The general concept of information is here, for the first time, defined mathematically by adding one single axiom to the probability theory. This Mathematical Theory of Information is explored in fourteen chapters: 1. Information can be measured in different units, in anything from bits to dollars. We will here argue that any measure is acceptable if it does not violate the Law of Diminishing Information. This law is supported by two independent arguments: one derived from the Bar-Hillel ideal receiver, the other is based on Shannon's noisy channel. The entropy in the 'classical information theory' is one of the measures conforming to the Law of Diminishing Information, but it has, however, properties such as being symmetric, which makes it unsuitable for some applications. The measure reliability is found to be a universal information measure. 2. For discrete and finite signals, the Law of Diminishing Information is defined mathematically, using probability theory and matrix algebra. 3. The Law of Diminishing Information is used as an axiom to derive essential properties of information. Byron's law: there is more information in a lie than in gibberish. Preservation: no information is lost in a reversible channel. Etc. The Mathematical Theory of Information supports colligation, i. e. the property to bind facts together making 'two plus two greater than four'. Colligation is a must when the information carries knowledge, or is a base for decisions. In such cases, reliability is always a useful information measure. Entropy does not allow colligation.

This open access book analyzes the transition toward a low-carbon energy system in Europe under the aspects of flexibility and technological progress. By covering the main energy sectors - including the industry, residential, tertiary and transport sector as well as the heating and electricity sector - the analysis assesses flexibility requirements in a cross-sectoral energy system with high shares of renewable energies. The contributing authors - all European energy experts - apply models and tools from various research fields, including techno-economic learning, fundamental energy system modeling, and environmental and social life cycle as well as health impact assessment, to develop an innovative and comprehensive energy models system (EMS). Moreover, the contributions examine renewable penetrations and their contributions to climate change mitigation, and the impacts of available technologies on the energy system. Given its scope, the book appeals to researchers studying energy systems and markets, professionals and policymakers of the energy industry and readers interested in the transformation to a low-carbon energy system in Europe.

This book presents select proceedings of the Electric Power and Renewable Energy Conference 2020 (EPREC 2020). This book provides rigorous discussions, case studies, and recent developments in emerging areas of control systems, especially, load frequency control, wide-area monitoring, control & instrumentation, optimization, intelligent control, energy management system, SCADA systems, etc. The contents of this book will be useful to researchers and professionals interested in control theory and its applications to power grids and systems. The book can also be used by policy makers and power engineers involved in power generation and distribution.

The book describes a method for modeling systems architecture, particularly of telecom networks and systems, although a large part can be used in a wider context. The method is called Sysnet Modeling and is based on a new modeling language, AML (Abstract systems Modeling Language), which is also described in the book. By applying Sysnet Modeling and AML, a formal model of the system is created. That model can be used for systems analysis as well as for communicating system knowledge to a broader audience of engineers in development projects. Inherent in sysnet modeling is the potential for considerable reduction in time spent on system implementation through the possibilities for code- and test-case generation.

The extended and revised second edition of this successful monograph presents advanced modeling, analysis and control techniques of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS). The book covers comprehensively a range of power-system control problems: from steady-state voltage and power flow control, to voltage and reactive power control, to voltage stability control, to small signal stability control using FACTS controllers.

In the six years since the first edition of the book has been published research on the FACTS has continued to flourish while renewable energy has developed into a mature and booming global green business. The second edition reflects the new developments in converter configuration, smart grid technologies, super power grid developments worldwide, new approaches for FACTS control design, new controllers for distribution system control, and power electronic controllers in wind generation operation and control. The latest trends of VSC-HVDC with multilevel architecture have been included and four completely new chapters have been added devoted to Multi-Agent Systems for Coordinated Control of FACTS-devices, Power System Stability Control using FACTS with Multiple Operating Points, Control of a Looping Device in a Distribution System, and Power Electronic Control for Wind Generation.

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"Applications of Pulse-Coupled Neural Networks" explores the fields of image processing, including image filtering, image segmentation, image fusion, image coding, image retrieval, and biometric recognition, and the role of pulse-coupled neural networks in these fields. This book is intended for researchers and graduate students in artificial intelligence, pattern recognition, electronic engineering, and computer science. Prof. Yide Ma conducts research on intelligent information processing, biomedical image processing, and embedded system development at the School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, China.

1 Grundlagen Kommunikationsnetze.- 1.1 Historische Entwicklung.- 1.2 Netze.- 1.2.1 Netzstruktur.- 1.2.1.1 Maschennetz.- 1.2.1.2 Sternnetz.- 1.2.1.3 Liniennetz.- 1.2.1.4 Ringnetz.- 1.2.1.5 Baumstrukturiertes Netz.- 1.2.1.6 Hierarchisches Netz.- 1.2.2 Betriebsart.- 1.2.3 UEbertragungstechnik.- 1.2.4 Multiplexverfahren der UEbertragungstechnik.- 1.2.4.1 Raummultiplex.- 1.2.4.2 Frequenzmultiplex.- 1.2.4.3 Zeitmultiplex.- 1.2.4.4 Wellenlangenmultiplex.- 1.2.5 UEbertragungsmedium.- 1.2.5.1 Symmetrische Kupferkabel.- 1.2.5.2 Koaxialkabel.- 1.2.5.3 Lichtwellenleiter.- 1.2.5.4 Richtfunkstrecken.- 1.2.5.5 Mobilfunkstrecken.- 1.2.5.6 Satellitenstrecken.- 1.2.6 Versorgungsstruktur.- 1.2.6.1 LAN - Local Area Network.- 1.2.6.2 MAN - Metropolitan Area Network.- 1.2.6.3 WAN - Wide Area Network.- 1.2.6.4 GAN - Global Area Network.- 1.3 Telekommunikationsdienste.- 1.3.1 Telefondienst.- 1.3.1.1 ISDN-Telefondienst.- 1.3.2 Dateldienst.- 1.3.2.1 Telexdienst.- 1.3.2.2 Teletexdienst.- 1.3.2.3 ISDN-TA-Dienste.- 1.3.2.4 ISDN-Teletex.- 1.3.2.5 Telefaxdienst.- 1.3.2.6 ISDN-Telefax.- 1.3.2.7 ISDN-Datenubertragung.- 1.3.3 Breitbanddienst.- 1.3.3.1 Kabelfernsehen.- 1.3.3.2 Videokommunikationsdienst.- 1.3.3.3 ISDN-Bildkommunikation.- 1.3.3.4 ISDN-Multifunktionale Kommunikation.- 1.3.4 Mehrwertdienst.- 1.3.4.1 T-Online-Dienst.- 1.3.4.2 ISDN-T-Online.- 1.3.4.3 Teleboxdienst.- 1.3.4.4 Temexdienst.- 1.4 Prinzipien der Nachrichtenvermittlungstechnik.- 1.4.1 Vermittlungsprinzipien.- 1.4.1.1 Durchschaltevermittlung.- 1.4.1.2 Speichervermittlung.- 2 Elemente digitaler Nachrichtensysteme.- 2.1 Digitale Modulation.- 2.1.1 Abtasttheorem.- 2.1.2 Reale Abtastubertragungssysteme.- 2.1.3 Pulsamplituden-Modulation.- 2.1.4 Pulscode-Modulation.- 2.1.4.1 Konstruktion der Kompandierungskennlinie.- 2.1.4.2 A-Kompandierungskennlinie.- 2.1.4.3 -Kompandierungskennlinie.- 2.1.5 Redundanzmindernde Codierungen.- 2.2 Leitungscodierung.- 2.2.1 Allgemeine Begriffe.- 2.2.2 Binare Leitungscodes.- 2.2.2.1 NRZ-Code.- 2.2.2.2 RZ-Code.- 2.2.3 Biphase Leitungscodes.- 2.2.3.1 Manchester-Code.- 2.2.3.2 Differential Manchester-Code.- 2.2.3.3 CMI-Code.- 2.2.4 Ternare Leitungscodes.- 2.2.4.1 AMI-Code.- 2.2.4.2 HDB3-Code.- 2.2.5 Blockcode.- 2.2.5.1 Quaternarer Code.- 2.2.5.2 MMS43-Code.- 2.2.6 Leistungsdichtespektrum.- 2.3 Multiplextechniken.- 2.3.1 PCM30.- 2.3.1.1 Rahmenstruktur.- 2.3.1.2 Rahmenkennungswort und Meldewort.- 2.3.1.3 Signalisierungs-Meldewort.- 2.3.1.4 UEberwachungsverfahren.- 2.3.2 Plesiochrone Digital Hierarchie.- 2.3.2.1 Hierarchiestrukturen.- 2.3.2.2 Pulsstopfverfahren.- 2.3.2.3 Rahmenstrukturen.- 2.3.3 Synchrone Digital Hierarchie.- 2.3.3.1 Hierarchiestrukturen.- 2.3.3.2 Rahmenstruktur.- 2.3.3.3 Multiplexschema.- 2.3.3.4 SDH-Gerate.- 2.3.3.5 SDH-Plattform fur ATM.- 3 Kommunikationsmodelle.- 3.1 IS0/OSI-Referenzmodell.- 3.1.1 Elemente des Referenzmodells.- 3.1.2 Ziele des Referenzmodells.- 3.2 OSI-Architekturmodell.- 3.2.1 Dienste.- 3.2.2 Protokolle.- 3.2.3 Dienstprimitive.- 3.2.4 Dienstschnittstellen.- 3.3 Schichten des Architekturmodells.- 3.4 Bitubertragungsschicht.- 3.4.1 Mechanische Anschlussbedingungen.- 3.4.2 Elektrische Anschlussbedingungen.- 3.4.2.1 ITU-T V.28.- 3.4.3 Funktionale Anschlussbedingungen.- 3.4.3.1 ITU-T V.24.- 3.4.3.2 ITU-T X.21.- 3.4.3.3 Sende-und Empfangseinheit.- 3.4.4 Prozedurale Anschlussbedingungen.- 3.4.4.1 ITU-T V.24/V.28.- 3.4.4.2 ITU-T X.21.- 3.4.5 Dienste.- 3.5 Sicherungsschicht.- 3.5.1 Verbindungskonfiguration.- 3.5.1.1 Punkt-zu-Punkt-Verbindung.- 3.5.1.2 Mehrpunktverbindung.- 3.5.2 Flusskontrolle.- 3.5.2.1 XON/XOFF-Protokoll.- 3.5.2.2 Stop-and-Wait-Verfahren.- 3.5.2.3 Fenster-Verfahren.- 3.5.3 Fehlerkontrolle.- 3.5.3.1 Stop-arid-Wait ARQ.- 3.5.3.2 Go-Back-N ARQ.- 3.5.3.3 Selective Reject ARQ.- 3.5.3.4 Verfahren der Fehlererkennung.- 3.5.3.5 Zyklische Codes.- 3.5.4 Sicherungsprotokolle.- 3.5.4.1 HDLC.- 3.5.4.2 LAP-B.- 3.5.4.3 LAP-D.- 3.5.4.4 LLC.- 3.5.5 Dienste.- 3.6 Vermittlungsschicht.- 3.6.1 Protokolle.- 3.6.1.1 Datagramm-Protokoll.-

In racent years the LSI technology has witnessed a revoluti onary development, and allowed substantial reductions in the size and cost of digital logic circuitry. Computer system building blocks have progressed from the level of discrete components to the level of complex ICs involving many logic circuits on a single "chip." The invention and wide applica tions of microprocessors have changed the philosophy of the signal processing, measurement and control engineering fields. The microprocessor-based digital signal processing systems and controllers have replaced the conventional ones based on standard analog and digital computing equipment. The first microprocessors and "on-chip" computers have appeared towards the end of 71 beginning 72. Their evolution since then and the number of applications, in which they have been utilized, have both been extremely spectacular. New system concepts and hardware/software tools are steadily under development to sup port the microprocessor in its multiple and complex tasks. The goal of this book is to provide a cohesive and well-balan ced set of contributions dealing with important aspects and applications of microprocessors to signal processing, measu rement and system control. The majority of contributions in clude sufficient review material and present rather complete treatments of the respective topics."

The theory of finite fields is of central importance in engineering and computer science, because of its applications to error-correcting codes, cryptography, spread-spectrum communications, and digital signal processing. Though not inherently difficult, this subject is almost never taught in depth in mathematics courses, (and even when it is the emphasis is rarely on the practical aspect). Indeed, most students get a brief and superficial survey which is crammed into a course on error-correcting codes. It is the object of this text to remedy this situation by presenting a thorough introduction to the subject which is completely sound mathematically, yet emphasizes those aspects of the subject which have proved to be the most important for applications. This book is unique in several respects. Throughout, the emphasis is on fields of characteristic 2, the fields on which almost all applications are based. The importance of Euclid's algorithm is stressed early and often. Berlekamp's polynomial factoring algorithm is given a complete explanation. The book contains the first treatment of Berlekamp's 1982 bit-serial multiplication circuits, and concludes with a thorough discussion of the theory of m-sequences, which are widely used in communications systems of many kinds.

This proceedings volume gathers outstanding papers submitted to the 2016 SAE-China Congress, the majority of which are from China, the biggest car maker as well as most dynamic car market in the world. The book includes insights into the current challenges that the whole industry is currently facing, and it offers possible solutions to problems such as emission controls, environmental pollution, the energy shortage, traffic congestion and sustainable development. It also presents the latest technical achievements in the automotive industry. Many of the approaches it presents can help technicians to solve the practical problems that most affect their daily work.

This book provides a comprehensive and consistent introduction to the Internet of Things. Hot topics, including the European privacy legislation GDPR, and homomorphic encryption are explained. For each topic, the reader gets a theoretical introduction and an overview, backed by programming examples. For demonstration, the authors use the IoT platform VICINITY, which is open-source, free, and offers leading standards for privacy. Presents readers with a coherent single-source introduction into the IoT; Introduces selected, hot-topics of IoT, including GDPR (European legislation on data protection), and homomorphic encryption; Provides coding examples for most topics that allow the reader to kick-start his own IoT applications, smart services, etc.

This book introduces readers to two major sustainable applications of linear synchronous machines: wave energy conversion and magnetic levitation train technology. To do so, it begins with a state-of-the-art review of linear machines, covering induction and synchronous topologies and their applications, with a particular focus on sustainable applications. This is followed by an analysis of the electromagnetic modeling of linear synchronous machines, the goal being to investigate their main features, especially their force production capabilities.

The volume includes a set of selected papers extended and revised from the 2011 International Conference on Computer, Communication, Control and Automation (3CA 2011). 2011 International Conference on Computer, Communication, Control and Automation (3CA 2011) has been held in Zhuhai, China, November 19-20, 2011. This volume topics covered include signal and Image processing, speech and audio Processing, video processing and analysis, artificial intelligence, computing and intelligent systems, machine learning, sensor and neural networks, knowledge discovery and data mining, fuzzy mathematics and Applications, knowledge-based systems, hybrid systems modeling and design, risk analysis and management, system modeling and simulation. We hope that researchers, graduate students and other interested readers benefit scientifically from the proceedings and also find it stimulating in the process.

Numbers, Information and Complexity is a collection of about 50 articles in honour of Rudolf Ahlswede. His main areas of research are represented in the three sections, `Numbers and Combinations', `Information Theory (Channels and Networks, Combinatorial and Algebraic Coding, Cryptology, with the related fields Data Compression, Entropy Theory, Symbolic Dynamics, Probability and Statistics)', and `Complexity'. Special attention was paid to the interplay between the fields. Surveys on topics of current interest are included as well as new research results. The book features surveys on Combinatorics about topics such as intersection theorems, which are not yet covered in textbooks, several contributions by leading experts in data compression, and relations to Natural Sciences are discussed.

Before beginning a residential project make sure you've got Ugly's Residential Wiring, 2020 Edition in your toolbox. Updated to reflect the 2020 National Electrical Code (NEC (R)), this quick on-the-job reference has been specifically designed to provide the most commonly required electrical wiring information for residential work in an easy-to-read, easy-to-access format. You will save precious time and money with instant access to specific rules, symbols and code requirements for wiring dwellings that ensure your job stays on task and passes inspection the first time.The perfect tool for electricians, contractors, designers, instructors, students, and do-it-yourself home owners, Ugly's Residential Wiring includes coverage of basic residential requirements, including: Features & Benefits: Allowable Ampacities Ohm's Law Grounding Parallel Circuits Series Circuits Services and Service Points Conduit Fill Wiring Diagrams and Rules

New directives in the European Union forced the national governments to release new laws on the collection and recycling of electronic waste. Producers of electrical/electronic equipment are now required to fulfill several tasks on an administrational level, such as registration and regular declarations, as well as ensure take back and recycling operationally. The national laws and requirements strongly differ from country to country and created a lot of confusion in the past. In this book, consultants from 26 EU member states give a clear and structured recipe how this complicated procedure can be done in the corresponding country. This makes the book being an essential tool for the electrics industry, in particular for international companies.

The Core Test Wrapper Handbook: Rationale and Application of IEEE Std. 1500tm provides insight into the rules and recommendations of IEEE Std. 1500. This book focuses on practical design considerations inherent to the application of IEEE Std. 1500 by discussing design choices and other decisions relevant to this IEEE standard. The authors provide background information about some of the choices and decisions made throughout the design of IEEE Std. 1500.

The authors, writing with the experience and technological background of Electricite de France, an organisation at the forefront of simulation methods, provide a comprehensive and comprehensible treatment of the modelling and simulation techniques currently in use. The text emphasises model design applied to power plants producing energy, generators and motors carrying out energy transformations and networks transmitting energy. The systems are analysed considering each process, from steady state to fast transients, with detailed explanation of the problem to be solved, the choice of models and methods for optimising efficiency. Many examples and references are provided. The book is essential reading for anyone involved in power system engineering, from practising design and development engineers to researchers and postgraduate and advanced graduate students.

YUNMIN ZHU In the past two decades, multi sensor or multi-source information fusion tech niques have attracted more and more attention in practice, where observations are processed in a distributed manner and decisions or estimates are made at the individual processors, and processed data (or compressed observations) are then transmitted to a fusion center where the final global decision or estimate is made. A system with multiple distributed sensors has many advantages over one with a single sensor. These include an increase in the capability, reliability, robustness and survivability of the system. Distributed decision or estimation fusion prob lems for cases with statistically independent observations or observation noises have received significant attention (see Varshney's book Distributed Detec tion and Data Fusion, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1997, Bar-Shalom's book Multitarget-Multisensor Tracking: Advanced Applications, vol. 1-3, Artech House, 1990, 1992,2000). Problems with statistically dependent observations or observation noises are more difficult and have received much less study. In practice, however, one often sees decision or estimation fusion problems with statistically dependent observations or observation noises. For instance, when several sensors are used to detect a random signal in the presence of observation noise, the sensor observations could not be statistically independent when the signal is present. This book provides a more complete treatment of the fundamentals of multi sensor decision and estimation fusion in order to deal with general random ob servations or observation noises that are correlated across the sensors."

Building Scalable Network Services: Theory and Practice is on building scalable network services on the Internet or in a network service provider's network. The focus is on network services that are provided through the use of a set of servers. The authors present a tiered scalable network service model and evaluate various services within this architecture. The service model simplifies design tasks by implementing only the most basic functionalities at lower tiers where the need for scalability dominates functionality.
The book includes a number of theoretical results that are practical and applicable to real networks, such as building network-wide measurement, monitoring services, and strategies for building better P2P networks. Various issues in scalable system design and placement algorithms for service nodes are discussed. Using existing network services as well as potentially new but useful services as examples, the authors formalize the problem of placing service nodes and provide practical solutions for them.

Reliability of Semiconductor Lasers and Optoelectronic Devices simplifies complex concepts of optoelectronics reliability with approachable introductory chapters and a focus on real-world applications. This book provides a brief look at the fundamentals of laser diodes, introduces reliability qualification, and then presents real-world case studies discussing the principles of reliability and what occurs when these rules are broken. Then this book comprehensively looks at optoelectronics devices and the defects that cause premature failure in them and how to control those defects. Key materials and devices are reviewed including silicon photonics, vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), InGaN LEDs and lasers, and AlGaN LEDs, covering the majority of optoelectronic devices that we use in our everyday lives, powering the Internet, telecommunication, solid-state lighting, illuminators, and many other applications. This book features contributions from experts in industry and academia working in these areas and includes numerous practical examples and case studies. This book is suitable for new entrants to the field of optoelectronics working in R&D.

This edited collection opens up new intellectual territories and articulates the ways in which academics are theorising and practicing new forms of research in 'wild' contexts. Many researchers are choosing to leave the familiarity of their laboratory-based settings in order to pursue in-situ studies 'in the wild' that can help them to better understand the implications of their work in real-world settings. This has naturally led to ethical, philosophical and practical reappraisals with regard to the taken for granted lab-based modus operandi of scientific, cultural and design-based ways of working. This evolving movement has led to a series of critical debates opening up around the nature of research in the wild, but up until now these debates have not been drawn together in a coherent way that could be useful in an academic context. The book brings together applied, methodological and theoretical perspectives relating to this subject area, and provides a platform and a source of reference material for researchers, students and academics to base their work on. Cutting across multiple disciplines relating to philosophy, sociology, ethnography, design, human-computer interaction, science, history and critical theory, this timely collection appeals to a broad range of academics in varying fields of research.

Prometheus brought fire to mankind Arthur R. von Hippel "Dielectrics and Waves," 1954 Our contribution? There are only few areas of research and development of a comparable scientific and technological extension as microwave and high frequency processing. "Pr- essing" means not only application of radiation of 300 MHz to 300 GHz f- quency to synthesis, heating or ionisation of matter but also generation, transm- sion and detection of microwave and radio frequency radiation. Microwave and high frequency sources positioned in the orbit are the foun- tion of modern satellite telecommunication systems, gyrotron tubes being pr- ently developed in different countries all over the world will most probably be the major devices to open up a new era of energy supply to mankind be means of - sion plasma. Although initiated by military purposes during the Second World War (RADAR, Radio Detection and Ranging), microwave and high frequency utilisation has spread over almost every important aspect of normal day life since than, from individual mobile phones and kitchen microwave ovens to industrial food processing, production of composites as sustainable building materials, green chemistry, medical applications and finally infrastructure installations like GPS and Galileo, to name only few examples. These different areas of microwave and high frequency radiation application can not be unified within one group of scientists and technologists. There are s- eral distinguished communities active e.g., in the area of telecommunication s- tems, strong microwaves for fusion plasma or plasma based materials processing.