The field of neural control of breathing has advanced rapidly in the past two decades, with the emergence of many new and promising research directions of increasing sophistication. The complexity and diversity of the current methodologies signify its remarkable vivacity, albeit at the price of much confusion. Captured in this book are the broad and intricate nature of the field and its multifaceted frontiers, including aspects of genetics, cell and molecular biology, comparative biology, neurophysiology, neurochemistry, neuroanatomy, imaging, human physiology in health and disease, and influence of environmental factors. Major topics include chemosensitivity, respiratory sensation, respiratory neurons, rhythmogenesis, plasticity, development, chemoreflex and exercise, respiratory instability and variability with behavioral and sleep states, etc., which are systematically laid out in the book for easy referencing.

During the last decade, the effects of anaesthetics on cerebral blood flow, cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen and intracranial pressure have been studied experimentally and clinically. In this review studies of CBF and CMRO2 during craniotomy have been performed with the classical technique described by Kety and Schmidt. In chapter 1 general considerations concerning the effects of anaesthetics on cerebral blood flow and metabolism are reviewed. In chapters 2 and 3 the effects of inhalation agents and hypnotics on flow and metabolism are considered. Chapters 4 and 5 cover the effects of central analgetics, and neuromuscular blocking agents. In chapter 6 the effects of other drugs in common use in neuroanaesthetic practice are summarized. Chapter 7 considers the effects of drugs used for controlled hypotension. In chapter 8 the application of Kety's method in studies of CBF and metabolism is reviewed, the studies of cerebral circulation and metabolism during nine different techniques of anaesthesia for craniotomy are presented, and other studies of cerebral circulation during neuroanaesthesia are reviewed. In chapter 9 considerations concerning central and cerebral hemodynamics during anaesthesia in the sitting position are considered. This review is primarily addressed to anaesthetists, but it will also be of interest to those working within neurosurgery, neuroradiology and clinical neurophysiology.

Anesthesia and the Lung 1992 presents recent advances in the diagnosis, pre-, intra-, and postoperative anesthetic management of patients with lung disease, presenting for pulmonary and non-pulmonary surgery. It also deals with ventilation-perfusion issues, the lung as a metabolic organ, the effects of anesthesia on pulmonary mechanics and pulmonary blood flow. In addition, there are chapters that focus on hypoxia; regional differences in the lung; pulmonary surfactant; recent advances in the understanding of pulmonary edema; high altitude disease; anesthesia and the control of breathing; recent development in oximetry; instrumentation designed to measure pulmonary oxygen tension, pO2 and pCO2 transcutaneously; differential lung ventilation; reactive airways; septic shock; the adult respiratory distress syndrome and numerous aspects of ventilatory support.

Cardiac Pacement has undergone a rapid development in technique and application in the last years. Methods of cardiac pacement have become more successful but also more complicated. This book is written for internists in their practice and also for the specialists in cardiology to improve their therapeutic measures being informed about specific problems in cardiac pacement. Apart from the basics of cardiac pacement also indications, selection of pacers, implantation methods and complications are described. A special focus is on postoperative monitoring of the patient. A vast amount of illustrations is combined with very instructive text. This book is for daily practice and desk reference for practicioners and clinicians.

Charles Ernest Overton's 1901 monograph Studien aber die Narkose has become a scientific classic in a number of different fields. This book represents the first English translation, and in fact the first translation into any other language, of the original German work. In addition to. the edited translation, this volume contains introductory chapters by Keith Miller, Peter Winter and Leonard Firestone and myself. As editor, I have attempted above all else to ensure that the translation faithfully represents Overton's ideas and data, while making the material readily understandable to the modem scientific reader. This has frequently required that extremely long sentences, common in turn-of the-century German but considered cumbersome today, be simplified into two or even three sentences. In addition, I have paid particular attention to the correct translation of scientific terms, and I accept complete responsibility for any inaccuracies in this area. Overton's original contents list included headings and subheadings, but only a fraction of these appear in the original text. For the sake of clarity they have all been included in the body of the translated work. Also included is an index containing all chemicals mentioned in the book, along with their Chemical Abstracts System Registry Numbers for un ambiguous identification, a complete list of Overton's publications (Appendix B), and a list of all biographical articles about Overton and articles dealing specifically with analyses of his data (Appendix C)."

Despite numerous reports of cerebral damage in cardiac surgery, the subject has not been given the attention it requires. This book, with a preface by Torkel Aberg, will remedy that situation. The causes and incidence of pre- and post-operative cerebral damage are considered in the first section. Cardiac surgery patients frequently have preoperative cerebral impairment, not suprising when one considers the impaired circulation from a damaged heart and the brain's prodigious need for blood. Moreover, several perioperative aspects of surgical procedures have been considered as possible causes of cerebral dysfunction, for example: microbubbles, toxic by-products, non-pulsatile blood flow. The second section describes how imaging techniques (CT scan, MRI, regional cerebral blood flow imaging), and functional assessment techniques. (PET scan, EEG, BEAM and evoked potentials) can be used to measure cerebral damage. In the third section, psychometric and neuropsychological techniques are used to assess impaired mental abilities (abstract thinking, language, memory, visuo-spatial ability, mental flexibility, attention and concentration). The final section explores the relationship between cerebral dysfunction and psychopathology (several types of depression, anxiety, and aspects of organic brain syndrome, delirium and dementia).

The topics in this book represent the presentations given at the First and Second Annual Meetings entitled "Critical Issues in Surgery" held at the Frenchman's Reef Beach Resort, st. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, November 1992 and 1993. This symposium was sponsored by the Department of Surgery, and the Department of Nursing Education and Quality Assurance of Cooper Hospital/University Medical Center, the University of Medicine and Den tistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Camden, New Jersey, as well as the Academy of Medicine of New Jersey. Chapter authors were charged with the task of writing brief overviews of major issues related to the field of general surgery and critical care medicine. The book is specifically tailored to the needs of general surgeons, allied health professionals and nursing personnel involved in all phases of caring for the surgical patient. Although intended as a reference source with emphasis on up-dated approaches applied in general surgery, it is hoped that the discussion of these topics will compliment other texts and manuscripts. Obviously, a book of this length cannot cover the whole multidiSCiplinary and complex field of surgery. However, the co-editors are certain that the annual appearance of this text will highlight comprehensive, new and interesting approaches to the field of surgery."

A unique reference manual for academic surgeons, this book discusses every facet of surgical research. From getting grant money to choosing a topic, reviewing the literature, planning and conducting research, and reporting results.

Drug dosage in renal insufficiency has become an toxication. In 1975, his Poison Index was pub important facet of nephrology, a subspeciality of lished, first in German, and two years later in internal medicine which is only 30 years young but English, with supplements in 1979 and 1983. This constantly growing in scope and importance. Two volume has become an obligatory reference in more thirds of all drugs are partially, mainly, or exclu than 2500 dialysis units. sively excreted by the kidneys. In the presence of Based on GOnter Seyffart's experience and renal insufficiency, dose adjustments are therefore knowledge in this field, the plans for this book obligatory. In patients on dialysis, drug elimination matured in 1984, a logical step in view of his by this route must also be considered. untiring effort and diligence. In order to deal with As the reader of this book will discover, 20 more than 1200 different drugs and almost 4000 percent of currently used drugs are contraindicated references, 21 contributors were sollicited, while it where there is any degree of renal insufficiency, took six years to complete the work. The major and for at least another 60 percent a dose reduc share of the effort was thus left to the main author tion is required. It is obvious, therefore, that the and editor and he has produced a concise work of detailed knowledge required can never be com impressive clarity.

Neuroanesthesia contains the edited presentations of the 42nd Annual Postgraduate Course in Anesthesiology given by the Department of Anesthesiology at the University of Utah School of Medicine, February 1997. The chapters reflect recent advances in neurophysiology, pharmacology and monitoring related to the practice of neuroanesthesiology. The sections on central nervous system trauma, intraoperative management, brain protection and postoperative care provide a conceptual framework for current clinical practices. This textbook is the fifteenth in a continuing series documenting the proceedings of the Postgraduate Course of the Department of Anesthesiology of the University of Utah School of Medicine. It reflects, as well as past and future volumes, the rapid and continuing evolution of anesthesia in the last years of the twentieth century.

On 15 November 1997, the first international symposium "Neural and Chemical Control of Breathing: Pharmacological and Clinical Aspects" was held at Leiden University Medical Center on the occasion of the retirement of one of the members of the Control of Breathing Research Group of the Departments of Physiology and Anesthesiology, Dr. Aad Berkenbosch. Among others, Dr. Berkenbosch, played an important role in this research group, which made a large and significant contribution to scientific research on the regulation of breathing. This book presents the proceedings of that meeting together with papers of several authors who have strong bonds with the Leiden Departments of Physiology and Anesthesiology. All studies represent state of the art work on the subject of respiratory control and cardiovascular medicine, with emphasis on the physiological, pharmacological and anesthesiological aspects of both fields. The book is divided in several sections: Oxygen Physiology. Prof. John Severinghaus presents among other things his ideas on oxygen sensing and high altitude related diseases. Prof. Honda gives results from studies in a unique set of subjects without carotid bodies. The findings of Honda's group support the idea that an intact hypoxic drive from the carotid bodies is necessary for the generation of central hypoxic depression. Dr. Hans van Beek discusses the effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia on cardiac contractility in animal models. Prof. Oeseburg demonstrates the feasibility of Near Infra Red Oximetry for monitoring tissue oxygenation in patients. Central Chemoreception.

Pediatric and Obstetrical Anesthesia comprises the edited presentations of the 40th Annual Postgraduate Course in Anesthesiology, February 1995. The book reflects the most recent advances in the physiology, pharmacology and anesthetic management of patients with central nervous system disease. Subjects such as central nervous system trauma and brain protection are also dealt with. Obstetrical and pediatric patients constitute important and often challenging cases for the practicing anesthesiologist. This textbook is the thirteenth in a continuing series documenting the proceedings of the Postgraduate Course of the Department of Anesthesiology of the University of Utah School of Medicine.

The Manual of Geriatric Anesthesia is a practical guide for physicians, residents, and students interested in the care of the elderly patient undergoing surgery. Although primarily written for anesthesiologists, other perioperative physicians and nurses will also find the information highly valuable. Highlights of the text include concise and clear discussions of preoperative assessment, anesthetic administration, the immediate postoperative care, as well as the more classic 'geriatric' topics such as the hip fracture patient, cataract surgery, postoperative delirium, dementia, ethics and end of life care. Clinical geriatric principles are woven into the text so that the reader can develop skills in geriatrics and develop a broader understanding of terminology and principles used in geriatric medicine.

Eponyms are found throughout medicine. They provide succinct and convenient identification for diseases, syndromes, clinical signs, surgical instruments and operations. Anaesthetists use eponyms such as Magill forceps, Mallampati score, Sellick's manoeuvre and Mendelson's Syndrome. National and international anaesthesia societies have eponymous awards and lectures. This illustrated book has been written to describe who these notable individuals were, when and where they worked, why they invented equipment, a technique or a scoring system, and why they were chosen by their peers for eponymous honour.

As an addition to the European postgraduate training system for young neurosurgeons we began to publish in 1974 this series devoted to Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery which was later sponsored by the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies. The fact that the English language is well on the way to becoming the international medium at European scientific conferences is a great asset in terms of mutual understanding. Therefore we have decided to publish all contributions in English, regardless of the native language of the authors. All contributions are submitted to the entire editorial board before publication of any volume. Our series is not intended to compete with the publications of original scientific papers in other neurosurgical journals. Our intention is, rather, to present fields of neurosurgery and related areas in which important recent advances have been made. The contributions are written by specialists in the given fields and constitute the first part of each volume. In the second part of each volume, we publish detailed descriptions of standard operative procedures, furnished by experienced clinicians; in these articles the authors describe the techniques they employ and explain the advantages, difficulties and risks involved in the various procedures. This part is intended primarily to assist young neurosurgeons in their post graduate training. However, we are convinced that it will also be useful to experienced, fully trained neurosurgeons."