This document contains food additive specifications monographs, analytical methods and other information, prepared at the seventy-fourth meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). The specifications monographs provide information on the identity and purity of food additives used directly in foods or in food production. The main three objectives of these specifications are to identify the food additive that has been subjected to testing for safety, to ensure that the additive is of the quality required for use in food or in processing. This publication contains information that is useful to all those who work with or are interested in food additives and their safe use in food.

Beer has been made in the small Midland town of Burton-on-Trent for centuries: ale brewed by the monks at Burton Abbey was sent to Mary, Queen of Scots in captivity. Then, in the eighteenth century, the introduction of Burton Ale began the town s rise to brewing prominence, a fame which was cemented forever with the production of the first cask of the world-famous India Pale Ale. Today, brewing continues to thrive in the area, and a small renaissance has taken place with the arrival of a clutch of new breweries alongside such national institutions as Marston's. Raise a glass to Burton's unique and heady history, and celebrate its diverse and delicious heritage with this fascinating and richly illustrated historical compilation by The Good Beer Guide's editor, Roger Protz.

The Hawaiian pineapple industry emerged in the late nineteenth century as part of an attempt to diversify the Hawaiian economy from dependence on sugar cane as its only staple industry. Here, economic historian Richard Hawkins presents a definitive history of an industry from its modest beginnings to its emergence as a major contributor to the American industrial narrative. He traces the rise and fall of the corporate giants who dominated the global canning world for much of the twentieth century. Drawing from a host of familiar economic models and an unparalleled body of research, Hawkins analyses the entrepreneurial development and twentieth-century migration of the pineapple canning industry in Hawaii. The result is not only a comprehensive history, but also a unique story of American innovation and ingenuity amid the rising tides of globalization.

The "Codex General Standard for Food Additives" sets forth the conditions under which permitted food additives may be used in all foods. This database provides, in a searchable format, all the provisions for food additives that have been adopted by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. Provisions are searchable by food additive (name, synonym, INS number), by functional class and by food category. La " Norme generale Codex pour les additifs alimentaires " stipule les conditions dans lesquelles des additifs alimentaires autorises peuvent etre utilises dans tous les aliments. Cette base de donnees contient, sous une forme consultable, toutes les dispositions relatives a des additifs alimentaires adoptees par la Commission du Codex Alimentarius. Les dispositions sont consultables par additif alimentaire (nom, synonyme, N SIN), par categorie fonctionnelle, ainsi que par categorie de denrees alimentaires. La "Norma General del Codex para los Aditivos Alimentarios" establece las condiciones en las que se pueden utilizar aditivos alimentarios autorizados en todos los alimentos. Esta base de datos contiene, en un formato que permite realizar busquedas, todas las disposiciones sobre aditivos alimentarios que han sido aprobadas por la Comision del Codex Alimentarius. Se pueden buscar las disposiciones por aditivo alimentario (nombre, sinonimo, numero del SIN), por clase funcional, asi como por categoria de alimentos."

In recent years, public concern about the safety of foods of animal origin has heightened due to problems that have arisen with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), as well as with outbreaks of food-borne bacterial infections, and food contamination with toxic agents (e.g. dioxin). These problems have serious implications for national food safety, the development of the animal products industry and for international trade in livestock products. Accordingly, the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission is in the final stages of negotiation of a new Code of hygienic practice for meat. The Code implies a transition from meat inspection towards a risk-based approach covering the entire food chain. The Manual on good practices for the meat industry aims to assist the industry to prepare itself for compliance with the new regulatory framework, which is expected to come into force when the Code is approved in 2005. It is targeted at the meat industry in developing countries and in emerging economies in their endeavour to meet the rising quality and safety requirements both of the export industry and domestic markets, with the increased participation of large-scale retailers. The publication is intended to guide managers of abattoirs and the meat industry. It will also be of value to veterinarians engaged in meat inspection, with their supervisory roles in meat hygiene. The manual, well illustrated, is published in detachable modules and also serves as a training resource. The Codex Alimentarius "Draft code of hygienic practice for meat" is included as an appendix.

Responding to the real needs of developing countries, this manual redirects the focus on food inspection, and introduces the concept of modern and preventive risk-based food inspections -- rather than product-based. A guide for conducting inspections, and a training tool for inspectors. Also published in French and Spanish.

Why is food security and nutrition (FSN) seldom a priority in national development planning? One reason is that strategies to reduce food insecurity and malnutrition are principally seen as a concern of the agricultural sector. Specific food insecurity reduction goals and targets are usually absent from most poverty reduction planning instruments. This book synthesises lessons learned from five countries - Bhutan, Cambodia, Kenya, Mozambique and United Republic of Tanzania - in providing policy assistance to better integrate FSN concerns in national policies and planning processes. Effective FSN policies should have strong links to social investment, poverty reduction measures, development policies and above all human dignity. These lessons will inform future FSN related policy assistance to member countries striving to eradicate the plight of hunger and malnutrition.

Globalization has become perhaps the most central--and one of the most contested--terms in the social sciences in the present day. If one wishes to understand the conditions in which different groups of people live today, it seems increasingly impossible to ignore the aspects of those conditions that are seen to be characterized, or influenced, by "global" forces, movements and phenomena. Regarding particular phenomena, no matter how apparently "local" or parochial in nature, as being located within "global" flows or systems or structures, seems today to be a very necessary component of any effective sort of social investigation. Many social scientific scholars in the last decade or so have engaged in a "global turn" in their thinking, investigating key areas and facets of human life--such as work, economy, cities, politics, and media--in terms of how these are being affected, influenced and changed by (what can be taken to be) "globalizing forces." Themes of inter-societal, trans-societal and cross-planetary connections, structures, processes and movements are increasingly central across the social sciences, including sociology, anthropology, geography, political science, economics, international relations, and many humanities disciplines too. Moreover, such themes--and the controversies and polemics often attached to them--have become common currency in many spheres outside the academy, with politicians, businesspeople, political activists and citizens of all varieties taking up ideas associated with "globalization," and deploying them both to make sense of, and also sometimes to try to change, the world around them. This book covers the issues of globalization as they relate to food. Contributors include Carole Counihan, Alan Warde, Pat Caplan, Alex McIntosh, Rick Wilk, Jeff Sobal, Marianne Lien and Krishnendu Ray.

Exposure assessment is one of the four steps of microbiological risk assessment. This volume provides guidelines for the exposure assessment of microbiological hazards in food. It outlines the principles of exposure assessment as well as the data needed and approaches available for carrying out exposure assessment. This volume and others in this Microbiological Risk Assessment Series contain information that is useful to both risk assessors and risk managers, including international scientific committees, governments and food regulatory agencies, scientists, food producers and industries.

Wine has been a beverage staple since ancient times, especially in Europe. Today's global wine business is thriving, and American consumption of wine has increased dramatically in recent years, with the health benefits touted in the media. More Americans are becoming interested in learning about wine, and they are taking winery tours and attending wine tastings. The Business of Wine: An Encyclopedia is a necessary part of wine education for everyone from the curious consumer to the oenophile or business student and industry professional. It appeals to even the casual browser who wants to be more informed about wine terminology such as terroir and varietal labeling or what constitutes a Pinot Grigio or a Cabernet Sauvignon. More than 150 essay entries illuminate the regions, grapes, history, wine styles, business elements, events, people, companies, issues, and more that are crucial to today's complicated global wine industry. Today's wine industry is usually a complex network of interrelated businesses that collectively serve to produce wine and get it into the hands of consumers all over the world. This A-Z encyclopedia shows how production, distribution and sales segments work together to bring wine to the public and describes the trade in wine and its related subsidiary elements. Written by a host of wine professionals, this is the most up-to-date source to understand what goes into the enjoyment of a glass of wine. An appendix with industry data, sidebars, and a selected bibliography complement the A-Z entries value. Sample entries: Appelations Branding Colonial Era Cimate Change Cork Taint E-Commerce French Paradox High Alcohol Wines Merlot Monasteries New World vs. Old WorldOrganic Grapes and Wine Parker, Robert Pinot Noir Retailers Sonoma County Sustainability Virtual Wineries Wine Education BL

Essential guidance for risk assessment, risk management and risk communication with regard to food related risks to human health. This first edition includes texts as adopted by the Codex Alimentarius Commission in 2007. - Directives essentielles concernant l'evaluation et la gestion des risques pour la sante humaine lies aux aliments, et la communication sur ces risques. Cette premiere edition comprend le texte adopte par la Commission du Codex Alimentarius en 2007. - Orientaciones para la evaluacion, la gestion y la comunicacion de riesgos respecto a riesgos para la salud humana relacionados a los alimentos. Esta primera edicion incluye el texto adoptado por la Comision del Codex Alimentarius en 2007."

"One problem with the food system is that price is the bottom line rather than having the bottom line be land stewardship, an appreciation for the environmental and social value of small-scale family farms, or for organically grown produce." --Interview with farmer in Skagit County, Washington

For much of the later twentieth century, food has been abundant and convenient for most residents of advanced industrial societies. The luxury of taking the safety and dependability of food for granted pushed it to the back burner in the consciousness of many. Increasingly, however, this once taken-for-granted food system is coming under question on issues such as the humane treatment of animals, genetically engineered foods, and social and environmental justice. Many consumers are no longer content with buying into the mainstream, commodity-driven food market on which they once depended. Resistance has emerged in diverse forms, from protests at the opening of McDonald's restaurants worldwide to ever-greater interest in alternatives, such as CSAs (community-supported agriculture), fair trade, and organic foods. The food system is increasingly becoming an arena of struggle that reflects larger changes in societal values and norms, as expectations are moving beyond the desire for affordable, convenient foods to a need for healthy and environmentally sound alternatives. In this book, leading scholars and scholar-activists provide case studies that illuminate the complexities and contradictions that surround the emergence of a "new day" in agriculture.

The essays found in The Fight Over Food analyze and evaluate both the theoretical and historical contexts of the agrifood system and the ways in which trends of individual action and collective activity have led to an "accumulation of resistance" that greatly affects the mainstream market of food production. The overarching theme that integrates the case studies is the idea of human agency and the ways in which people purposefully and creatively generate new forms of action or resistance to facilitate social changes within the structure of predominant cultural norms. Together these studies examine whether these combined efforts will have the strength to create significant and enduring transformations in the food system.

Can you name America's oldest brewery? If visions of outsized draft horses plod to mind, you're way off. Instead, head for the mountains - of northeastern Pennsylvania. In 1829, in Pottsville, German immigrant D.G. Yuengling set up shop to slake the thirst of immigrants flocking to the region's booming anthracite coalfields. Five generations have steered the family-owned brewery through fires, temperance, depressions, Prohibition, and the whims of changing tastes; outlasted hundreds of local competitors; and turned Yuengling from a regional name into a national institution. For 175 years, the hard-working, hands-on approach of Yuengling has kept it going, and growing, while thousands of other brands vanished into history's recycling bin.Kick back, relax, and crack open a cool history of Yuengling and Son, Inc., America's oldest brewery. It begins with the brewery's founding in 1829 by German immigrant D.G. Yuengling, who saw an opportunity in the region's growing, beer-loving immigrant population. Subsequent chapters follow the brewery into the age of bottled beer and advertising; through the dark days of Prohibition; the age of consolidation, when a few big names swallowed up or buried most regional brews; and into the age of microbrews, when consumers turned away from bland brands in search of a beer with character, leading to Yuengling's resurgence on the national scene. An epilogue gauges the company's current status and immediate future, and a chronology lists key events in the brewery's existence. Notes and copious illustrations supplement this history, which also includes a list of reference works, and an index.

This is the perfect guide for anyone who wants to know more about GM crops - what they are, how many countries already use them, and why they're a problem. Written by a leading campaigner for GM Watch, one of the world's leading anti-GM lobbying groups, this short and accurate account reveals the huge issues that are at stake. Genetically modified food has been headline news for a few years now: but it's difficult to know how far the GM revolution has affected our lives. Is the food on our shelves really GM-free? How much influence and power do food corporations wield over our lives? Andy Rees provides the answers. He shows that, while GM corporations have met with resistance in Europe, their hold on the American market is already strong. They're also expanding operations in less-regulated countries in Africa, Asia and the former Soviet bloc. Britain is supposedly GM-free, but we continue to import over 100 million tonnes of GM animal feed every year. The US has launched a legal suit in an attempt to force the European market open to GM foods. What does the future hold? This brilliantly readable book tells us all what we need to know.

Focusing on the interactions of producers, sellers and consumers of meat across the world, Richard Perren elucidates aspects of the evolution of the international economy and the part played by the investment of capital and the enterprise of individuals. The study utilises the government reports and papers issued by all countries involved in the meat trade, including North and South America, Australia, New Zealand and Britain. Beginning in the nineteenth century allows a comprehensive analysis of how an efficient meat exporting industry was built. The industry required investment, which was part of the general process of economic development. Perren focuses on the nature of the firms involved with the trade, the part played in the industry's development by foreign investment and the encouragement given by governments. Close attention is also paid to the stimulus of war, the impact of animal health and food hygiene regulations on producers and the competing demands of interest groups involved in the food businesses. By taking an historical as well as a contemporary approach, the book contributes to the current discussion on the effectiveness of animal and meat inspection in identifying farm livestock diseases such as tuberculosis and BSE. This study advances our knowledge of the process of food distribution in the industrialising and post-industrial economies, and leads to a comprehensive understanding of an important component of the international food chain.

The story of the Dairy State's other major industry--beer! From the immigrants who started brewing here during territorial days to the modern industrial giants, this is the history, the folklore, the architecture, the advertising, and the characters that made Wisconsin the nation's brewing leader. Updated with the latest trends on the Wisconsin brewing scene.
"Apps adeptly combines diligent scholarship with fascinating anecdotes, vividly portraying brewmasters, beer barons, saloonkeepers, and corporate raiders. All this plus color reproductions of popular beer labels and a detailed recipe for home brew."--"Wisconsin Magazine of History
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"In a highly readable style Apps links together ethnic influence, agriculture, geography, natural resources, meteorology, changing technology, and transportation to explore some of the mystique, romance and folklore associated with beer from antiquity to the present day in Wisconsin."--"The Brewers Bulletin"

This second volume of Reviews in Food and Nutrition Toxicity follows on directly from the successes of the first volume published last year. This series disseminates important data pertaining to food and nutrition safety and toxicology that is relevant to humans. Chapters in this series extend from the introduction of toxins in the manufacture or production of artificial food substances, to the ingestion of microbial contaminants or toxins and the cellular or physiological changes that arise. The present volume has a broad range chapters reviewing contaminants in beer, the effects of alcohol on the intestine, ciguatera fish poisoning, hepatitis A, beta-nitropropionic acid, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, bacterial toxins, pesticide toxicity, polyhalogenated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and a survey of contamination episodes. Each chapter is written by experts with supportive tables and figures. These concise and informative articles should stimulate a scientific dialogue. Food production processes and nutritional or dietary habits are continually changing and it is important to learn from past lessons and embrace a multidisciplinary approach. For example, some cellular mechanisms elucidated by studying one toxin may also be relevant to other areas of food pathology. Therefore it is the intention of the Editors to impart such comprehensive information in a single series, namely Reviews in Food and Nutrition Toxicity.

In 1998, a National Academy of Sciences panel called for an integrated, risk-based food safety system. This goal is widely embraced, but there has been little advance in thinking about how to integrate knowledge about food safety risks into a system- wide risk analysis framework. Such a framework is the essential scientific basis for better priority setting and resource allocation to improve food safety. Sandra Hoffmann and Michael Taylor bring together leading scientists, risk analysts, and economists, as well as experienced regulators and policy analysts, to better define the priority setting problem and focus on the scientific and intellectual resources available to construct a risk analysis framework for improving food safety. Toward Safer Food provides a common starting point for discussions about how to construct this framework. The book includes a multi-disciplinary introduction to the existing data, research, and methodological and conceptual approaches on which a system-wide risk analysis framework must draw. It also recognizes that efforts to improve food safety will be influenced by the current institutional context, and provides an overview of the ways in which food safety law and administration affect priority setting. Hoffman and Taylor intend their book to be accessible to people from a wide variety of backgrounds. At the same time, they retain the core conceptual sophistication needed to understand the challenges that are inherent in improving food safety. The editors hope that this book will help the U.S. move beyond a call for an integrated, risk-based system toward its actual construction.

Amply illustrated, The Vernor's Story -- From Gnomes to Now captures the spirit and genius of the people who transformed Vernors into an iconic American soft drink that has spanned two centuries of shifting public taste. With over seventy photographs depicting the history of the company, The Vernor's Story is an insider's look at early operations, as well as the firm's famous marketing blitz, featuring Vernor's distinctive green and gold packaging and its engaging gnome.
Add to that the legion of devoted Vernor's fans, and the beverage itself, a unique, spicy, mysteriously flavored carbonated ginger drink that's appealed to generations of Michiganders and others alike, and you have the makings of a great American success story.
A treasure on its own and sure to be a future collectible, this is a fascinating slice of Americana for Vernor's fans everywhere.
Lawrence Rouch is President of Studio3/Innovations, a marketing and consulting firm representing fine artists in the automotive and fine-arts fields.

The bestselling and most useful aid available for finding all references to FDA and DEA regulations, Interpharm Master Keyword Guide: 21 CFR Regulations of the Food and Drug Administration, is used in hundreds of active pharmaceuticals, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, diagnostic, and device manufacturing companies. And it is in use by every FDA district in the United States to sort their way through their own regulations. Each of the over 20,000 entries is quoted in context to provide instant access to every noun, phrase, and concept used by the DEA and FDA. The KEYWORD and SECTION TITLE are shown in upper case, the Subpart Title and/or Part Title are shown in capitals and lower case.

How to use this guide:
1. Look up the keyword of interest
2. Note the context in which the keyword is mentioned in the section of title and the details of the subpart or part title to determine if it is the reference you need
3. When you find the correct reference, use the section number provided to look up the details of the regulations in the Code of Federal Regulations Title 21

Updated to include the latest changes in 21 CFR, the Interpharm Master Keyword Guide: 21 CFR Regulations of the Food and Drug Administration, 2002-2003 Edition makes it easy to find the exact section you need and apply it correctly.

The beverage industry uses very specific packaging for a wide variety of products, ranging from those requiring heat treatment (usually in the package) to those requiring the retention of carbonation for a specified shelf life. Packaging development moves on rapidly, and package manufacturers continue to find new solutions to old problems and to provide answers to the increasing number of environmental issues facing our industry. Despite the pace of development the nature of the problems remains relatively unchanged: how to provide more with less, how to reconcile the need for lighter--weight packages with the fact that distribution chains continue to get longer, how to achieve faster manufacturing operations -- whether making a package or filling it, the challenge of providing capital . In practice, the successful package supports the brand through differentiation at the point of sale, is used by the consumer effortlessly and is then discarded -- without the consumer giving the package a second thought! This volume provides an overview of all the packaging formats of interest to the beverage packaging technologist. It also considers the interface between them and the packaging equipment. Authors of individual chapters come from major packaging organisations or major brand companies. As they are dealing with these industries on a day--to--day basis, their views and problems are current. The volume is directed at packaging and beverage technologists who require a broad coverage of the present state of the art.

"Street foods," the term coined by Irene Tinker for the Equity Policy Center's action-research project, defines the study of all meals, snacks, and sweets currently sold on the streets of the world for immediate consumption.
The culmination of fifteen years of research in provincial cities in the Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Egypt, Nigeria, and Senegal, Street Foods is the first empirical study of those who make, sell, and eat these foods. The project detailed in this book was and will be a means to affect change on both micro and macro levels: the findings were utilized to improve the income of the vendors themselves and the safety of the food they sold, and to cause makers of public policy to recognize the value of this informal sector--instead of trying to restrict its trade. The accumulated power of the Street Food Project's data brings new insights to the nature of microenterprises, the interventions that truly help improve income and food safety, and the gender aspects of the street food trade. Challenging conventional wisdom about the informal sector and assumptions in development theory about women, Street Foods will reframe the major debates shaping research and aid policies for poor, small-scale entrepreneurs in developing countries.

Street foods are sold in almost every country in the world. Many urban and rural people depend on them for one or more meals each day. This book explores this world of entrepreneurs in developing countries. When all of the participants in the delivery are counted, including local farmers, food processors, and street vendors, one realizes the enormous size of this "industry." Research conducted by the authors with vendors, local community leaders, and public health officials, worked not only to collect data, but to raise the hygiene of the food that is sold.

In 1300, women brewed and sold most of the ale drunk in England, but by 1600 the industry was largely controlled by men. Ale, Beer and Brewsters investigates this change, asking how, when, and why brewing ceased to be a woman's trade and became a trade of men. In doing so, Bennett sheds new light on a central problem in women's history: the effects of early capitalism on the status of women's work.