This book is an introduction to the fundamentals of emerging non-volatile memories and provides an overview of future trends in the field. Readers will find coverage of seven important memory technologies, including Ferroelectric Random Access Memory (FeRAM), Ferromagnetic RAM (FMRAM), Multiferroic RAM (MFRAM), Phase-Change Memories (PCM), Oxide-based Resistive RAM (RRAM), Probe Storage, and Polymer Memories. Chapters are structured to reflect diffusions and clashes between different topics. Emerging Non-Volatile Memories is an ideal book for graduate students, faculty, and professionals working in the area of non-volatile memory. This book also: Covers key memory technologies, including Ferroelectric Random Access Memory (FeRAM), Ferromagnetic RAM (FMRAM), and Multiferroic RAM (MFRAM), among others. Provides an overview of non-volatile memory fundamentals. Broadens readers' understanding of future trends in non-volatile memories.

This book examines the characteristics of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells with a focus on deriving realistic finite element models. The book also explains in detail how to set up measuring systems, data analysis, and PEM Fuel Cells' static and dynamic characteristics. Covered in detail are design and operation principles such as polarization phenomenon, thermodynamic analysis, and overall voltage; failure modes and mechanisms such as permanent faults, membrane degradation, and water management; and modelling and numerical simulation including semi-empirical, one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional models. It is appropriate for graduate students, researchers, and engineers who work with the design and reliability of hydrogen fuel cells, in particular proton exchange membrane fuel cells.

Mobile and Wireless Network Security and Privacy analyzes important security and privacy problems in the realms of wireless networks and mobile computing. The material includes a report to the National Science Foundation of the United States which will be used by program managers for the foundation in setting priorities for research directions in this area. In the following chapters field experts expand upon the report and provide further information about important research directions in the fields of wireless networks and mobile computing. The chapters are written by the leading international researchers and professionals in thes fields. Each chapter represents state-of-the-art research and includes several influential contributions. A multitude of valuable discussions on relevant concepts, such as the various approaches that define emerging security and privacy in mobile and wireless environment, are featured. The book is useful to researchers working in the fields of mobile and wireless security and privacy and to graduate students seeking new areas to perform research. It also provides information for academics and industry people researching recent trends and developments in the mobile and wireless security fields.

Discusses process variation, model accuracy, design flow and many other practical engineering, reliability and manufacturing issues

Gives a good overview for a person who is not an expert in modeling and simulation, enabling them to extract the necessary information to competently use modeling and simulation programs

Written for engineering students and product design engineers

Variable speed is one of the important requirements in most of the electric drives. Earlier dc motors were the only drives that were used in industries requiring - eration over a wide range of speed with step less variation, or requiring fine ac- racy of speed control. Such drives are known as high performance drives. AC - tors because of being highly coupled non-linear devices can not provide fast dynamic response with normal controls. However, recently, because of ready availability of power electronic devices, and digital signal processors ac motors are beginning to be used for high performance drives. Field oriented control or vector control has made a fundamental change with regard to dynamic perfo- ance of ac machines. Vector control makes it possible to control induction or s- chronous motor in a manner similar to control scheme used for the separately - cited dc motor. Recent advances in artificial intelligence techniques have also contributed in the improvement in performance of electric drives. This book presents a comprehensive view of high performance ac drives. It may be considered as both a text book for graduate students and as an up-to-date monograph. It may also be used by R & D professionals involved in the impro- ment of performance of drives in the industries. The book will also be beneficial to the researchers pursuing work on sensorless and direct torque control of electric drives as up-to date references in these topics are provided.

Image motion processing is important to machine vision systems because it can lead to the recovery of 3D structure and motion. Author Amar Mitiche offers a comprehensive mathematical treatment of this key subject in visual systems research. Mitiche examines the interpretation of point correspondences as well as the interpretation of straight line correspondences and optical flow. In addition, the author considers interpretation by knowledge-based systems and presents the relevant mathematical basis for 3D interpretation.

This open access book analyzes the transition toward a low-carbon energy system in Europe under the aspects of flexibility and technological progress. By covering the main energy sectors - including the industry, residential, tertiary and transport sector as well as the heating and electricity sector - the analysis assesses flexibility requirements in a cross-sectoral energy system with high shares of renewable energies. The contributing authors - all European energy experts - apply models and tools from various research fields, including techno-economic learning, fundamental energy system modeling, and environmental and social life cycle as well as health impact assessment, to develop an innovative and comprehensive energy models system (EMS). Moreover, the contributions examine renewable penetrations and their contributions to climate change mitigation, and the impacts of available technologies on the energy system. Given its scope, the book appeals to researchers studying energy systems and markets, professionals and policymakers of the energy industry and readers interested in the transformation to a low-carbon energy system in Europe.

The fourth and last edition of this book was published in 1967. Although it has been out of print for many years it is still considered the "Bible" of contact theory and is referred to in almost every scientific paper dealing with electric contacts. This classic book serves as a basis for understanding of contacts and their use in technology. It contains fundamental theory, critical information and a richness of details including a pertinent literature list. A chapter is devoted to the tunnel effect, several chapters treat such friction and wear phenomena which are closely connected with the theory of electric contacts. Subjects covered include tarnishing of contact material, fritting of tarnish films in contacts, material transfer in switches and commutation, and the theory of thermal contacts.

The new edition of this popular book has been transformed into a hands-on textbook, focusing on the principles of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), their applications, their protocols and standards, and their analysis and test tools; a meticulous care has been accorded to the definitions and terminology. To make WSNs felt and seen, the adopted technologies as well as their manufacturers are presented in detail. In introductory computer networking books, chapters sequencing follows the bottom up or top down architecture of the seven layers protocol. This book starts some steps later, with chapters ordered based on a topic's significance to the elaboration of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) concepts and issues. With such a depth, this book is intended for a wide audience, it is meant to be a helper and motivator, for both the senior undergraduates, postgraduates, researchers, and practitioners; concepts and WSNs related applications are laid out, research and practical issues are backed by appropriate literature, and new trends are put under focus. For senior undergraduate students, it familiarizes readers with conceptual foundations, applications, and practical project implementations. For graduate students and researchers, transport layer protocols and cross-layering protocols are presented and testbeds and simulators provide a must follow emphasis on the analysis methods and tools for WSNs. For practitioners, besides applications and deployment, the manufacturers and components of WSNs at several platforms and testbeds are fully explored.

This book deals specifically with control theories relevant to the design of control units for switched power electronics devices, for the most part represented by DC DC converters and supplies, by rectifiers of different kinds and by inverters with varying topologies. The theoretical methods for designing controllers in linear and nonlinear systems are accompanied by multiple case studies and examples showing their application in the emerging field of power electronics.

This book presents select proceedings of the Electric Power and Renewable Energy Conference 2020 (EPREC 2020). This book provides rigorous discussions, case studies, and recent developments in emerging areas of control systems, especially, load frequency control, wide-area monitoring, control & instrumentation, optimization, intelligent control, energy management system, SCADA systems, etc. The contents of this book will be useful to researchers and professionals interested in control theory and its applications to power grids and systems. The book can also be used by policy makers and power engineers involved in power generation and distribution.

Petri Net Synthesis for Discrete Event Control of Manufacturing Systems develops two essential resource-sharing concepts: parallel and sequential mutual exclusions and theoretical results in Petri synthesis. A parallel mutual exclusion (PME) is defined to model a resource shared by independent distributed processes, and a sequential mutual exclusion is a sequential composition of PMEs, modeling a resource shared by sequentially-related processes. A hybrid synthesis methodology for Petri net models and controllers is proposed using top-down, modular, and bottom-up design ideas and the mutual exclusion theory. An aggregate Petri net model is refined by replacing places and /or transitions with basic design modules which are mathematically and graphically described. Petri net design methods are presented for such buffers as automatic storage and retrieval systems. Using the proposed method synthesizes both Petri net structure and feasible initial markings, guaranteeing that resulting Petri nets have desirable system properties such as freedom from deadlock and cyclic behavior. A Petri net controller is extended to error recovery for automated manufacturing systems. The theory can guarantee that the desired system properties achieved by the original design will be preserved when the controller is augmented to deal with an error in the prescribed methods. Control code has been directly generated from Petri net definitions. The algorithm and implementation details are given for a flexible manufacturing system. Using the approach presented in Petri Net Synthesis for Discrete Event Control of Manufacturing Systems, engineers and research workers can develop their own discrete event control applications and experiments.

This volume contains 108 full length papers presented at the 2nd International Conference on Electric and Electronics (EEIC 2012), held on April 21-22 in Sanya, China, which brings together researchers working in many different areas of education and learning to foster international collaborations and exchange of new ideas. This volume can be divided into two sections on the basis of the classification of manuscripts considered: the first section deals with Electric and the second section with Electronics.

The overall goal of this book is to introduce algorithms for improving the economic posture of a utility company in a restructured power system by promoting cost-effective maintenance schedules. This book's topic is very timely as the electric utility industry is undergoing a major restructuring, and what used to be vertically integrated is now being unbundled. The restructuring has given rise to a number of separate business entities with their own objectives. In this breakup, the issue of maintenance scheduling has been missed completely since none of these entities currently have explicit accountability for this subject. The authors offer a logical alternative to traditional electric utility maintenance practices and a basis for making maintenance decisions. Maintenance scheduling problems are formulated as decomposed problems. This signifies the nature of restructured power systems with self-interested entities and optimizes potential revenues while meeting constraints such as fuel schedules, emission constraints, hourly load demands, and network limits. Coordination of short- and long-term maintenance scheduling is also presented. The book shows by numerous derivations and examples that careful planning and good coordination among self-interested entities in restructured power systems are essential to achieving an optimal trade-off between the cost of maintenance and service reliability. Maintenance Scheduling in Restructured Power Systems includes a variety of models, solutions and ideas that will be invaluable to engineers, consultants, manufacturers, students, and others working and studying in the utility field.

Compression and Coding Algorithms describes in detail the coding mechanisms that are available for use in data compression systems. The well known Huffman coding technique is one mechanism, but there have been many others developed over the past few decades, and this book describes, explains and assesses them. People undertaking research of software development in the areas of compression and coding algorithms will find this book an indispensable reference. In particular, the careful and detailed description of algorithms and their implementation, plus accompanying pseudo-code that can be readily implemented on computer, make this book a definitive reference in an area currently without one.

• Technical language made simple • Researched matter • Maximum illustrations • To the point matter • Authored by a qualified person who is teaching in this field for the last 25 years

'Coreference' presents specificities of reference, anaphora and coreference in Polish, establish identity-of-reference annotation model and present methodology used to create the corpus of Polish general nominal coreference. Various resolution approaches are presented, followed by their evaluation. By discussing the subsequent steps of building a coreference-related component of the natural language processing toolset and offering deeper explanation of the decisions taken, this volume might also serve as a reference book on state-of the art methods of carrying out coreference projects for new languages and a tutorial for NLP practitioners. Apart from serving as a description of the fi rst complete approach to annotation and resolution of direct nominal coreference for Polish, this book is a useful starting point for further work on other types of anaphora/coreference, semantic annotation, cognitive linguistics (related to the topic of near-identity, discussed in the book) etc. With extended tutorial-like sections on important subtopics, such as evaluation metrics for coreference resolution, it can prove useful to both researchers and practitioners interested in semantic description of Balto-Slavic languages and their processing, engineers developing language resources, tools and linguistic processing chains, as well as computational linguists in general.

A spherical actuator is a novel electric device that can achieve 2/3-DOF rotational motions in a single joint with electric power input. It has advantages such as compact structure, low mass/moment of inertia, fast response and non-singularities within the workspace. It has promising applications in robotics, automobile, manufacturing, medicine and aerospace industry. This is the first monograph that introduces the research on spherical actuators systematically. It broadens the scope of actuators from conventional single-axis to multi-axis, which will help both beginners and researchers to enhance their knowledge on electromagnetic actuators. Generic analytic modeling methods for magnetic field and torque output are developed, which can be applied to the development of other electromagnetic actuators. A parametric design methodology that allows fast analysis and design of spherical actuators for various applications is proposed. A novel non-contact high-precision 3-DOF spherical motion sensing methodology is developed and evaluated with experiments, which shows that it can achieve one order of magnitude higher precision than conventional methods. The technologies of nondimensionalization and normalization are introduced into magnetic field analysis the first time, and a benchmark database is established for the reference of other researches on spherical actuators.

The capability of effectively analyzing complex systems is fundamental to the operation, management and planning of power systems. This book offers broad coverage of essential power system concepts and features a complete and in-depth account of all the latest developments, including Power Flow Analysis in Market Environment; Power Flow Calculation of AC/DC Interconnected Systems and Power Flow Control and Calculation for Systems Having FACTS Devices and recent results in system stability.

This book describes the analysis and design of precision temperature sensors in CMOS IC technology. It focusses on so-called smart temperature sensors, which provide a digital output signal that can be readily interpreted by a computer. The sensors described in this book are based on bipolar transistors, which are available as parasitic devices in standard CMOS technology. The relevant physical properties of these devices are described. It is shown in detail how their temperature characteristics can be used to obtain an accurate digital temperature reading. A sigma-delta converter plays a key role in the conversion to a digital output. Both the system-level design of such a converter, and the circuit-level implementation using both continuous-time and switched-capacitor techniques are described. Special attention is paid to the application of precision interfacing techniques, such as dynamic offset cancellation and dynamic element matching. A separate chapter is devoted to low-cost calibration techniques. Precision Temperature Sensors in CMOS Technology ends with a detailed description of three realized prototypes. The final prototype achieves an inaccuracy of only A0.1AC (3Sigma) over the temperature range of a "55AC to 125AC, which is the highest performance reported to date.

What lies beyond the era of fossil fuels? While most answers focus on different primary energy resources, "Energy Systems in the Era of Energy Vectors" provides a completely new approach.

Instead of providing a traditional consumption analysis of classical primary energy resources such as oil, coal, nuclear power and gas, "Energy Systems in the Era of Energy Vectors" describes and assesses energy technologies, markets and future strategies, focusing on their capacity to produce, exchange, and use energy vectors. Special attention is given to the renewable energy resources available in different areas of the world and made exploitable by the integration of energy vectors in the global energy system.

Clear definitions of energy vectors and energy systems are used as the basis for a complete explanation and assessment of up-to-date, available technologies for energy resources, transport and storage systems, conversion and use. The energy vectors scheme allows the potential realization of a worldwide sustainable energy system to fulfill global development expectations by minimizing both the impact on the environment, and the international political frictions for access to limited and concentrated resources.

"Energy Systems in the Era of Energy Vectors" is an informative read for researchers and advanced students in industrial, energy and environmental engineering. It also contains valuable information for managers and technicians working in the energy sector.

Proceedings of the FISITA 2012 World Automotive Congress are selected from nearly 2,000 papers submitted to the 34th FISITA World Automotive Congress, which is held by Society of Automotive Engineers of China (SAE-China ) and the International Federation of Automotive Engineering Societies (FISITA). This proceedings focus on solutions for sustainable mobility in all areas of passenger car, truck and bus transportation. Volume 4: Future Automotive Powertrain (II) focuses on: *Advanced Battery Technology *Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle *Charging Infrastructure and Smart Grid Technology *Demonstration of Electric Vehicles in Cities Above all researchers, professional engineers and graduates in fields of automotive engineering, mechanical engineering and electronic engineering will benefit from this book. SAE-China is a national academic organization composed of enterprises and professionals who focus on research, design and education in the fields of automotive and related industries. FISITA is the umbrella organization for the national automotive societies in 37 countries around the world. It was founded in Paris in 1948 with the purpose of bringing engineers from around the world together in a spirit of cooperation to share ideas and advance the technological development of the automobile.

vii Part 1. ULTIMATE PHYSICAL LIMITS IN ELEcrRONIC CCM1UNICATION Breaking the Recursive Bottleneck Professor David G. Messerschmitt 3 Optimum Scales and Limits of Integration Professor Daniel V. McCaughan . . * . 21 On Ultimate Thermodynamic Limitations in Communication and canputation Professor Jerome Rothstein 43 Part 2. STATISTICAL, INFORMATIONAL, COMPUTATIONAL AND CRYPI'OGRAPHIC LIMITS On the Capacity of Peak Power Constrained Gaussian Channels Professor I. Bar-David *...***. 61 Complexity Issues for Public Key Cryptography Professor Ian F. Blake, Dr. Paul C. van Oorschot and Dr. Scott A. Vanstone . . *...*. *...75 Collaborative Coding for Optical Fibre Multi-User Channels Dr. P. Bridge . **. . ***...*. 99 What Happened with Knapsack Cryptographic Schemes? Professor Y. G. Desmedt . **...****. 113 Optical Logic for Computers Dr. Robert W. Keyes ...* 135 Limitations of Queueing Models in Communication Networks 143 Professor Anthony Ephremides . * * . . * * * * * . * Limits to Network Reliability Dr. GUnter G. Weber . *...1 55 Two Non-Standard Paradigms for Computation: Analog Machines and Cellular Automata Professor Kenneth Steiglitz ******** 173 The Capacity Region of the Binary Multiplying Channel - A Converse Professor J. Pieter M. Schalkwijk ...*. * 193 Recent Developments in Cryptography Dr. Fred Piper . * * * . * * * 207 vi The Role of Feedback in Communication Professor Thomas M. Cover * . * . . * 225 The Complexities of Information Transfer with Reference to a Genetic Code Model Mr. G. A. Karpel . . *...