Almost all commercial service airports in the United States are owned by local and state governments, or by public entities such as airport authorities or multipurpose port authorities. In 1996, Congress established the Airport Privatization Pilot Program (APPP) to explore the prospect of privatising publicly owned airports and using private capital to improve and develop them. In addition to reducing demand for government funds, privatisation has been promoted as a way to make airports more efficient and financially viable. Privatisation refers to the shifting of governmental functions, responsibilities, and sometimes ownership, in whole or in part, to the private sector. With respect to airports, "privatisation" can take many forms up to and including the transfer of an entire airport to private operation and/or ownership. This book examines the issues and options for Congress with airport privatisation. It describes the experience with the APPP; examines the challenges airport owners and investors face to full airport privatisation; describes the potential effects of airport privatisation; and, discusses reasons why airport privatisation is more prevalent outside of the U.S. and stakeholder views on the APPP.

Speeding is defined as exceeding posted speed limits or driving too fast for conditions. This is a behaviour that some drivers engage in without recognising the risks or seriously considering the consequences. The most serious consequences of speeding are the fatalities and serious injuries that result from crashes. Over the last ten years, speeding has been consistently identified as a contributing factor in nearly one-third of all roadway fatalities nation-wide. Crashes involving speeding occur on all road types but are particularly prevalent on the local rural road system. This book provides information on how to develop a Speed Management Program that is tailored to meet the needs of local rural road practitioners. A Speed Management Program can be effective in lowering the number of speeding crashes and the resulting fatalities and serious injuries on local rural roads. Non-motorised modes of travel can also be expected along these roads. Non-motorised transportation is primarily comprised of biking, walking, equestrian, and horse-drawn vehicles but may also include other non-powered transportation devices. This book is also a guide to assist local rural road practitioners in making effective use of current practices and resources addressing non-motorised mobility and safety, thereby creating a more accommodating and viable transportation system for all road users.

Grid electrified vehicles or plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) are gaining attention world-wide as a potential low carbon technology. Because it is still an immature technology on the market, there is limited knowledge about the control strategy design; the environmental life cycle rating; the business model behind electricity charging'; charging behaviour's interaction with local electricity grid voltage drop, under dumb or smart grid scenarios; and the monitoring apparatus needed to acquire real data on daily usage of these technologies. This book aims to provide insight into these PEV issues.

This book examines the competitiveness of Mexican and Canadian ports with U.S. West Coast ports; discusses the history and the theories of cargo diversion and of the Harbor Maintenance Tax (HMT); reviews ocean freight rates, transit times and rail charges; and examines other potential relevant factors influencing the movement of cargo.

Policymakers at all levels of government are debating a wide range of options for addressing the nation's faltering economic conditions. One option that is once again receiving attention is accelerated investments in the nation's public infrastructure - that is, highways, mass transit, airports, water supply and wastewater, and other facilities - in order to create jobs while also promoting long-term economic growth. This book discusses policy issues associated with using infrastructure as a mechanism to benefit economic recovery. Discussed are the Federal-Aid Highway Program (FAHP); surface transportation funding and programs under MAP-21; federal-aid highway assistance for disaster-damaged roads and bridges; earthquake risk and U.S. highway infrastructure; information on materials and practices for improving highway pavement performance; federal freight policy; Positive Train Control (PTC); Essential Air Service (EAS); the changing tide of U.S.-international container trade; and containerships that carry inventory for U.S. retailers.

Finding cost-effective options to mitigate recurrent and non-recurrent congestion on freeway facilities is one of the most significant challenges State and regional transportation organisations face. Several countries are implementing managed motorway concepts to move higher traffic volumes on their highways more efficiently without acquiring more land and constructing large-scale infrastructure projects. This book explores managed motorway concepts and traffic optimisation technologies being implemented in Europe and Singapore.

The federal government collect revenues from taxes paid by highway users, mostly from those levied on gasoline and diesel fuel, and credits them to the Highway Trust Fund. Those revenues and others are subsequently used for federal spending on highways and transit. In fiscal year 2010, the trust fund's revenues totalled about $35 billion. Some policymakers and transportation analysts have expressed interest in developing new sources of funding. This book analyses the effects of alternative approaches to funding highways and compares the effects of current fuel taxes and of possible new taxes on the number of miles highway users drive.

This book questions the ethics of government officials' and automobile industry representatives' strategies to promote automobiles over other forms of transportation in China and India. It begins by reviewing the early history of the symbiotic relationship of automobile representatives and government officials in America that led to automobile proliferation and the well-entrenched car culture that we have today. The book then shows how these same dynamics and strategies are at work in China and India and how in each country, transportation policies have favoured private and individual forms of transportation over public ones.

Congress is considering legislation to strengthen federal regulation of auto safety, in response to hundreds of reported accidents, and more than 50 fatalities, that may be linked to sudden acceleration in certain makes of Toyota and Lexus vehicles. Toyota, under pressure from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), has recalled more than 6 million autos in the United States, and for a time stopped production of certain new-model vehicles in an effort to address the problems, which is one of the largest such efforts in recent history. This book examines the problem of unintended or sudden acceleration of automobiles occurring during the past year and what mitigating challenges and procedures lay ahead for Congress and automakers.

Public health is now considering road safety as a major factor to improve morbidity and mortality but the health community is poorly educated regarding this issue. The World Health Organization dedicated the 2004 World Health Day to road safety. Since then, various campaigns around the world have been launched to reduce the number of traffic accidents and death, and several projects we initiated to improve traffic safety. Sleepiness at the wheel is an important cause of traffic accidents. This book discusses the causes and consequences of driver sleepiness in a systematic manner. Experts in the field of traffic safety and sleep research have contributed to this book.

Over the last decade, Class I railroads have consolidated and, particularly in the past two years, have achieved high profitability. The present, mostly deregulated railway regime was designed during a period when railways were in financial peril. Some Members of Congress believe that the present, mostly deregulated regime needs to be revised to provide more balance for the interests of those rail customers who are served by only one railroad. A major point of contention is whether current railroad industry practices should be changed to provide these customers (referred to as "captive shippers") with more routing options. This book provides background on the current railroad regulatory regime and examines the major points of contention between railroads and their "captive customers."

All-Terrain Vehicles (ATVs), which are off-road motorised vehicles, usually with four tires, a straddle seat for the operator, and handlebars for steering control, have become increasingly popular. All-Terrain Vehicles are mainly used for recreation, but are also used in occupations such as farming and policing. ATVs are also used as primary transportation in some remote communities, such as in parts of Alaska. However, ATV fatalities and injuries have increased over the last decade and are a matter of concern to the Consumer Product Safety Commission, which overseas ATV safety. This book explores how ATVs are used, their crash statistics, and sales of adult-sized vehicles for children's use. Also discussed are the effects of ATVs on forested lands and grasslands and their impact on natural resources.

While Congress has been interested in high speed rail (HSR) since the 1960s, the provision of $8 billion for intercity passenger rail projects in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, enacted in February 2009, under the Obama administration, has invigorated the prospect of high speed passenger rail transportation in the United States. This book provides an overview of high speed rail in the United States and discusses what high speed rail would encompass, describes congressional initiatives to promote HSR and looks at high speed rail in selected other countries. Also discussed is the rationale for developing HSR, cost estimates and some of the challenges expected in implementing HSR.

The idea of designing and building quieter pavements is not new, but in recent years there has been a groundswell of interest in making this a higher priority. Various State Highway Agencies and the Federal Highway Administration have responded accordingly with both research and implementation activities that both educate on the state-of-the-practice, and advance the state-of-the-art. This book aims to educate the transportation industry, and in some cases the general public, about the numerous principles behind quieter pavements, as well as summarising the Long-Term Pavement Performance programs and its major activities.

The authors in this book present and review varied important data relating to today's automobiles; their safety assessment, performance, energy consumption, the related insurance industry and the psychology of driving. Discussed herein is the philosophy which should be followed by non-life insurance rate-makers for the selection of tariff variables and posterior estimation of premiums in automobile insurance; the driving ability profile of people with Parkinson's Disease; and new high strength steels and alloys being applied to automotive bodies to improve crash worthiness and reduce their weight.

The local and global environmental impacts of transport are more apparent than ever before. This book provides an attention-grabbing introduction to sustainable transport development in practice via a series of case studies. Re-assessing the value and importance of non-motorized transport raises questions about the whole nature of development as a process. Advocating low impact technologies and sustainable transport makes a practical contribution to post-development discourses. This book offers a practical way into the complexities of post-development theory.

Taking case studies from across the globe, both North and South, demonstrates that achieving equity and sustainability will require profound transformation in the industrialized nations as much as in developing economies. This is a book of interest to anyone studying or working in the area of environmental sustainability and transport policy.

Through the New Starts program, the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) evaluates and recommends new fixed guideway transit projects for funding using the evaluation criteria identified in law. In August 2007, FTA issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM), in part, to incorporate certain provisions within the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient, Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) into the evaluation process. SAFETEA-LU requires the authors to annually review FTA's New Starts process. This book discusses (1) the information captured by New Starts project justification criteria, (2) challenges FTA faces as it works to improve the New Starts program, and (3) options for evaluating New Starts projects. To address these objectives, the authors reviewed statutes, FTA guidance and regulations governing the New Starts program, and interviewed experts, project sponsors, and Department of Transportation (DOT) officials.

A central goal of transportation is the delivery of safe and efficient services with minimal environmental impact. In practice, though, human mobility has flourished while nature has suffered. Awareness of the environmental impacts of roads is increasing, yet information remains scarce for those interested in studying, understanding, or minimizing the ecological effects of roads and vehicles.

"Road Ecology" addresses that shortcoming by elevating previously localized and fragmented knowledge into a broad and inclusive framework for understanding and developing solutions. The book brings together fourteen leading ecologists and transportation experts to articulate state-of-the-science road ecology principles, and presents specific examples that demonstrate the application of those principles. Diverse theories, concepts, and models in the new field of road ecology are integrated to establish a coherent framework for transportation policy, planning, and projects. Topics examined include: -foundations of road ecology -roads, vehicles, and transportation planning -vegetation and roadsides -wildlife populations and mitigation -water, sediment, and chemical flows -aquatic ecosystems -wind, noise, and atmospheric effects -road networks and landscape fragmentation
"Road Ecology" links ecological theories and concepts with transportation planning, engineering, and travel behavior. With more than 100 illustrations and examples from around the world, it is an indispensable and pioneering work for anyone involved with transportation, including practitioners and planners in state and province transportation departments, federal agencies, and nongovernmental organizations. The book also opens up an important new research frontier for ecologists.

1) The appeal of the content is broadly interdisciplinary and informative to a range of readers, from practitioners and real project stakeholders to academics, students, and scholars. 2) The case sites vary in scale, scope and geography, from booming American cities to those struggling with disinvestment. The cases are also typological, allowing them to be broadly applicable to other cities and sites. 3) The infrastructural categories also vary in type including waterways, roads, rail, transit, energy, housing, health and food. Every city is facing infrastructural crises of some kind and can see their own challenges reflected in the content of the text. 4) The methodologies include research and analysis related to the cases directly, but also projective, speculative thinking that explores the role of both innovation and design in next generation infrastructure. Typically books are either focused on design speculation or on the analysis of existing cases, but not both. Cities are looking for creative solutions, and this text provides bridges between real challenges and innovative thinking.

Collecting fares through "smart cards" is becoming standard in most advanced public transport networks of major cities around the world. Travellers value their convenience and operators the reduced money handling fees. Electronic tickets also make it easier to integrate fare systems, to create complex time and space differentiated fare systems, and to provide incentives to specific target groups. A less-utilised benefit is the data collected through smart cards. Records, even if anonymous, provide for a much better understanding of passengers' travel behaviour as current literature shows. This information can also be used for better service planning. Public Transport Planning with Smart Card Data handles three major topics: how passenger behaviour can be estimated using smart card data, how smart card data can be combined with other trip databases, and how the public transport service level can be better evaluated if smart card data is available. The book discusses theory as well as applications from cities around the world and will be of interest to researchers and practitioners alike who are interested in the state-of-the-art as well as future perspectives that smart card data will bring.

Despite a growing body of research and targeted remediation, teenage and novice drivers continue to be six to nine times more likely to die in a crash than they are when they are just a few years older. The World Health Organization reports that road traffic injuries are the leading cause of death globally among 15 to 19 year olds. In light of these crash statistics, understanding the teen driver problem remains of paramount public health importance around the world. The Handbook of Teen and Novice Drivers: Research, Practice, Policy, and Directions provides critical knowledge for a broad range of potential readers, including students, teachers, researchers in academics, industry and the federal government, public policy makers at all levels, insurance companies and automobile manufacturers, driving instructors, and parents and their teens.

The transport sector consists of different modes of transport, each serving a growing demand for transporting people and goods. This (growing) demand on the one hand, needs expanding the systems' capacity, and on the other hand, increasing the corresponding economic efficiency, effectiveness, and environmental and social friendliness. This implies development of a 'greener', i.e. a more sustainable transport sector. The book describes the current and prospective state of the art analytical modelling, conceptual planning, and multi-criteria evaluation of the selected cases of transport systems operated by different transport modes such as road, rail, sea, air, and intermodal. As such, the book is unique in addressing these three important aspects of dealing with transport systems before implementation of their particular components means by the selected cases. It will be particularly useful for readers from the academia and the professionals from the transport sector.

The SAGE Handbook of Transport Studies is an authoritative survey of contemporary transportation systems examined in terms of economic, social, and technical issues, as well as environmental challenges. Incorporating an extensive range of approaches - from modes, terminals, planning and policy to more recent developments related to supply chain management, information systems and sustainability/ecology - the work provides a cohesive and extensive overview of transport studies.

Authored by international experts in their field, each individual chapter bridges a broad range of conceptual, theoretical and geographical perspectives, and the Handbook is divided into six sections:

- Transport in the Global World

- Transport in Regions and Localities

- Transport, Economy and Society

- Transport Policy

- Transport Networks and Models

- Transport and the Environment

This Handbook will be an indispensible resource for academics, planners, and policy-makers.

A call to redefine mobility so that it is connected, heterogeneous, intelligent, and personalized, as well as sustainable, adaptable, and city-friendly. The twentieth century was the century of the automobile; the twenty-first will see mobility dramatically re-envisioned. Automobiles altered cityscapes, boosted economies, and made personal mobility efficient and convenient for many. We had a century-long love affair with the car. But today, people are more attached to their smartphones than their cars. Cars are not always the quickest mode of travel in cities; and emissions from the rapidly growing number of cars threaten the planet. This book, by three experts from industry and academia, envisions a new world of mobility that is connected, heterogeneous, intelligent, and personalized (the CHIP architecture). The authors describe the changes that are coming. City administrators are shifting from designing cities for cars to designing cities for people. Nations and cities will increasingly employ targeted user fees and offer subsidies to nudge consumers toward more sustainable modes. The sharing economy is coaxing many consumers to shift from being owners of assets to being users of services. The auto industry is responding with connected cars that double as virtual travel assistants and by introducing autonomous driving. The CHIP architecture embodies an integrated, multimode mobility system that builds on ubiquitous connectivity, electrified and autonomous vehicles, and a marketplace open to innovation and entrepreneurship. Consumers will exercise choice on the basis of user experience and efficiency, aided by "intelligent advisors," accessible through their mobile devices. An innovative mobility architecture reconfigured for this century is a social and economic necessity; this book charts a course for achieving it.

The City of Cape Town is a place of contrasts, the legacy of apartheid having left a distinct make-up. Yet the challenges confronting the contemporary city are notably aggravated by modern-day factors such as increasing unemployment and poverty.

In this timely work, Mayor of Cape Town Patricia de Lille and Craig Kesson, the city’s Director of Policy and Strategy, confront some of the issues of governance: how can the city help overcome social and physical segregation; how can the government live up to the promises made to South Africans; and how can the city function and heal within these limitations?

"I’ve seen firsthand the progress Cape Town has made under Mayor De Lille. Successes in one city often spreads to others, and this book provides a valuable guide for how, with a bit of motivated and dynamic leadership, cities can lead the way on the most important issues of our day.” Michael Bloomberg, founder of Bloomberg L.P. and former mayor of New York City