Low Power Analog CMOS for Cardiac Pacemakers proposes new techniques for the reduction of power consumption in analog integrated circuits. Our main example is the pacemaker sense channel, which is representative of a broader class of biomedical circuits aimed at qualitatively detecting biological signals.
The first and second chapters are a tutorial presentation on implantable medical devices and pacemakers from the circuit designer point of view. This is illustrated by the requirements and solutions applied in our implementation of an industrial IC for pacemakers. There from, the book discusses the means for reduction of power consumption at three levels: base technology, power-oriented analytical synthesis procedures and circuit architecture.

Micro-TAS '98 is the third of a series of symposia initiated by MBSA (University of Twente) in 1994, on the subject of miniaturizing, and integrating within a monolithic structure, the chemical, biochemical and biological procedures commonly used for analysis and synthesis. The primary tool used to develop micro-total analysis systems (mu- TAS) has been micro-photolithographic patterning and micromachining. These powerful tools of Micro System Technology (MST or MEMS) have been applied in highly imaginative ways to develop microchip chemical arrays, fully integrated pump and fluid manifolds, and electrokinetically driven micro-channel systems to be used for genetic analysis, clinical diagnostics and environmental monitoring, and to integrate reactions as diverse as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the large volume, partial oxidation of ammonia. This text illustrates the rapid expansion of the field, the extensive industrial involvement, the increasing number of participating researchers, the expanding range of concepts and applications that utilize MST and microfluidic devices, and new MST-compatible plastic micro-machining to meet the needs of the life science community. This volume contains the proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Micro-Total Analysis Systems, mu-TAS '98, held on October 13-16 in Banff, Alberta, Canada. State-of-the-art invited and contributed papers presented by the world's leading mu- TAS research groups provide a highly informative picture of the growth since 1994 and of the promising future of this exciting and rapidly growing field.

When comparing conventional computing architectures to the architectures of biological neural systems, we find several striking differences. Conventional computers use a low number of high performance computing elements that are programmed with algorithms to perform tasks in a time sequenced way; they are very successful in administrative applications, in scientific simulations, and in certain signal processing applications. However, the biological systems still significantly outperform conventional computers in perception tasks, sensory data processing and motory control. Biological systems use a completely dif ferent computing paradigm: a massive network of simple processors that are (adaptively) interconnected and operate in parallel. Exactly this massively parallel processing seems the key aspect to their success. On the other hand the development of VLSI technologies provide us with technological means to implement very complicated systems on a silicon die. Especially analog VLSI circuits in standard digital technologies open the way for the implement at ion of massively parallel analog signal processing systems for sensory signal processing applications and for perception tasks. In chapter 1 the motivations behind the emergence of the analog VLSI of massively parallel systems is discussed in detail together with the capabilities and imitations of VLSI technologies and the required research and developments. Analog parallel signal processing drives for the development of very com pact, high speed and low power circuits. An important technologicallimitation in the reduction of the size of circuits and the improvement of the speed and power consumption performance is the device inaccuracies or device mismatch."

This volume represents the written account of the NATO Advanced Study Institute "Lower-Dimensional Systems and Molecular Electronics" held at Hotel Spetses, Spetses Island, Greece from 12 June to 23 June 1989. The goal of the Institute was to demonstrate the breadth of chemical and physical knowledge that has been acquired in the last 20 years in inorganic and organic crystals, polymers, and thin films, which exhibit phenomena of reduced dimensionality. The interest in these systems started in the late 1960's with lower-dimensional inorganic conductors, in the early 1970's with quasi-one-dimensional crystalline organic conductors. which by 1979 led to the first organic superconductors, and, in 1977, to the fITSt conducting polymers. The study of monolayer films (Langmuir-Blodgett films) had progressed since the 1930's, but reached a great upsurge in . the early 1980's. The pursuit of non-linear optical phenomena became increasingly popular in the early 1980's, as the attention turned from inorganic crystals to organic films and polymers. And in the last few years the term "moleculw' electronics" has gained ever-increasing acceptance, although it is used in several contexts. We now have organic superconductors with critical temperatures in excess of 10 K, conducting polymers that are soluble and processable, and used commercially; we have films of a few monolayers that have high in-plane electrical conductivity, and polymers that show great promise in photonics; we even have a few devices that function almost at the molecular level.

A comprehensive overview of the physical mechanisms that control electron transport and the characteristics of metal-molecule-metal (MMM) junctions. As far as possible, methods and formalisms presented elsewhere to analyze electron transport through molecules are avoided. This title introduces basic concepts--a description of the electron transport through molecular junctions and briefly describes relevant experimental methods. Theoretical methods commonly used to analyze the electron transport through molecules are presented. Various effects that manifest in the electron transport through MMMs, as well as the basics of density-functional theory and its applications to electronic structure calculations in molecules are presented. Nanoelectronic applications of molecular junctions and similar systems are discussed as well. Molecular electronics is a diverse and rapidly growing field. "Transport Properties of Molecular Junctions" presents an up-to-date survey of the field suitable for researchers and professionals."

Signal processing is an essential topic for all practicing and aspiring electrical engineers to understand no matter what specific area they are involved in. Originally published by McGraw-Hill* and now reissued by Artech House, this definitive volume offers a unified, comprehensive and practical treatment of statistical and adaptive signal processing. Written by leading experts in industry and academia, the book covers the most important aspects of the subject, such as spectral estimation, signal modeling, adaptive filtering, and array processing. This unique resource provides balanced coverage of implementation issues, applications, and theory, making it a smart choice for professional engineers and students alike. The book presents clear examples, problem sets, and computer experiments that help readers master the material and learn how to implement various methods presented in the chapters. This invaluable reference also includes a set of Matlab[registered] functions that engineers can use to solve real-world problems in the field. The book is packed with over 3,000 equations and more than 300 illustrations.

The proliferation of multicore processors in the embedded market for Internet-of-Things (IoT) and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) makes developing real-time embedded applications increasingly difficult. What is the underlying theory that makes multicore real-time possible? How does theory influence application design? When is a real-time operating system (RTOS) useful? What RTOS features do applications need? How does a mature RTOS help manage the complexity of multicore hardware? Real-Time Systems Development with RTEMS and Multicore Processors answers these questions and more with exemplar Real-Time Executive for Multiprocessor Systems (RTEMS) RTOS to provide concrete advice and examples for constructing useful, feature-rich applications. RTEMS is free, open-source software that supports multi-processor systems for over a dozen CPU architectures and over 150 specific system boards in applications spanning the range of IoT and CPS domains such as satellites, particle accelerators, robots, racing motorcycles, building controls, medical devices, and more. The focus of this book is on enabling real-time embedded software engineering while providing sufficient theoretical foundations and hardware background to understand the rationale for key decisions in RTOS and application design and implementation. The topics covered in this book include: Cross-compilation for embedded systems development Concurrent programming models used in real-time embedded software Real-time scheduling theory and algorithms used in wide practice Usage and comparison of two application programmer interfaces (APIs) in real-time embedded software: POSIX and the RTEMS Classic APIs Design and implementation in RTEMS of commonly found RTOS features for schedulers, task management, time-keeping, inter-task synchronization, inter-task communication, and networking The challenges introduced by multicore hardware, advances in multicore real-time theory, and software engineering multicore real-time systems with RTEMS All the authors of this book are experts in the academic field of real-time embedded systems. Two of the authors are primary open-source maintainers of the RTEMS software project.

Low dielectric constant materials are an important component of microelectronic devices. This comprehensive book covers the latest low-dielectric-constant (low-k) materials technology, thin film materials characterization, integration and reliability for back-end interconnects and packaging applications in microelectronics. Highly informative contributions from leading academic and industrial laboratories provide comprehensive information about materials technologies for < 0.18 um process technology. Topics include: Organic dielectric materials, Inorganic dielectric materials, Composite dielectric materials, Metrology and characterization techniques, Integration, Reliability. This volume will be an invaluable resource for professionals, scientists, researchers and graduate students involved in dielectric technology development, materials science, polymer science, and semiconductor devices and processing.

Recent years have seen rapid strides in the level of sophistication of VLSI circuits. On the performance front, there is a vital need for techniques to design fast, low-power chips with minimum area for increasingly complex systems, while on the economic side there is the vastly increased pressure of time-to-market. These pressures have made the use of CAD tools mandatory in designing complex systems. Timing Analysis and Optimization of Sequential Circuits describes CAD algorithms for analyzing and optimizing the timing behavior of sequential circuits with special reference to performance parameters such as power and area. A unified approach to performance analysis and optimization of sequential circuits is presented. The state of the art in timing analysis and optimization techniques is described for circuits using edge-triggered or level-sensitive memory elements. Specific emphasis is placed on two methods that are true sequential timing optimizations techniques: retiming and clock skew optimization. Timing Analysis and Optimization of Sequential Circuits covers the following topics: Algorithms for sequential timing analysis Fast algorithms for clock skew optimization and their applications Efficient techniques for retiming large sequential circuits Coupling sequential and combinational optimizations. Timing Analysis and Optimization of Sequential Circuits is written for graduate students, researchers and professionals in the area of CAD for VLSI and VLSI circuit design.

The Lean Approach to Digital Transformation: From Customer to Code and From Code to Customer is organized into three parts that expose and develop the three capabilities that are essential for a successful digital transformation: 1. Understanding how to co-create digital services with users, whether they are customers or future customers. This ability combines observation, dialogue, and iterative experimentation. The approach proposed in this book is based on the Lean Startup approach, according to an extended vision that combines Design Thinking and Growth Hacking. Companies must become truly "customer-centric", from observation and listening to co-development. The revolution of the digital age of the 21st century is that customer orientation is more imperative -- the era of abundance, usages rate of change, complexity of experiences, and shift of power towards communities -- are easier, using digital tools and digital communities. 2. Developing an information system (IS) that is the backbone of the digital transformation - called "exponential information system" to designate an open IS (in particular on its borders), capable of interfacing and combining with external services, positioned as a player in software ecosystems and built for processing scalable and dynamic data flows. The exponential information system is constantly changing and it continuously absorbs the best of information processing technology, such as Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. 3. Building software "micro-factories" that produce service platforms, which are called "Lean software factories." This "software factory" concept covers the integration of agile methods, tooling and continuous integration and deployment practices, a customer-oriented product approach, and a platform approach based on modularity, as well as API-based architecture and openness to external stakeholders. This software micro-factory is the foundation that continuously produces and provides constantly evolving services. These three capabilities are not unique or specific to this book, they are linked to other concepts such as agile methods, product development according to lean principles, software production approaches such as CICD (continuous integration and deployment) or DevOps. This book weaves a common frame of reference for all these approaches to derive more value from the digital transformation and to facilitate its implementation. The title of the book refers to the "lean approach to digital transformation" because the two underlying frameworks, Lean Startup and Lean Software Factory, are directly inspired by Lean, in the sense of the Toyota Way. The Lean approach is present from the beginning to the end of this book -- it provides the framework for customer orientation and the love of a job well done, which are the conditions for the success of a digital transformation.

Low voltage unearthed (IT) AC and DC systems are commonly applied for supply of power and control circuits in industry, transportation, medical objects etc. The main reasons for their use are high reliability and numerous advantages offered by isolating them against ground. Insulation level is a decisive factor for networks operational reliability and safety. Insufficient insulation-to-ground resistance can cause various disturbances. Though ground faults in IT systems do not make networks operation impossible, they may cause severe problems with their safe functioning.

In this book the most important issues concerning normal operation and ground fault phenomena are described in concise form. Numerous methods of insulation resistance and capacitance measurement in live circuits are presented. Important other procedures of these parameters determination based on measurement and calculation are explained and reviews of selected insulation resistance measurement devices as well as earth fault locating systems are included. This book is addressed to electrical engineers, technicians and students and may also serve as an academic handbook. The extended second edition includes several innovative methods of insulation parameters determination as well as more detailed explanations of procedures and issues. Furthermore new important problems e.g. indirect methods of insulation resistance determination and insulation resistance monitoring in networks with frequency converters are addressed as well as examples of practical applications.

Discusses open principles, methods, and research problems Presents a vision for how IIoT could change the world in the distant future Covers how industry automation is projected to be the largest and fastest growing segment of the IIoT market Explores the collaboratively development of high performance telecommunications, military, industrial, and general purpose embedded computing applications Offers a systematic overview of the state-of-the-art research efforts and potential research directions for dealing with IIoT challenges.

High Speed Optical Communications provides a comprehensive coverage of the design and modelling of the devices and systems required for optical communication networks. It will prove to be the essential reference text for those engineers implementing and designing such networks and is one of the few works dealing with modelling and simulation of optical links at the levels both of devices and of systems. Simulation experiments and results are included, as are details of devices currently under development in research laboratories. Covers both the technical details of optical devices and their behaviour in complex systems; Includes results of applications experiments. Optical and telecommuntications scientists working in research and development and design engineers working in the field will find this text to be an indispensable resource.

2010 First International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering was held in Wuhan, China December 4-5. Advanced Electrical and Electronics Engineering book contains 72 revised and extended research articles written by prominent researchers participating in the conference. Topics covered include, Power Engineering, Telecommunication, Control engineering, Signal processing, Integrated circuit, Electronic amplifier, Nano-technologies, Circuits and networks, Microelectronics, Analog circuits, Digital circuits, Nonlinear circuits, Mixed-mode circuits, Circuits design, Sensors, CAD tools, DNA computing, Superconductivity circuits. Electrical and Electronics Engineering will offer the state of art of tremendous advances in Electrical and Electronics Engineering and also serve as an excellent reference work for researchers and graduate students working with/on Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

Practical MEMS focuses on analyzing the operational principles of microsystems. The salient features of the book include:

Tutorial approach. The book emphasizes the design and analysis through over 100 calculated examples covering all aspects of MEMS design.

Emphasis on design. This book focuses on the microdevice operation. First, the physical operation principles are covered. Second, the design equations are derived and exemplified. Practical MEMS is a perfect companion to MEMS fabrication textbooks.

Quantitative performance analysis. The critical performance parameters for the given application are identified and analyzed. For example, the noise and power performance of piezoresistive and capacitive accelerometers is analyzed in detail. Mechanical, resistive (thermal and 1/f-noise), and circuit noise analysis is covered.

Application specifications. Different MEMS applications are compared to commercial design requirements. For example, the optical MEMS is analyzed in the context of bar code scanner, projection displays, and optical cross connect specifications.

MEMS economics and market analysis. A full chapter is devoted to yield and cost analysis of microfabricated devices. In addition, the market economics for emerging applications such as RF MEMS is discussed.

This book states that a space-induced crisis is recognized as the cause of trouble that Moore's Law is currently facing. The contemporary practice of this empirical law can be considered as happening within a space-dominant paradigm. An alternative of exploiting potential in the dimension of time is identified as an emerging paradigm in microelectronics. The new practice is termed a time-oriented paradigm. It is justified as the turn of Moore's Law from space to time. The resultant Time-Moore strategy is envisioned as the next-generation enabler for continuing Moore's Law's pursuit of everhigher information processing power and efficiency. It also serves as the perpetuation of the spirit that Moore's law is nothing but a collective storied history of innovations. In the first part of this book, by following Thomas Kuhn's seminal work around the concepts of paradigm and scientific revolution, the argument for the Time-Moore strategy (Time-Moore: to use time more) and the paradigm shift from space to time is carried out heavily through philosophical persuasion rather than technical proof due to the difficult challenge of change-of-mindset. The second part of the book provides solid technical materials for supporting this transition from the old paradigm to the new one. In short, the goal of this book is to reevaluate the contemporary practice of microelectronics, identify the cause of the current crisis, advocate a change-of-mindset to circumvent the crisis, and ultimately point out a new route for advancing. After achieving so many unprecedented accomplishments through several decades of relentless endeavor, it's time for the big ship of Moore's Law (i.e., the art of microelectronic system design) to make a turn.

Swarm intelligence algorithms are a form of nature-based optimization algorithms. Their main inspiration is the cooperative behavior of animals within specific communities. This can be described as simple behaviors of individuals along with the mechanisms for sharing knowledge between them, resulting in the complex behavior of the entire community. Examples of such behavior can be found in ant colonies, bee swarms, schools of fish or bird flocks. Swarm intelligence algorithms are used to solve difficult optimization problems for which there are no exact solving methods or the use of such methods is impossible, e.g. due to unacceptable computational time. This book thoroughly presents the basics of 24 algorithms selected from the entire family of swarm intelligence algorithms. Each chapter deals with a different algorithm describing it in detail and showing how it works in the form of a pseudo-code. In addition, the source code is provided for each algorithm in Matlab and in the C ++ programming language. In order to better understand how each swarm intelligence algorithm works, a simple numerical example is included in each chapter, which guides the reader step by step through the individual stages of the algorithm, showing all necessary calculations. This book can provide the basics for understanding how swarm intelligence algorithms work, and aid readers in programming these algorithms on their own to solve various computational problems. This book should also be useful for undergraduate and postgraduate students studying nature-based optimization algorithms, and can be a helpful tool for learning the basics of these algorithms efficiently and quickly. In addition, it can be a useful source of knowledge for scientists working in the field of artificial intelligence, as well as for engineers interested in using this type of algorithms in their work. If the reader already has basic knowledge of swarm intelligence algorithms, we recommend the book: "Swarm Intelligence Algorithms: Modifications and Applications" (Edited by A. Slowik, CRC Press, 2020), which describes selected modifications of these algorithms and presents their practical applications.

As virtual reality expands from the imaginary worlds of science fiction and pervades every corner of everyday life, it is becoming increasingly important for students and professionals alike to understand the diverse aspects of this technology. This book aims to provide a comprehensive guide to the theoretical and practical elements of virtual reality, from the mathematical and technological foundations of virtual worlds to the human factors and the applications that enrich our lives: in the fields of medicine, entertainment, education and others. After providing a brief introduction to the topic, the book describes the kinematic and dynamic mathematical models of virtual worlds. It explores the many ways a computer can track and interpret human movement, then progresses through the modalities that make up a virtual world: visual, acoustic and haptic. It explores the interaction between the actual and virtual environments, as well as design principles of the latter. The book closes with an examination of different applications, focusing on augmented reality as a special case. Though the content is primarily VR-related, it is also relevant for many other fields.

The proceedings present a selection of refereed papers presented at the 1st International Conference on Electronic Engineering and Renewable Energy (ICEERE 2018) held during 15-17 April 2018, Saidi, Morocco. The contributions from electrical engineers and experts highlight key issues and developments essential to the multifaceted field of electrical engineering systems and seek to address multidisciplinary challenges in Information and Communication Technologies. The book has a special focus on energy challenges for developing the Euro-Mediterranean regions through new renewable energy technologies in the agricultural and rural areas. The book is intended for academia, including graduate students, experienced researchers and industrial practitioners working in the fields of Electronic Engineering and Renewable Energy.

The primary goal of The Design and Implementation of Low-Power CMOS Radio Receivers is to explore techniques for implementing wireless receivers in an inexpensive complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Although the techniques developed apply somewhat generally across many classes of receivers, the specific focus of this work is on the Global Positioning System (GPS). Because GPS provides a convenient vehicle for examining CMOS receivers, a brief overview of the GPS system and its implications for consumer electronics is presented. The GPS system comprises 24 satellites in low earth orbit that continuously broadcast their position and local time. Through satellite range measurements, a receiver can determine its absolute position and time to within about 100m anywhere on Earth, as long as four satellites are within view. The deployment of this satellite network was completed in 1994 and, as a result, consumer markets for GPS navigation capabilities are beginning to blossom. Examples include automotive or maritime navigation, intelligent hand-off algorithms in cellular telephony, and cellular emergency services, to name a few. Of particular interest in the context of this book are embedded GPS applications where a GPS receiver is just one component of a larger system. Widespread proliferation of embedded GPS capability will require receivers that are compact, cheap and low-power. The Design and Implementation of Low-Power CMOS Radio Receivers will be of interest to professional radio engineers, circuit designers, professors and students engaged in integrated radio research and other researchers who work in the radio field.

From underlying principles to implementation--a thorough introduction to digital logic design

With this book, readers discover the connection between logic design principles and theory and the logic design and optimization techniques used in practice. Therefore, they not only learn how to implement current design techniques, but also how these techniques were developed and why they work. With a deeper understanding of the underlying principles, readers become better problem-solvers when faced with new and difficult digital design challenges.

Principles of Modern Digital Design begins with an examination of number systems and binary code followed by the fundamental concepts of digital logic. Next, readers advance to combinational logic design. Armed with this foundation, they are then introduced to VHDL, a powerful language used to describe the function of digital circuits and systems.

All the major topics needed for a thorough understanding of modern digital design are presented, including:

Fundamentals of synchronous sequential circuits and synchronous sequential circuit design

Combinational logic design using VHDL

Counter design

Sequential circuit design using VHDL

Asynchronous sequential circuits

VHDL-based logic design examples are provided throughout the book to illustrate both the underlying principles and practical design applications. Each chapter is followed by exercises that enable readers to put their skills into practice by solving realistic digital design problems. An accompanying dvd-ROM with Quartus II software enables readers to replicate the book's examples and perform the exercises.

This book can be used for either a two- orone-semester course for undergraduate students in electrical and computer engineering and computer science. Its thorough explanation of theory, coupled with examples and exercises, enables both students and practitioners to master and implement modern digital design techniques with confidence.

For Digital Electronics courses requiring a comprehensive approach to Digital concepts with an emphasis on PLD programming and the integration of the latest Quartus II software. This text presents a step-by-step, practical approach to an enhanced and easy understanding of digital circuitry fundamentals with coverage of CPLD's, VHDL and Altera's Quartus II software. Coverage begins with the basic logic gates used to perform arithmetic operations, and proceeds up through sequential logic and memory circuits used to interface to modern PCs. The author combines extensive teaching experience with practical examples in order to bring entry level students up to speed in this emerging field.

The Field Orientation Principle (FOP) constitutes a fundamental concept behind the modern technology of high-performance, vector-controlled drive systems with AC motors. The recent intense interest in these systems has been spawned by the widespread transition from DC to AC drives in industry. Induction motors, industry's traditional workhorses, are particularly well suited for FOP-based vector control. The Field Orientation Principle in Control of Induction Motors presents the FOP in a simple, easy-to-understand framework based on the space-vector dynamic model of the induction machine. Relationships between the classic phasor equivalent circuits of the motor and their vector counterparts are highlighted. A step-by-step derivation of dynamic equations of the motor provides a formal background for explanation of the basic approaches to vector control. In addition, the author presents scalar control methods for low-performance drives as an intermediate stage between uncontrolled and high-performance drives. The reader will also find a full chapter devoted to power inverters, which constitute an important component of adjustable speed AC drive systems, and a review of associated issues such as observers of motor variables, parameter estimation, adaptive tuning, and principles of the position and speed control of field-oriented induction motors. With a wealth of numerical examples and computer simulations illustrating the ideas and techniques discussed and an extensive bibliography, The Field Orientation Principle in Control of Induction Motors is a practical resource and valuable reference for researchers and students interested in motor control, power and industrial electronics, andcontrol theory.