This book tells the story of the privatization of the London Underground Public-Private Partnership (PPP). It was announced by New Labour in 1998 and implemented in 2003, but by 2010 it had failed. What went wrong? Published during London Underground's 150th birthday year, this book draws extensively on interviews with managers and Tube workers. It proposes that PPP failed because privatization rewards managers, shareholders, and lawyers who look after themselves first. Other concerns were neglected, including service, improvement, and safety, as well as the needs of the disabled. The book both sketches the history of the Underground and looks to the futuread knowledging the need for a better plan for transport, one that involves passengers and workers, and one that prioritizes public service.

Policymakers at all levels of government are debating a wide range of options for addressing the nation's faltering economic conditions. One option that is once again receiving attention is accelerated investments in the nation's public infrastructure - that is, highways, mass transit, airports, water supply and wastewater, and other facilities - in order to create jobs while also promoting long-term economic growth. This book discusses policy issues associated with using infrastructure as a mechanism to benefit economic recovery. Discussed are the roles of infrastructure investment in economic growth generally and in contributing to bolstering a faltering economy. Key issues include the potential role of traditional and "green" infrastructure in creating jobs, timing and setting priorities.

Road, rail, and waterway freight transportation is vital to the nation's economy. Government tax, regulatory, and infrastructure investment policies can affect the costs that shippers pass on to their customers. If government policy gives one mode a cost advantage over another, by, for example, not recouping all the costs of that mode's use of infrastructure, then shipping prices and customers' use of freight modes can be distorted, reducing the overall efficiency of the nation's economy. This book provides an overview of how government policies can affect competition and efficiency within the surface freight transportation sector.

With rapid development of China's economy in the past decades, there arises a great demand for a comprehensive report concerning the state of logistics development in China. Yet to date, only brief, fragmented writings in English exist. "Contemporary Logistics in China: An Introduction" is the first systematic, objective and authoritative publication based on the work of experienced researchers from the Logistics Research Center at Nankai University.This book contains both a panoramic overview of logistics developments in China to afford a broad understanding, as well as specific, in-depth analyses of various logistics sectors, enterprises, policies, and current issues in China. Readers will find this book a valuable reference of relevant and well-founded information on logistics developments in China.

Aircraft and automobile manufacturing are considered by many to be the technological backbones of the U.S. manufacturing base. As the Obama Administration and Congress debate how to strengthen American manufacturing, aerospace is likely to receive considerable attention. Like other manufacturing industries, the world-wide recession has affected aerospace manufacturing, with both the defence and commercial sides of the industry facing difficult business conditions for the near and medium term. This book examines the U.S. commercial aerospace manufacturing industry and provides a discussion of major trends affecting the future of this industry.

The continued growth in travel along congested urban freeway corridors is exceeding the ability of transportation agencies to provide sufficient roadway capacity in major metropolitan areas with limited public funding for roadway expansion and improvement projects. This book examines the congestion management programs, policies and experiences of other countries that are in the planning stages, have been implemented, or are operating on freeway facilities. The research in this book sought information on how agencies approach highway congestion, actively manage and operate freeway facilities, and plan for and design managed lanes at the system, corridor, and project or facility levels.

Vertical transportation systems (elevators, lifts, escalators and passenger conveyors) are used in almost all buildings of more than a few stories high. Traffic design and control, namely the movement of people by natural and mechanical means, need to be planned carefully as the costs of under- or over-provision are considerable and changes are not always possible. The subject is covered in four sections. The basic principles of circulation and an introduction to lifts are set out at the beginning, and then traffic design methods are outlined, followed by an examination of analysis and control. The sections are complete in themselves and are presented in depth, with worked examples and case studies as appropriate. The latest analysis techniques are set out, and the book is up-to-date with current technology. The mathematics is simplified wherever possible and copious references are given for further study and examples. The practising vertical transportation engineer involved with the sizing of a vertical transportation installation will find this an excellent and authoritative resource. Other members of the design teams: architects, developers and owners, will find the book a useful reference, and the needs of researchers, lecturers and students of the subject will also be satisfied by this simple presentation of the underlying theory. The engineering aspects, which fall into the areas of manufacturing and production, are not covered, but the practical constraints and considerations are indicated.

Flight delays have beset the U.S. national airspace system. In 2007, more than one-quarter of all flights either arrived late or were cancelled across the system, according to the Department of Transportation (DOT). DOT and its operating agency, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), are making substantial investments in transforming to a new air traffic control system, the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen); a system that is expected to reduce delays over the next decade. This book explores the extent to which flight delays in the U.S. national airspace system have changed since 2007 and the contributing factors to these changes. Also discussed are the actions the DOT and FAA are expected to make that will reduce delays in the coming years.

Transport or Transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. Transportation is performed by various modes, such as air, rail, road and water. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and operations. Infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines or terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations and seaports. Vehicles travelling on the network include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains people and aircraft. Transport within urbanised areas presents unique problems. The density of an urban environment can create significant levels of road traffic, which can impact businesses and increase pollution. Parking space is another concern, requiring the construction of large parking garages in high density areas which could be better used for other development. Good planning uses transit oriented development, which attempts to place higher densities of jobs or residents near high-volume transportation. The densities can cause traffic jams for automobiles, yet are too low to be commercially served by trains or light rail systems. The conventional solution is to use buses, but these and light rail systems may fail where automobiles and excess road network capacity are both available, achieving less than 1% ridership. The purpose of this book is to sensitise all to issue of Urban Transport Planning and to discuss the steps which need to be taken by the government and all stakeholders of the transportation. It gives a brief introduction on Transport and Transportation, Networks and Urban Planning. It further showcases how to develop Imported or Intelligent Urban Transport Systems, Problems and Challenges involved in it and at the need for Sustainable Green Urban Transport is discussed.

The evidence suggests that international jurisdictions which have made the most progress in reducing human trauma (fatalities and injuries) from road crashes have done this by taking a safe system approach, i.e., making improvements across all three major areas: driver behaviours, road design, and vehicle design and safety, as well as building a road transport system that allows for human error. This book presents current research in the study of traffic safety, including using systems analysis to improve traffic safety; transport related issues and concerns in developing countries; electronic stability control; and new trends in road traffic safety.

"The Best Transportation System in the World" focuses on the centrality of government in organizing the nation's transportation industries. As the authors show, over the course of the twentieth century, transportation in the United States was as much a product of hard-fought politics, lobbying, and litigation as it was a naturally evolving system of engineering and available technology.For example, in the mid-1950s, President Eisenhower, concerned about a railroad industry in decline, asked Congress to grant railroad executives authority to modify prices and service even as he introduced the legislation that provided for the national highway system. And as early as the 1960s, presidents across the political spectrum, including Johnson, Nixon, Ford, and Carter, sought broad deregulation of the transportation industry in order to prime the economic pump or, in the 1970s, reverse stagflation. At every turn, the authors contend, political considerations served to shape the businesses and infrastructure that Americans use to travel.

This book provides an overview of the federal role in surface transportation and the goals and structures of federal programs. Since federal financing for the interstate system was established in 1956, the federal role in surface transportation has expanded to include broader goals, more programs, and a variety of program structures. The nation has reached a critical juncture with its current surface transportation policies and programs. Demand has outpaced the capacity of the system, resulting in increased congestion. In addition, without significant changes in funding levels or planned spending, the Highway Trust Fund -- the major source of federal highway and transit funding - is projected to incur significant deficits in the years ahead. Exacerbating concerns about the solvency of the Highway Trust Fund is the federal government's bleak fiscal condition and outlook. As a result, other federal revenue sources may not be available to help solve the nation's current transportation challenges. Given the scope of needed transformation, it may be necessary to shift policies and programs incrementally or on a pilot basis to gain practical lessons for a coherent, sustainable, and effective national program and financing structure to best serve the nation for the 21st century.

The local and global environmental impacts of transport are more apparent than ever before. This book provides an attention-grabbing introduction to sustainable transport development in practice via a series of case studies. Re-assessing the value and importance of non-motorized transport raises questions about the whole nature of development as a process. Advocating low impact technologies and sustainable transport makes a practical contribution to post-development discourses. This book offers a practical way into the complexities of post-development theory.

Taking case studies from across the globe, both North and South, demonstrates that achieving equity and sustainability will require profound transformation in the industrialized nations as much as in developing economies. This is a book of interest to anyone studying or working in the area of environmental sustainability and transport policy.

The local and global environmental impacts of transport are more apparent than ever before. This book provides an attention-grabbing introduction to sustainable transport development in practice via a series of case studies. Re-assessing the value and importance of non-motorized transport raises questions about the whole nature of development as a process. Advocating low impact technologies and sustainable transport makes a practical contribution to post-development discourses. This book offers a practical way into the complexities of post-development theory.

Taking case studies from across the globe, both North and South, demonstrates that achieving equity and sustainability will require profound transformation in the industrialized nations as much as in developing economies. This is a book of interest to anyone studying or working in the area of environmental sustainability and transport policy.

From animal paths to superhighways, transportation has been the backbone of American expansion and growth. This examination of the interstate highway system in the United States, and the forces that shaped it, includes the introduction of the automobile, the Good Roads Movement, and the Lincoln Highway Association. It offers an analysis of state and federal road funding, modern road-building options, and the successes and failures of the current highway system.

Each article includes:
- Quick Facts: summarizes important facts
- Overview: briefly introduces duties and responsibilities
- History: describes the history of the job in relation to the industry or field
- The Job: describes primary and secondary duties
- Requirements: discusses high school and post-secondary education and training as well as any necessary certification or licensing and personal requirements for success
- Exploring: offers suggestions on how to gain experience and knowledge in a field before making firm educational and financial commitments
- Employers: gives an overview of typical places of employment
- Starting Out: suggests the best ways to land a first job
- Advancement: presents an expected career path and how to get on it
- Earnings: lists salary ranges and typical fringe benefits
- Work Environment: looks at the work conditions and surroundings associated with a certain job
- Outlook: summarizes the job's potential growth or decline in terms of the general economy and industry projections
- For More Information: lists organizations that provide career information.

Americans for years have treated the automobile as a form of freedom. People can now live in the country and work in the city. Suburbia and shopping malls were made possible by the automobile. And none of this would have been possible without huge legal and financial commitments made by all levels of government to expand America's interstate freeway systems, regional highways, expressways, arterials, commercial avenues, and residential streets. Our society now has a number of significant diseconomies associated with the individual use of the automobile. Traffic congestion and pollution in inner cities have led to a new wave of policies and practices to improve these conditions. The focus of public officials and citizens in most large urban centers is on public mass transportation, such as trains, light-rail systems, and the increased use of buses. In the interim, traffic management practices have increased in importance. This volume collects outstanding recent essays on all aspects of this complex subject. It includes numerous case studies on how cities, towns, and communities throughout the nation are managing the unrestricted use of the personal automobile. Other chapters discuss the future of urban transportation and examines evolving trends. Also included are appendices containing important information in the field.

Preface
Transportation sustains economic and social activity and is central to operations research and management science. When operations research emerged as a structured field during World War II, some of the first problems investigated arose from the need to optimize military logistics and transportation activities. After the war ended, the scope of operations research applications broadened but transportation problems always occupied a central place. It is now widely recognized that some of the most successful applications of operations research are encountered in transportation, most significantly in the airline industry where it underlies almost every aspect of strategic, tactical and operational planning. This success story may be explained by a number of factors, the first being the economic importance of transportation. Also, the complexity and large scale of transportation problems call for powerful analytical techniques, and the high volumes involved imply that substantial savings can often be achieved through the use of optimization. Furthermore, transportation problems are highly structured, making them amenable to the use of efficient solution methods based on network optimization techniques and mathematical programming.
This book contains eleven chapters describing some of the most recent methodological operations research developments in transportation. It is structured around the main transportation modes, and each chapter is written by a group of well-recognized researchers. Because of the major impact of operations research methods in the field of air transportation over the past forty years, it is befitting to open the book with a chapter on airlineoperations management. While many past publications have focused on airline strategic and tactical planning, Ball, Barnhart, Nemhauser and Odoni have chosen to address the organization and control of recovery operations in the event of disturbances. This line of research is relatively new and of major importance to the airline industry. The second chapter, by Desaulniers and Hickman, surveys the planning of public transit operations. The problems addressed and the methods employed in transit planning, for example those arising in network design, passenger assignment, scheduling, and fleet and crew assignment, are often similar to those of the airlines. The railway optimization chapter, by Caprara, Kroon, Monaci, Peeters and Toth, covers the realm of planning problems encountered in railway planning, with an emphasis on European passenger railways. Again, several of these issues are similar to those observed in other modes, but some problems are specific to the railway industry, such as train platforming, rolling stock circulation, and train unit shunting. The fourth chapter, by Christiansen, Fagerholt, Nygreen and Ronen, contains an extensive survey of maritime transportation problems, methods and applications. Compared with other modes, maritime transportation has received relatively little attention from operations researchers. Yet this field is rapidly expanding with the consolidation of major shipping companies and the development of large container ports.
The next three chapters cover a variety of planning problems arising in vehicle fleet management. The chapter by Powell, Bouzaiene-Ayari and Simao addresses truck transportation planning in contexts where information processesare dynamic. The focus is on the development of models that capture the flow of information and decisions. The vehicle routing chapter, by Cordeau, Laporte, Savelsbergh and Vigo, concerns what is arguably the most central problem in distribution management. It surveys several families of vehicle routing problems, including classical models, inventory routing, and stochastic routing. In the transportation on demand chapter, Cordeau, Laporte, Potvin and Savelsbergh consider the planning of pickup and delivery operations made at the request of users, such as those encountered in courier services, dial-a-ride operations, dial-a-flight systems, and ambulance fleet deployment.

The eighth chapter, by Crainic and Kim, is devoted to intermodal transportation and ties in some planning issues encountered in railway, maritime, and trucking operations. This chapter describes methodologies relevant to the solution of system design and operations planning problems from the perspective of a carrier, or from that of an intermodal transfer facility operator. It also addresses problems encountered at the regional or national level. The next chapter, by Erkut, Tjandra and Verter, concerns the transportation of hazardous materials and includes a broad description of the issues encountered in this field, as well as methodological contributions on risk assessment, routing and scheduling, and facility location.
The last two chapters of the book cover the area of automobile transportation. Marcotte and Patriksson first survey the broad field of traffic equilibrium. Their chapter contains a rich account of the main equilibrium concepts, as well as subproblems and mathematical algorithms encountered inthis area. This chapter provides an informative bibliographical note at the end of each section. Finally, in the last chapter, Papageorgiou, Ben-Akiva, Bottom, Bovy, Hoogendoorn, Hounsell, Kotsialos and McDonald summarize some of the most important issues and recent developments encountered in ITS and traffic management. These include traffic flow models, route guidance and information systems, as well as urban and highway traffic control.
We are confident that this book will prove useful to researchers, students, and practitioners in transportation, and we hope it will stimulate further research in this rich and fascinating area. We are grateful to Jan Karel Lenstra and George L. Nemhauser who invited us to edit this volume. While the process took longer than we had expected, we found the experience highly rewarding. Our deep thanks go to all authors for the quality of their contributions, to the anonymous referees for their time, effort, and valuable suggestions, and to Gerard Wanrooy of Elsevier for his support.
Cynthia Barnhart, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Gilbert Laporte, HEC Montreal
*Volume 14 examines transport and its relationship with operations and management science
*11 chapters cover the most recent research developments in transportation
*Focuses on main transportation modes-air travel, automobile, public transit, maritime transport, and more

Hurricane Katrina: Performance of Transportation Systems is a comprehensive evaluation of the gulf coast's bridge, railroad, and roadway performance following Hurricane Katrina. While the failure of the levees in New Orleans attracted most media attention, other infrastructure also suffered significant damage. Throughout the gulf coast, bridges sustained minor to major damage, with several in Mississippi and Louisiana completely collapsing. Similarly, countless railways and roads were impeded by massive piles of debris. This book is thorough and compelling account of Hurricane Katrina's devastating impact upon the gulf coast's major transportation systems. Topics in this report include: Overview of Hurricane Katrina and Damage; Emergency Preparedness; Highway Bridges, Railroad, and Roadway Performance and Repair; Rerouting and Traffic Demands; Impact on New Design; and, Conclusions and Lessons Learned.

This monograph addresses the challenges facing policy and its implementation in respect of women, development and transport by concentrating on selected sites in the rural Eastern Cape province of South Africa. A key indicator in social, political and economic development, transport is not simply about mobility and infrastructure, but also about socio-cultural roles and responsibilities that impede the development of women and girl children. The study provides original perspectives, via established methodologies and through the use of time-use diaries, on the important social, economic and cultural barriers that confirm women's negative experiences as effects of patriarchal power. Insights gained during the research are directed towards not only transport infrastructure in the Eastern Cape, but also to poverty alleviation, gender mainstreaming and intervention in respect of violence against women, a direct experience of the transport-and travel-related activities of women. This rich empirical evidence is reinforced by appropriate recommendations to provide valuable impetus for national policy and planning.

R. William Johnstone served on the transportation security staff of the 9/11 Commission, and wrote this book to build upon and supplement the Commission's work. In its pages, he explains the aviation security system failure on 9/11, uses that as a means for evaluating post-9/11 transportation security efforts, and proposes remedies to continued shortcomings. 9/11 and the Future of Transportation Security is based on information originally provided to the 9/11 Commission, augmented by unpublished reports and a wealth of other material that has come to light since the issuance of the Commission's own report in July 2004. Part One analyzes the aviation security system's history and institutions to explain why the system failed on 9/11. Part Two looks at what has been done in aviation and transportation security since 9/11, including the Commission's recommendations and the congressional response to them. Finally and most significantly, Part Three outlines a suggested approach for improving current U.S. transportation security. It begins with fundamental policy questions that must be answered if we are to optimize transportation security efforts, and concludes with both underlying principles for action and specific recommendations.

Here, Owen Gutfreund offers a fascinating look at how highways have dramatically transformed American communities nationwide, aiding growth and development in unsettled areas and undermining existing urban centers.
Gutfreund uses a "follow the money" approach, showing how government policies subsidized suburban development and fueled a chronic nationwide dependence on cars and roadbuilding, with little regard for expense, efficiency, ecological damage, or social equity. The consequence was a combination of unstoppable suburban sprawl, along with ballooning municipal debt burdens, deteriorating center cities, and profound changes in American society and culture.
Gutfreund tells the story via case studies of three communities--Denver, Colorado; Middlebury, Vermont; and Smyrna, Tennessee. Different as these places are, they all show the ways that government-sponsored highway development radically transformed America's cities and towns.
Based on original research and vividly written, Twentieth-Century Sprawl brings to light the benefits and consequences of the spread of American highways and makes a major contribution to our understanding of issues that still plague our cities and suburbs today.

This Reader provides a critical review of British transport policy since the Labour Government came into office in 1997 and looks at possible solutions to Britain's ongoing transport problems.
An authoritative reader providing a critical review of recent British transport policies.
Looks at possible solutions to Britain's ongoing transport problems.
A source of well-informed opinion and ideas on topics such as private-public partnerships, delivering a sustainable transport policy, and new opportunities for the railways.
Written by leading practitioners and academics.

Given the preponderance of evidence showing that diesel fumes are more toxic than previously known, there has been greater interest in substituting diesel with natural gas for vehicles operating in cities where there is greater air pollution. This report examines whether natural gas vehicles are an important part of solving this problem. Transit buses, traditionally fueled by diesel, are one of the cheapest forms of mass transit. They are also significant polluters and typically operate in heavily congested urban areas, where significant air pollution problems exist. The report provides an overview of the issues that must be considered when evaluating natural gas an alternative to diesel for use in transit buses.

Can transportation problems be fixed by the right neighborhood design? The tremendous popularity of the 'new urbanism' and 'livable communities' initiatives suggests that many persons think so. As a systematic assessment of attempts to solve transportation problems through urban design, this book asks and answers three questions: Can such efforts work? Will they be put into practice? Are they a good idea?