Every ten seconds a child dies from diarrhoea. This makes 3 million children every year, or over 8000 children per day. These figures are only counting the deaths. How many children are disabled for life by parasitic infections and frequent diarrhoea in their early years? How many women live with permanent anaemia because of hookworm infections?;This book provides a practical solution to the lack of basic facilities and sanitation that so many people face in the world today, by giving advice and information on how to set up and implement a latrine building programme, and providing guidelines on how to build latrines that are easily maintained, affordable and appropriate to the needs of the communities who will be using them.;The book gives a basic introduction to appropriate latrine building, and covers the design and construction of different types of latrines, discussing some of the common problems that can occur in the building stage. It covers all aspects of the implementation of a latrine building programme, including the promoting of hygiene and the education aspects of such a programme, and how to go about planning, monitoring and evaluating such a programme. The latrine designs described here can be built using local materials, and involve peoples traditional skills and innovations.

A useful, interdisciplinary engineering approach to urban hydrology

Urban Hydrology, Hydraulics, and Stormwater Quality offers a unique, integrated engineering approach to controlling and managing the water resources of cities and urban communities. By addressing hydrologic analysis in the urban environment, using physically based methods, and focusing on stormwater quality, this interdisciplinary approach presents all aspects of urban hydrology more closely aligned to real-world practice than traditional hydrology books.

With an emphasis on application, this cutting-edge guide thoroughly covers urban watershed management, urban drainage system design, and stormwater quality management, complete with logic-driven questions reinforcing the fundamental, qualitative, quantitative, and extended application concepts discussed in each chapter. Relying heavily on numerical techniques addressed throughout the book, two of the most widely used computer modeling programs in the industry are presented:

• The Corps of Engineers HEC-HMS model
• The Environmental Protection Agency SWMM model

Urban Hydrology, Hydraulics, and Stormwater Quality is a great textbook for students in civil and environmental engineering, as well as a handy resource for professional civil engineers, hydrologists, urban planners, and environmental engineers.

In this innovative political and historical study, Arun Agrawal illuminates changing environmental processes, institutions, and identities through an examination of forest protection by villagers in the northern Indian state of Kumaon. In the early 1920s, Kumaoni villagers set hundreds of fires protesting the colonial state's environmental regulations. By the 1990s, residents of Kumaon had begun to carefully conserve their forest land and resources. Agrawal analyzes and explains this striking transformation. In so doing, he demonstrates how scholarship on common property, political ecology, and feminist environmentalism can be combined--in an approach he calls environmentality--to better understand Kumaon's changes in environmental government. Such an understanding is relevant to other parts of the world, where local populations in more than fifty countries are engaged in similar efforts to protect environmental resources. economics, and Foucauldian theories of power and subjectivity to bear on his ethnographical and archival research. He visited nearly forty villages in Kumaon, where he examined local records, assessed the state of village forests, and interviewed hundreds of Kumaonis. He describes how, in response to the fierce protests against centralized rule, the colonial state decentralized its regulation of the forest. This decentralization changed relations between states and localities, between community decision-makers and common residents, and between individuals and the environment. In exploring these changes and their significance, Agrawal shows how awareness of environmental politics is enriched by attention to the connections between power, knowledge, institutions, and subjectivities.

The Control and Treatment of Industrial and Municipal Stormwater Edited by Peter E. Moffa EPA's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permitting program was expanded in 1990 to include stormwater discharges. The broader NPDES regulation mandates that municipal drainage operations, industrial plants, and construction sites in large urban areas do the following: 1) identify potential sources of pollution resulting from their activity; 2) develop site maps to detail possible stormwater runoff areas; 3) take preventive measures to control pollutants from entering waterways; 4) monitor runoff; and 5) record these procedures to ensure compliance. If you're in charge of fulfilling the requirements of this regulation, your task becomes a lot easier when you rely on The Control and Treatment of Industrial and Municipal Stormwater. Written by experts in stormwater technology, this one-of-a-kind resource not only gives you the letter of the law in this area, but also the practices and methodologies needed to comply with it. The book, first gives you a concise overview of the NPDES, including its priorities and goals, the types of facilities that must obtain stormwater permits, the kinds of permit applications, and permit terms and conditions. It then details the steps involved in putting together a stormwater management model that can be used to determine the level of pollutants in the system before and after storms. With the aid of the model, you'll have the tools to accurately assess the physical/chemical, microbial, and aesthetic impacts of runoff into rivers, lakes, streams, estuaries, and other waterways. Finally, the book highlights the management control techniques you'll need to correct water pollution problems, including watershed area technologies and practices, source treatment, flow attenuation, and storm runoff infiltration strategies. Complete with extended case studies that demonstrate how these methodologies work in the real world, The Control and Treatment of Industrial and Municipal Stormwater is your best choice for ensuring effective stormwater pollution remediation and legal compliance.

Presented here is the complete guide to managing the quantity and quality of urban storm water runoff. It focuses on the planning and design of facilities and systems to control flooding, erosion, and non-point source pollution. The book explains the practical application of the state-of-the art in concepts and methods, based on the author's nearly 20 years' urban water resources engineering experience in the public and private sectors - and the state-of-the art of urban surface water management is far ahead of the state-of-the-practice. This book covers all the major methods, and discusses other available, but little-known, concepts, tools, and techniques. Chapters cover the emergency and convenience system concept, master planning, computer modeling, multi-purpose flood control/water-quality enhancement/recreation facilities, and more.

Develop a better understanding of what causes environmental problems and how to solve them! Today, engineers and scientists must work on more complex environmental problems than ever before. To find solutions to these problems requires an in-depth knowledge of the fundamentals of chemistry, biology, and physical processes. This text will provide you with a clear explanation of these fundamentals that are necessary for solving both small town and global environmental problems. With Fundamentals of Environmental Engineering, you'll develop a better understanding of the key concepts required for design, operation, analysis, and modeling of both natural and engineered systems. You'll also be able to make connections among the different specialty areas of environmental engineering emphasized throughout the text. And you'll quickly learn how to solve complex environmental problems and incorporate environmental concerns into your specialty. Key Features
* Covers the fundamentals of chemical, physical, and biological processes, and various units of concentration as applied to environmental engineering.
* Includes applications related to drinking water and wastewater treatment, air quality engineering and science, groundwater transport and remediation, surface water quality, hazardous solid waste management, and ecosystems.
* Developed by a team of authors who specialize in a diverse set of environmental areas.

Water Quality: Management of a Natural Resource is the first text in the field to discuss aquatic ecosystems in the context of human valuation, human decision making, and how those attributes vary among cultures. The approach is interdisciplinary and cross-cultural and offers four critical new dimensions to the existing literature on water quality management. The book addresses a social dimension and an understanding of how water quality management has evolved to its present state; an integrated dimension, in which the interactions among chemical, physical, biological, and social aspects are explored; an ecological dimension to yield a proactive management strategy; and an international dimension demonstrating the care required in applying water quality management across borders and regions and among many cultures. Each chapter of the book begins with an overview and concludes with a list of review papers, texts, and primary journal articles. Written for advanced students in water quality management and decision makers interested in a broad and integrated approach to water quality management, Water Quality: Management of a Natural Resource is the most comprehensive source in the field.

Dneprostroi, a dam and power plant that was one of the most monumental construction projects of the Bolsheviks' First Five-Year Plan, was a milestone in American-Soviet cooperation and the fruit of the labor of more than 60,000 workers. Little known in the West, Dneprostroi was famous in the USSR--as the largest earth dam in Europe in the 1930s, it represented the first of the giant projects so favored by Stalin. Anne Rassweiler's informative history of this project reveals new aspects of the struggle between Trotsky and Stalin, the debate on the use of foreign advisers, the importance of foreign technology, and the devastating effects of collectivization on the industrial projects of the First Five-Year Plan. Her study also provides insight into the entry of women into the industrial work force and the interaction between party leaders, party membership, and enterprise officials as they sought to realize one of the most ambitious projects in Soviet history.

As any American who has traveled abroad knows, the American home contains more, and more elaborate, plumbing than any other in the world. Indeed, Americans are renowned for their obsession with cleanliness. Although plumbing has occupied a central position in American life since the mid-nineteenth century, little scholarly attention has been paid to its history. Now, in All the Modern Conveniences, Maureen Ogle presents a fascinating study that explores the development of household plumbing in nineteenth-century America.

Until 1840, indoor plumbing could be found only in mansions and first-class hotels. Then, in the decade before midcentury, Americans representing a wider range of economic circumstances began to install household plumbing with increasing eagerness. Ogle draws on a wide assortment of contemporary sources -- sanitation reports, builders' manuals, fixture catalogues, patent applications, and popular scientific tracts -- to show how the demand for plumbing was prompted more by an emerging middle-class culture of convenience, reform, and domestic life than by fears about poor hygiene and inadequate sanitation. She also examines advancements in water-supply and waste-management technology, the architectural considerations these amenities entailed, and the scientific approach to sanitation that began to emerge by century's end.

"As part of this well-researched study, Maureen Ogle links cities, politicians, systems, sanitarians, and ideas to produce a compelling account of household plumbing -- a taken-for-granted set of devices that allowed Americans to express their individualism and their commitment to 'science.'" -- Mark H. Rose, Florida Atlantic University

According to the National Resources Defense Council, stormwater runoff rivals or exceeds discharges from factories and sewage plants as a source of pollution throughout the United States. The Environmental Protection Agency identifies urban stormwaters as the second largest source of water quality damage in estuaries and a significant contributor to the damage to lakes, rivers, and bays.

The full impacts of marginal pollution, particularly that caused by uncontrolled overflows, must be recognized now and planning needs to be initiated to improve sewerage sytem efficiencies in order to bring wastewater flows under control. Time is of the essence for municipal programs because corrective action is a time consuming process. Current research and development is elucidating the most efficient and least costly methods needed to restore and maintain water resources.

Based on seminars presented by international experts for the U.S. EPA, Wet-Weather Flow in the Urban Watershed: Technology and Management covers a broad spectrum of urban wet-weather flow management and pollution abatement topics. The topics covered will assist municipal engineers, consultants, and academic researchers with design, cost, and water quality issues.

About the Editors:

Richard Field has over 39 years of experience working in the environmental engineering field and is a registered professional engineer in the states of New York and New Jersey. Mr. Field has been in charge of the EPA's National Storm and Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) Technology Research and Development program located at the National Risk Management Research Laboratory's Edison, New Jersey location since 1970. He has over 300 peer-reviewed publications to his credit. Mr. Field has received numerous outstanding achievement awards and citations for on-the-job performance and technological contribution including two EPA Bronze Medals, the ASCE State-of-the-Art of Civil Engineering Award, two New York Water Pollution Control Association Awards for excellence in technicological advancement, and three U.S. EPA Scientific and Technical Achievement Awards.

Daniel Sullivan has over 32 years experience working in the field of environmental engineering and is a registered professional engineer in the sates of New York and New Jersey. He has served as Chief of the Urban Watershed Management Branch which conducts the U.S. EPA national wet-weather flow (WWF) and watershed management research program. Mr. Sullivan began his EPA career in 1972 and has authored, co-authored, presented and/or published a combination of more than 100 peer-reviewed publications on the topics of hazardous waste control and WWF. He has received two EPA Bronze Medals for his work in the EPA's WWF research program and environmental technology verification program.

Low-Temperature District Heating Implementation Guidebook. This guidebook was written between 2018 and 2021 by seventeen authors within the IEA DHC/CHP TS2 annex. The input came from 250+ literature references and 165 inspiration initiatives to obtain lower temperatures in buildings and heat distribution networks. The author group wrote 40 internal documents about early implementations of low-temperature district heating. Fifteen of these early implementations are presented in this guidebook. The guidebook contains aggregated information about the main economic drivers for low-temperature district heating, how to obtain lower temperatures in heating systems inside existing and new buildings, and how to obtain lower temperatures in existing and new heat distribution networks. An applied study of a campus system in Darmstadt shows the possibility of reducing temperatures in an existing heat distribution network with rather high temperatures. The competitiveness of low-temperature district heating is explored by analysing business models and heat distribution costs. Early adopters of low-temperature district heating are presented by examples and by identified transition strategies. Five groups of network configurations with fourteen variants are presented to be used for low-temperature district heating. Finally, all 165 identified inspiration initiatives and all 137 locations mentioned are listed.

This manual describes current methods for designing dike revetments of pitched blocks & block mattresses. The use of such revetments on river & canal banks is also considered briefly. Guidelines are discussed for preparing designs for new revetments; Methods are also given for checking existing revetments. The manual is aimed at the practical application of the result of basic research into block pitching. Pitched dike revetments include following revetments systems: Basalt & other natural rock; Concrete blocks & column & other small cement concrete elements; & Block mattresses.

A report on the technique of sand closures, the knowledge of which has been considerably broadened due to measurement and research, particularly during the two most recent sand closures of the Eastern Scheldt compartmenting dams (1986-1987).

Water is a basic human need and a scarce commodity with increasing value to farmers, industries, and cities in an urbanizing world. It is unpredictable in supply and quality, difficult to contain or direct, and notoriously difficult to manage well. Several trends-climate change, the endurance of widespread global water poverty, intensifying competition among rival uses and users, and the vulnerability of critical freshwater ecosystems-combine to intensify the challenges of governing water wisely, fairly, and efficiently. The twenty-seven chapters in The Oxford Handbook of Water Politics and Policy address such issues over the course of seven thematic sections. These themes reflect familiar frameworks in the water policy world, including water, poverty, and health; water and nature; and water equity and justice. Other sections look at emergent and contentious policy arenas, including the water/energy/food nexus and management of uncertainty in water supply, or connect well-established strands in new ways, including sections on water tools (water price and value, supply and demand, privatization, corporate responsibility) and issues surrounding transboundary waters. This volume conceives of water as a global issue, and gathers a diverse group of leading scholars of water politics and policy.

Proceedings of a symposium held at Mandurah, Western Australia, July, 1987. No index. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or.

The new 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development includes water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) at its core. A dedicated Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 6) declares a commitment to "ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all." Monitoring progress toward this goal will be challenging: direct measures of water and sanitation service quality and use are either expensive or elusive. However, reliance on household surveys poses limitations and likely overstated progress during the Millennium Development Goal period. In Innovations in WASH Impact Measures: Water and Sanitation Measurement Technologies and Practices to Inform the Sustainable Development Goals, we review the landscape of proven and emerging technologies, methods, and approaches that can support and improve on the WASH indicators proposed for SDG target 6.1, "by 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all," and target 6.2, "by 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations." Although some of these technologies and methods are readily available, other promising approaches require further field evaluation and cost reductions. Emergent technologies, methods, and data-sharing platforms are increasingly aligned with program impact monitoring. Improved monitoring of water and sanitation interventions may allow more cost-effective and measurable results. In many cases, technologies and methods allow more complete and impartial data in time to allow program improvements. Of the myriad monitoring and evaluation methods, each has its own advantages and limitations. Surveys, ethnographies, and direct observation give context to more continuous and objective electronic sensor data. Overall, combined methodologies can provide a more comprehensive and instructive depiction of WASH usage and help the international development community measure our progress toward reaching the SDG WASH goals.

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) collaborated to examine the interdependencies between two critical infrastructure sectors -- dams and energy. This book highlights the importance of hydroelectric power generation, with a particular emphasis on the variability of weather patterns and competing demands for water which determine the water available for hydropower production. In recent years, various regions of the Nation suffered drought, impacting stakeholders in both the dams and energy sectors. Droughts have the potential to affect the operation of dams and reduce hydropower production, which can result in higher electricity costs to utilities and customers. Conversely, too much water can further complicate the operation of dams in ways that can be detrimental to hydropower production and to the infrastructure of the dams. Although hydroelectric facilities are a type of asset that falls under the auspices of the dams sector, they are also an important element to the energy sector because the electric power they generate is critical to maintaining the reliability of the Nations electricity supply. Therefore, this joint effort underscores the value of a cross-sector partnership model in the identification and discussion of issues significant to dam and utilities owners and operators, through which can help enhance their resilience against the potential impacts associated with the variability of weather patterns and extreme fluctuations of water flow.

Although several countries have been introducing more stringent laws to reduce the amount of waste to be land-filled, in an attempt to maximise recycling and materials recovery, landfilling is still the most generalised practice for municipal solid waste treatment. In this book, the authors discuss waste management in landfills, regional practices and its environmental impact. Topics include the reduction of environmental impact of municipal landfill leachate during oxidative treatment; polymers recycling; management of electronic waste in the Basque Country; and toxicity of landfills by plant cytogenetic and mutagenic effects.

The welfare implications of safe water and sanitation cannot be overstated. The economic gains from provision of improved services to millions of unserved Africans in enormous. The international adoption of Millennium Development Goals brought the inadequacies of service provision sharply into focus. With only 58% and 31% enjoying access to water and sanitation services respectively, Sub-Saharan Africa is the only continent that is off-track in achieving the MDGs in 2015. The problem is compounded by the fact that a rigorous and credible baseline did not exist on coverage to improved water and sanitation and resources required to meet the MDGs. This book aims to contribute to this gap by collecting a wealth of primary and secondary information to present the most up-to-date and comprehensive quantitative snapshot of water and sanitation sectors. The book evaluates the challenges to the water and sanitation sectors within the urban and rural areas and deepen our understanding of drivers of coverage expansion in the context of financing, institutional reforms, and efficiency improvements. Finally, the book establishes the investment needs for water and sanitation with a target of meeting the MDGs and compares with the existing financing envelopes, disaggregated by proportions that can be recouped by efficiency gains and net financing gaps. The directions for the future draw on lessons learned from best practices and present the menu of choices available to African countries. There is no recipe book that neatly lays out the possible steps the country should adopt to enhance coverage and quality of service. The challenges differ to a significant extent among African countries and solutions must be tailored to individual national or regional conditions.

The environment consists of the surroundings in which an organism operates, including air, water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans and their interrelation. It is this environment which is both so valuable, on the one hand, and so endangered on the other. It is people which are by and large ruining the environment both for themselves and for other organisms. This series covers leading-edge research in a cross-section of fields centring on the environment.

This Blue Book of the International Network of Water and Sanitation Utilities (IBNET) is designed to raise awareness of how benchmarking and specifically IBNET tools can help enhance utility performance and thereby help to improve urban water and wastewater services. As the largest public water sector performance database IBNET provides comparative information on utilities' cost and performance indicators. IBNET set and implemented the first global benchmarking standard for the water and wastewater sector. Since its establishment in 1996, the IBNET program has grown into the largest publicly available water sector performance mechanism that collects, analyses and provides access to the information of more than 2,500 water and wastewater services providers from 110 countries around the world. IBNET serves the interests of many. Utilities can use IBNET tools to identify areas of improvement and set realistic targets; governments can use it to monitor and adjust sector policies and programs, while regulators can use it to ensure that adequate incentives are provided to improve utility performance while consumers get value for money; consumers and civil society can use it to exercise, where necessary, valid concerns about service provision; international agencies and advisers can evaluate the performance of utilities for lending and client advice; and private investors can identify opportunities and viable markets for investments.

Immersed in their on-demand, highly consumptive, and disposable lifestyles, most urban Americans take for granted the technologies that provide them with potable water, remove their trash, and process their wastewater. These vital services, however, are the byproduct of many decades of development by engineers, sanitarians, and civic planners.
In "The Sanitary City," Martin V. Melosi assembles a comprehensive, thoroughly researched and referenced history of sanitary services in urban America. He examines the evolution of water supply, sewage systems, and solid waste disposal during three distinct eras: The Age of Miasmas (pre-1880); The Bacteriological Revolution (1880-1945); and The New Ecology (1945 to present-day).
Originally published in 2000, this abridged edition includes updated text and bibliographic materials. "The Sanitary City" is an essential resource for those interested in environmental history, environmental engineering, science and technology, urban studies, and public health.
Winner of:
George Perkins Marsh Prize from the American Society for Environmental History Urban History Association Prize for the best book in North American Urban History
Abel Wolman Prize from the Public Works Historical Society
Sidney Edelstein Prize from the Society for the History of Technology