"...the great feature of the book is that anyone can read it without excessive head scratching...You'll find plenty here to keep you occupied, amused, and informed. Buy, dip in, wallow." -IAN STEWART, NEW SCIENTIST "...a delightful look at numbers and their roles in everything from language to flowers to the imagination." -SCIENCE NEWS "...a fun and fascinating tour of numerical topics and concepts. It will have readers contemplating ideas they might never have thought were understandable or even possible." -WISCONSIN BOOKWATCH "This popularization of number theory looks like another classic." -LIBRARY JOURNAL

The last one hundred years have seen many important achievements in the classical part of number theory. After the proof of the Prime Number Theorem in 1896, a quick development of analytical tools led to the invention of various new methods, like Brun's sieve method and the circle method of Hardy, Littlewood and Ramanujan; developments in topics such as prime and additive number theory, and the solution of Fermat's problem. Rational Number Theory in the 20th Century: From PNT to FLT offers a short survey of 20th century developments in classical number theory, documenting between the proof of the Prime Number Theorem and the proof of Fermat's Last Theorem. The focus lays upon the part of number theory that deals with properties of integers and rational numbers. Chapters are divided into five time periods, which are then further divided into subject areas. With the introduction of each new topic, developments are followed through to the present day. This book will appeal to graduate researchers and student in number theory, however the presentation of main results without technicalities will make this accessible to anyone with an interest in the area.

Pseudodifferential analysis, introduced in this book in a way adapted to the needs of number theorists, relates automorphic function theory in the hyperbolic half-plane to automorphic distribution theory in the plane. Spectral-theoretic questions are discussed in one or the other environment: in the latter one, the problem of decomposing automorphic functions in according to the spectral decomposition of the modular Laplacian gives way to the simpler one of decomposing automorphic distributions in R2 into homogeneous components. The Poincare summation process, which consists in building automorphic distributions as series of "g"-transforms, for "g E SL"(2";"Z), of some initial function, say in "S"(R2), is analyzed in detail. On, a large class of new automorphic functions or measures is built in the same way: one of its features lies in an interpretation, as a spectral density, of the restriction of the zeta function to any line within the critical strip.

The book is addressed to a wide audience of advanced graduate students and researchers working in analytic number theory or pseudo-differential analysis."

Number theory is a branch of mathematics which draws its vitality from a rich historical background. It is also traditionally nourished through interactions with other areas of research, such as algebra, algebraic geometry, topology, complex analysis and harmonic analysis. More recently, it has made a spectacular appearance in the field of theoretical computer science and in questions of communication, cryptography and error-correcting codes. Providing an elementary introduction to the central topics in number theory, this book spans multiple areas of research. The first part corresponds to an advanced undergraduate course. All of the statements given in this part are of course accompanied by their proofs, with perhaps the exception of some results appearing at the end of the chapters. A copious list of exercises, of varying difficulty, are also included here. The second part is of a higher level and is relevant for the first year of graduate school. It contains an introduction to elliptic curves and a chapter entitled "Developments and Open Problems", which introduces and brings together various themes oriented toward ongoing mathematical research. Given the multifaceted nature of number theory, the primary aims of this book are to: - provide an overview of the various forms of mathematics useful for studying numbers - demonstrate the necessity of deep and classical themes such as Gauss sums - highlight the role that arithmetic plays in modern applied mathematics - include recent proofs such as the polynomial primality algorithm - approach subjects of contemporary research such as elliptic curves - illustrate the beauty of arithmetic The prerequisites for this text are undergraduate level algebra and a little topology of Rn. It will be of use to undergraduates, graduates and phd students, and may also appeal to professional mathematicians as a reference text.

Recently there has been considerable interest in developing techniques based on number theory to attack problems of 3-manifolds; Contains many examples and lots of problems; Brings together much of the existing literature of Kleinian groups in a clear and concise way; At present no such text exists

This book concentrates on the modern theory of dynamical systems and its interactions with number theory and combinatorics. The greater part begins with a course in analytic number theory and focuses on its links with ergodic theory, presenting an exhaustive account of recent research on Sarnak's conjecture on Moebius disjointness. Selected topics involving more traditional connections between number theory and dynamics are also presented, including equidistribution, homogenous dynamics, and Lagrange and Markov spectra. In addition, some dynamical and number theoretical aspects of aperiodic order, some algebraic systems, and a recent development concerning tame systems are described.

While the theory of transcendental numbers is a fundamental and important branch of number theory, most mathematicians know only its most elementary results. The aim of "Making Transcendence Transparent" is to provide the reader with an understanding of the basic principles and tools of transcendence theory and an intuitive framework within which the major results can be appreciated and their proofs can be understood. The book includes big picture overviews of the over-arching ideas, and general points of attack in particular arguments, so the reader will enjoy and appreciate the panoramic view of transcendence. It is designed to appeal to interested mathematicians, graduate students, and advanced undergraduates.

The French expression "dessins d'enfants'' means children's drawings. This term was coined by the great French mathematician Alexandre Grothendieck in order to denominate a method of pictorial representation of some highly interesting classes of polynomials and rational functions. The polynomials studied in this book take their origin in number theory. The authors show how, by drawing simple pictures, one can prove some long-standing conjectures and formulate new ones. The theory presented here touches upon many different fields of mathematics. The major part of the book is quite elementary and is easily accessible to an undergraduate student. The less elementary parts, such as Galois theory or group representations and their characters, would need a more profound knowledge of mathematics. The reader may either take the basic facts of these theories for granted or use our book as a motivation and a first approach to these subjects.

This book started with "Lattice Theory, First Concepts," in 1971. Then came "General Lattice Theory," First Edition, in 1978, and the Second Edition twenty years later. Since the publication of the first edition in 1978, "General Lattice Theory" has become the authoritative introduction to lattice theory for graduate students and the standard reference for researchers. The First Edition set out to introduce and survey lattice theory. Some 12,000 papers have been published in the field since then; so "Lattice Theory: Foundation" focuses on introducing the field, laying the foundation for special topics and applications. "Lattice Theory: Foundation," based on the previous three books, covers the fundamental concepts and results. The main topics are distributivity, congruences, constructions, modularity and semimodularity, varieties, and free products. The chapter on constructions is new, all the other chapters are revised and expanded versions from the earlier volumes. Almost 40 diamond sections, many written by leading specialists in these fields, provide a brief glimpse into special topics beyond the basics. Lattice theory has come a long way... For those who appreciate lattice theory, or who are curious about its techniques and intriguing internal problems, Professor Gratzer's lucid new book provides a most valuable guide to many recent developments. Even a cursory reading should provide those few who may still believe that lattice theory is superficial or naive, with convincing evidence of its technical depth and sophistication. "Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society" Gratzer s book General Lattice Theory has become the lattice theorist s bible. "Mathematical Reviews"

The method of exponential sums is a general method enabling the solution of a wide range of problems in the theory of numbers and its applications. This volume presents an exposition of the fundamentals of the theory with the help of examples which show how exponential sums arise and how they are applied in problems of number theory and its applications. The material is divided into three chapters which embrace the classical results of Gauss, and the methods of Weyl, Mordell and Vinogradov; the traditional applications of exponential sums to the distribution of fractional parts, the estimation of the Riemann zeta function; and the theory of congruences and Diophantine equations. Some new applications of exponential sums are also included. It is assumed that the reader has a knowledge of the fundamentals of mathematical analysis and of elementary number theory.

This monograph on quantum wires and quantum devices is a companion vol ume to the author's Quantum Chaos and Mesoscopic Systems (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1997). The goal of this work is to present to the reader the mathematical physics which has arisen in the study of these systems. The course which I have taken in this volume is to juxtapose the current work on the mathematical physics of quantum devices and the details behind the work so that the reader can gain an understanding of the physics, and where possible the open problems which re main in the development of a complete mathematical description of the devices. I have attempted to include sufficient background and references so that the reader can understand the limitations of the current methods and have direction to the original material for the research on the physics of these devices. As in the earlier volume, the monograph is a panoramic survey of the mathe matical physics of quantum wires and devices. Detailed proofs are kept to a min imum, with outlines of the principal steps and references to the primary sources as required. The survey is very broad to give a general development to a variety of problems in quantum devices, not a specialty volume."

A new and complete treatment of semi-abelian degenerations of abelian varieties, and their application to the construction of arithmetic compactifications of Siegel moduli space, with most of the results being published for the first time. Highlights of the book include a classification of semi-abelian schemes, construction of the toroidal and the minimal compactification over the integers, heights for abelian varieties over number fields, and Eichler integrals in several variables, together with a new approach to Siegel modular forms. A valuable source of reference for researchers and graduate students interested in algebraic geometry, Shimura varieties or diophantine geometry.

This introduction to algebraic number theory discusses the classical concepts from the viewpoint of Arakelov theory. The treatment of class theory is particularly rich in illustrating complements, offering hints for further study, and providing concrete examples. It is the most up-to-date, systematic, and theoretically comprehensive textbook on algebraic number field theory available.

Global class field theory is a major achievement of algebraic number theory based on the functorial properties of the reciprocity map and the existence theorem. This book explores the consequences and the practical use of these results in detailed studies and illustrations of classical subjects. In the corrected second printing 2005, the author improves many details all through the book.

In [Hardy and Williams, 1986] the authors exploited a very simple idea to obtain a linear congruence involving class numbers of imaginary quadratic fields modulo a certain power of 2. Their congruence provided a unified setting for many congruences proved previously by other authors using various means. The Hardy-Williams idea was as follows. Let d be the discriminant of a quadratic field. Suppose that d is odd and let d = PIP2* . . Pn be its unique decomposition into prime discriminants. Then, for any positive integer k coprime with d, the congruence holds trivially as each Legendre-Jacobi-Kronecker symbol (~) has the value + 1 or -1. Expanding this product gives ~ eld e:=l (mod4) where e runs through the positive and negative divisors of d and v (e) denotes the number of distinct prime factors of e. Summing this congruence for o < k < Idl/8, gcd(k, d) = 1, gives ~ (-It(e) ~ (~) =:O(mod2n). eld o

Exploring the connections between arithmetic and geometric properties of algebraic varieties has been the object of much fruitful study for a long time, especially in the case of curves. The aim of the Summer School and Conference on "Higher Dimensional Varieties and Rational Points" held in Budapest, Hungary during September 2001 was to bring together students and experts from the arithmetic and geometric sides of algebraic geometry in order to get a better understanding of the current problems, interactions and advances in higher dimension. The lecture series and conference lectures assembled in this volume give a comprehensive introduction to students and researchers in algebraic geometry and in related fields to the main ideas of this rapidly developing area.

Number theory has a wealth of long-standing problems, the study of which over the years has led to major developments in many areas of mathematics. This volume consists of seven significant chapters on number theory and related topics. Written by distinguished mathematicians, key topics focus on multipartitions, congruences and identities (G. Andrews), the formulas of Koshliakov and Guinand in Ramanujan's Lost Notebook (B. C. Berndt, Y. Lee, and J. Sohn), alternating sign matrices and the Weyl character formulas (D. M. Bressoud), theta functions in complex analysis (H. M. Farkas), representation functions in additive number theory (M. B. Nathanson), and mock theta functions, ranks, and Maass forms (K. Ono), and elliptic functions (M. Waldschmidt).

The subject of this book is probabilistic number theory. In a wide sense probabilistic number theory is part of the analytic number theory, where the methods and ideas of probability theory are used to study the distribution of values of arithmetic objects. This is usually complicated, as it is difficult to say anything about their concrete values. This is why the following problem is usually investigated: given some set, how often do values of an arithmetic object get into this set? It turns out that this frequency follows strict mathematical laws. Here we discover an analogy with quantum mechanics where it is impossible to describe the chaotic behaviour of one particle, but that large numbers of particles obey statistical laws. The objects of investigation of this book are Dirichlet series, and, as the title shows, the main attention is devoted to the Riemann zeta-function. In studying the distribution of values of Dirichlet series the weak convergence of probability measures on different spaces (one of the principle asymptotic probability theory methods) is used. The application of this method was launched by H. Bohr in the third decade of this century and it was implemented in his works together with B. Jessen. Further development of this idea was made in the papers of B. Jessen and A. Wintner, V. Borchsenius and B.

This volume contains papers by invited speakers of the symposium "Zeta Functions, Topology and Quantum Physics" held at Kinki U- versity in Osaka, Japan, during the period of March 3-6, 2003. The aims of this symposium were to establish mutual understanding and to exchange ideas among researchers working in various fields which have relation to zeta functions and zeta values. We are very happy to add this volume to the series Developments in Mathematics from Springer. In this respect, Professor Krishnaswami Alladi helped us a lot by showing his keen and enthusiastic interest in publishing this volume and by contributing his paper with Alexander Berkovich. We gratefully acknowledge financial support from Kinki University. We would like to thank Professor Megumu Munakata, Vice-Rector of Kinki University, and Professor Nobuki Kawashima, Director of School of Interdisciplinary Studies of Science and Engineering, Kinki Univ- sity, for their interest and support. We also thank John Martindale of Springer for his excellent editorial work.

A translation of Hilberts "Theorie der algebraischen Zahlk rper" best known as the "Zahlbericht," first published in 1897, in which he provides an elegantly integrated overview of the development of algebraic number theory up to the end of the nineteenth century. The Zahlbericht also provided a firm foundation for further research in the theory, and can be seen as the starting point for all twentieth century investigations into the subject, as well as reciprocity laws and class field theory. This English edition further contains an introduction by F. Lemmermeyer and N. Schappacher.

The contents of this volume range from expository papers on several aspects of number theory, intended for general readers (Steinhaus property of planar regions; experiments with computers; Diophantine approximation; number field sieve), to a collection of research papers for specialists, which are at prestigious journal level. Thus, Number Theory and Its Applications leads the reader in many ways not only to the state of the art of number theory but also to its rich garden.

On the one hand, this monograph serves as a self-contained introduction to Nevanlinna's theory of value distribution because the authors only assume the reader is familiar with the basics of complex analysis. On the other hand, the monograph also serves as a valuable reference for the research specialist because the authors present, for the first time in book form, the most modern and refined versions of the Second Main Theorem with precise error terms, in both the geometric and logarithmic derivative based approaches. A unique feature of the monograph is its "number-theoretic digressions." These special sections assume no background in number theory and explore the exciting interconnections between Nevanlinna theory and the theory of Diophantine approximation.

The Lerch zeta-function is the first monograph on this topic, which is a generalization of the classic Riemann, and Hurwitz zeta-functions. Although analytic results have been presented previously in various monographs on zeta-functions, this is the first book containing both analytic and probability theory of Lerch zeta-functions.

The book starts with classical analytical theory (Euler gamma-functions, functional equation, mean square). The majority of the presented results are new: on approximate functional equations and its applications and on zero distribution (zero-free regions, number of nontrivial zeros etc). Special attention is given to limit theorems in the sense of the weak convergence of probability measures for the Lerch zeta-function. From limit theorems in the space of analytic functions the universitality and functional independence is derived. In this respect the book continues the research of the first author presented in the monograph Limit Theorems for the Riemann zeta-function.

This book will be useful to researchers and graduate students working in analytic and probabilistic number theory, and can also be used as a textbook for postgraduate students.

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, Banff Centre, Canada, April 27-May 5, 1988

2 Triangle Groups: An Introduction 279 3 Elementary Shimura Curves 281 4 Examples of Shimura Curves 282 5 Congruence Zeta Functions 283 6 Diophantine Properties of Shimura Curves 284 7 Klein Quartic 285 8 Supersingular Points 289 Towers of Elkies 9 289 7. CRYPTOGRAPHY AND APPLICATIONS 291 1 Introduction 291 Discrete Logarithm Problem 2 291 Curves for Public-Key Cryptosystems 3 295 Hyperelliptic Curve Cryptosystems 4 297 CM-Method 5 299 6 Cryptographic Exponent 300 7 Constructive Descent 302 8 Gaudry and Harley Algorithm 306 9 Picard Jacobians 307 Drinfeld Module Based Public Key Cryptosystems 10 308 11 Drinfeld Modules and One Way Functions 308 12 Shimura's Map 309 13 Modular Jacobians of Genus 2 Curves 310 Modular Jacobian Surfaces 14 312 15 Modular Curves of Genus Two 313 16 Hecke Operators 314 8. REFERENCES 317 345 Index Xll Preface The history of counting points on curves over finite fields is very ex- tensive, starting with the work of Gauss in 1801 and continuing with the work of Artin, Schmidt, Hasse and Weil in their study of curves and the related zeta functions Zx(t), where m Zx(t) = exp (2: N t ) m m 2': 1 m with N = #X(F qm). If X is a curve of genus g, Weil's conjectures m state that L(t) Zx(t) = (1 - t)(l - qt) where L(t) = rr~!l (1 - O'.