Surveillance of citizens is a clear manifestation of government power. The act of surveillance is generally deemed acceptable in a democratic society where it is necessary to protect the interests of the nation and where the power is exercised non-arbitrarily and in accordance with the law. Surveillance and the Law analyses the core features of surveillance that create stark challenges for transparency and accountability by examining the relationship between language, power, and surveillance. It identifies a number of features of surveillance law, surveillance language, and the distribution of power that perpetuate the existing surveillance paradigm. Using case studies from the US, the UK, and Ireland, it assesses the techniques used to maintain the status quo of continued surveillance expansion. These jurisdictions are selected for their similarities, but also for their key constitutional distinctions, which influence how power is distributed and restrained in the different systems. Though the book maintains that the classic principles of transparency and accountability remain the best means available to limit the arbitrary exercise of government power, it evaluates how these principles could be better realised in order to restore power to the people and to maintain an appropriate balance between government intrusion and the right to privacy. By identifying the common tactics used in the expansion of surveillance around the globe, this book will appeal to students and scholars interested in privacy law, human rights, information technology law, and surveillance studies.

Since World War II, a growing number of jurisdictions in both the developing and industrialized worlds have adopted progressive constitutions that guarantee social and economic rights (SER) in addition to political and civil rights. Parallel developments have occurred at transnational level with the adoption of treaties that commit signatory states to respect and fulfil SER for their peoples. This book is a product of the International Social and Economic Rights Project (iSERP), a global consortium of judges, lawyers, human rights advocates, and legal academics who critically examine the effectiveness of SER law in promoting real change in people's lives. The book addresses a range of practical, political, and legal questions under these headings, with acute sensitivity to the racial, cultural, and gender implications of SER and the path-breaking SER jurisprudence now emerging in the "Global South". The book brings together internationally renowned experts in the field of social and economic rights to discuss a range of rights controversies from both theoretical and practical perspectives. Contributors of the book consider specific issues in the litigation and adjudication of SER cases from the differing standpoints of activists, lawyers, and adjudicators in order to identify and address the specific challenges facing the SER community. This book will be of great use and interest to students and scholars of comparative constitutional law, human rights, public international law, development studies, and democratic political theory.

For the average person, genetic testing has two very different faces. The rise of genetic testing is often promoted as the democratization of genetics by enabling individuals to gain insights into their unique makeup. At the same time, many have raised concerns that genetic testing and sequencing reveal intensely personal and private information. As these technologies become increasingly available as consumer products, the ethical, legal, and regulatory challenges presented by genomics are ever looming. Assembling multidisciplinary experts, this volume evaluates the different models used to deliver consumer genetics and considers a number of key questions: How should we mediate privacy and other ethical concerns around genetic databases? Does aggregating data from genetic testing turn people into products by commercializing their data? How might this data reduce or exacerbate existing healthcare disparities? Contributing authors also provide guidance on protecting consumer privacy and safety while promoting innovation.

Dieses Buch bietet ein praktikables Konzept fur die Anknupfung gemischter und verbundener Vertrage vor dem Hintergrund der Rom I-Verordnung. Gemischte Vertrage erfordern in der Regel eine Schwerpunktbestimmung, fur die die Autorin einen Katalog von greifbaren Kriterien aufstellt. Verbundene Vertrage koennen auch einen verbraucherrechtlichen Bezug haben. Sie sind gemass Art. 6 Rom I-VO anzuknupfen. Fur Falle, in denen die Verbrauchereigenschaft verneint wird, befurwortet die Autorin eine akzessorische Anknupfung nach Art. 4 Abs. 3 Rom I-VO und setzt sich dabei umfassend mit dem in der Literatur verlangten Erfordernis der Parteiidentitat auseinander.

During the last 50 years interest in human rights has grown dramatically. Whilst newspapers focus mainly on dramatic issues: unlawful killing, torture, disappearances, or violations of freedom of speech; institutions charged with the implementation of human rights (as set out in international conventions and covenants) most frequently deal with allegations of human rights violations during criminal proceedings. The increasing internationalization of the administration of criminal law means that such cases are likely to become ever more important. In this book, the case-law of the international bodies dealing with such cases is presented and critically examined by an author who has contributed to its creation for almost a quarter of a century. The European Commission and European Court of Human Rights, in particular, have accumulated a considerable quantity of case-law, which is particularly interesting because it is intended to be valid in both Anglo-Saxon and Continental systems of criminal procedure.The law of the European Convention is emphasized because of its advanced procedures and the quality and quantity of its case-law. The book will be of interest to all scholars, practitioners, and students of international criminal law.

Im Mittelpunkt des Buches steht die Bestimmung der handelsrechtlichen Rechtsnatur von Gesellschafterkonten in Personenhandelsgesellschaften. Der Autor untersucht Kriterien aus Rechtsprechung und Literatur auf ihre Bedeutung fur die Qualifikation eines Gesellschafterkontos als Kapital- oder Forderungskonto. Die Erkenntnisse werden an typischen Gestaltungen erprobt und auf mittelbare Unternehmensbeteiligungen ubertragen. Das Ergebnis ist ein differenzierter Vorschlag fur eine gesellschaftsvertragliche Regelung von Gesellschafterkonten.

Mit der Einfuhrung der Partnerschaftsgesellschaft mit beschrankter Berufshaftung (PartG mbB) beabsichtigte der Gesetzgeber insbesondere Rechtsanwalten eine Alternative zur Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) zur Verfugung zu stellen. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht die Autorin, ob der vermeintliche Trend der Anwaltschaft zur LLP durch die Schaffung der PartG mbB gebrochen wird. Hierzu eroertert sie die bisherigen deutschen anwaltlichen Organisationsformen und untersucht eingehend moegliche Vor- und Nachteile der "deutschen" LLP. Umfassend analysiert die Autorin die rechtlichen Anforderungen, die (insbesondere haftungsrechtlichen) Rechtsfolgen sowie Vor- und Nachteile der PartG mbB und stellt diese vergleichend der LLP und den bisherigen Organisationsformen gegenuber.

The development of the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice has transformed the European Union and placed fundamental rights at the core of EU integration and its principles of mutual recognition and trust. The impact of the AFSJ in the development of an EU standard of fundamental rights, which has come to the fore since the Treaty of Lisbon, is a topic of great theoretical and practical importance. This is the first systematic academic study of the AFSJ and its implications from the point of view of fundamental rights. The contributions to this collection examine the normative and jurisprudential development of the AFSJ in order to assess its effects on the overall construction of the scope and standards of protection of EU fundamental rights in this particularly complex and sensitive field of integration. The expert contributors systematically map and critically assess this area of EU law, together with the relevant case-law.

In its case law on the use of lethal and potentially lethal force, the European Court of Human Rights declares a fundamental connection between the right to life in Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights and democratic society. This book discusses how that connection can be understood by using narrative theory to explore Article 2 law's specificities and its deeper historical, social and political significance. Focusing on the domestic policing and law enforcement context, the book draws on an extensive analysis of case law from 1995 to 2017. It shows how the connection with democratic society in Article 2's substantive and procedural dimensions underlines the right to life's problematic duality, as an expression of a basic value demanding a high level of protection and a contextually limited provision allowing states leeway in the use of force. Emphasising the need to identify clear standards in the interpretation and application of the right to life, the book argues that Article 2 law's narrative dimensions bring to light its core purposes and values. These are to extract meaning from pain and death, ground democratic society's foundational distinction between acceptable force and unacceptable violence, and indicate democratic society's essential attributes as a restrained, responsible and reflective system.

Im Haftungsprozess wegen fehlerhafter Ad-hoc-Publizitat steht der Anleger beim Nachweis der haftungsbegrundenden Kausalitat regelmassig vor grossen Schwierigkeiten. Im Kapitalanlagerecht hingegen wendet die Rechtsprechung die Vermutung aufklarungsrichtigen Verhaltens an und Beweisprobleme werden beseitigt. Um die Rechtfertigung der von der Rechtsprechung vorgenommenen und auf den ersten Blick ungerechtfertigten Differenzierung zu untersuchen, wird zunachst die Rechtsnatur der Vermutung aufklarungsrichtigen Verhaltens bestimmt. Es wird sodann gepruft, ob die Voraussetzungen der Vermutung aufklarungsrichtigen Verhaltens auch am Sekundarmarkt vorliegen und rechtsmethodische Voraussetzungen bei einer UEbertragung erfullt werden. Die Untersuchung schliesst mit rechtspolitischen Vorschlagen.

Die Konstellation scheint rar, die Loesung simpel: Wenn eine Schwangere stirbt, ihr Herz-Kreislauf-System und mithin die Schwangerschaft aber kunstlich auch nach dem Hirntod noch aufrechtzuerhalten sind, muss das Kind gerettet werden. Ist die Frau zudem Organspenderin, koennen freilich auch ihre Organe transplantiert werden. In dieser Absolutheit indes birgt dies einige medizinische wie rechtliche Fehler. In dieser Arbeit werden die medizinischen Umstande der Konstellation erlautert, um zu einer dogmatisch konsistenten wie praktikablen juristischen Loesung zu gelangen. Zu hinterfragen gilt, ob und wann die AErzte die Schwangerschaft abbrechen durfen, wann sie dem Ungeborenen Sterbehilfe leisten koennen und sollen. Zudem geht die Arbeit der Frage nach, wer entsprechende Entscheidungen trifft.

Free speech has positive dimensions of enablement and negative dimensions of non-restraint, both of which require protection for democracy to have substantial communicative legitimacy. In Democracy of Expression, Andrew Kenyon explores this need for sustained plural public speech linked with positive communicative freedom. Drawing on sources from media studies, human rights, political theory, free speech theory and case law, Kenyon shows how positive dimensions of free speech could be imagined and pursued. While recognising that democratic governments face challenges of public communication and free speech that cannot be easily solved, Kenyon argues that understanding the nature of these challenges (including the value of positive free speech) at least makes possible a democracy of expression in which society has a voice, formulates judgments, and makes effective claims of government. In this groundbreaking work, Kenyon not only reframes how we conceptualize free speech, but also provides a roadmap for reform.

Free speech has positive dimensions of enablement and negative dimensions of non-restraint, both of which require protection for democracy to have substantial communicative legitimacy. In Democracy of Expression, Andrew Kenyon explores this need for sustained plural public speech linked with positive communicative freedom. Drawing on sources from media studies, human rights, political theory, free speech theory and case law, Kenyon shows how positive dimensions of free speech could be imagined and pursued. While recognising that democratic governments face challenges of public communication and free speech that cannot be easily solved, Kenyon argues that understanding the nature of these challenges (including the value of positive free speech) at least makes possible a democracy of expression in which society has a voice, formulates judgments, and makes effective claims of government. In this groundbreaking work, Kenyon not only reframes how we conceptualize free speech, but also provides a roadmap for reform.

Although rights-based claims are diversifying and opportunities and resources for claims-making have improved, obtaining rights protections and catalysing social change in South Korea remain challenging processes. This volume examines how different groups in South Korea have defined and articulated grievances and mobilized to remedy them. It explores developments in the institutional contexts within which rights claiming occurs and in the sources of support available for utilizing different claims-making channels. Drawing on scores of original interviews, readings of court rulings and statutes, primary archival and digital sources, and interpretive analysis of news media coverage in Korean, this volume illuminates rights in action. The chapters uncover conflicts over contending rights claims, expose disparities between theory and practice in the law, trace interconnections among rights-based movements, and map emerging trends in the use of rights language. Case studies examine the rights of women, workers, people with disabilities, migrants, and sexual minorities.

Der Status des GmbH-Geschaftsfuhrers - ist er Dienst- oder Arbeitnehmer? - ist trotz der EuGH-Urteile in den Rechtssachen Danosa und Balkaya im deutschen Recht weiterhin ungeklart. Dies ist gleichermassen dogmatisch wie praktisch unbefriedigend. Dieser Problematik widmet sich das Buch. Die Autorin setzt sich kritisch mit dem durch die vorherrschende gesellschaftsrechtliche Auffassung gepragten Postulat der Inkompatibilitat von Organstellung und Arbeitnehmereigenschaft auseinander und wendet sich den Folgen fur den Mutterschutz zu. Die UEberprufung der Vereinbarkeit der Rechtslage de lege lata mit hoeherrangigem Recht berucksichtigt die ubergeordneten verfassungsrechtlichen Ziele und Leitprinzipien, die europaischen Harmonisierungsvorschriften sowie die Regelungsabsichten des nationalen Gesetzgebers. Die Reichweite und Folgen der Danosa-Entscheidung fur die nationale vertragliche und gesellschaftsrechtliche Ebene betrachtet die Autorin ebenso wie die Individualrechtsschutzmoeglichkeiten betroffener GmbH-Geschaftsfuhrerinnen.

This book considers the constitutional position of the judiciary and its role in shaping the individual's relations with the state.

Readers will gain the following:

A comprehensive analysis of the history of civil liberties and human rights in the UK, and the judiciary's role in upholding them

An understanding of the Human Rights Act of 1998 and its potential impact on the judiciary's relations with the parliament and the executive

An appreciation of the importance of political accountability and open government in the protection of liberty, together with recent legislative reforms in these areas

An awareness of why important critics believe fundamental freedoms are at risk in the UK in the post 9/11 and 7/7 atmosphere

A chance to draw comparisons between Britain, the USA and European countries in their attempts to create legal frameworks to protect civil liberties and human rights

This textbook provides an important, accessible introduction to an area of current widespread concern.

Key Features

* Offers a comprehensive introduction to three key issues: human rights legislation, the role of senior judges, and the protection of civil liberties

* Guides the reader through complex current debates on public order, covert and mass surveillance, and prevention of terrorism

* Provides updated descriptions of key statutes including the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005

* Assesses contemporary developments in American law and order policy including the USA/ Patriot Act

* Summarizes the arguments of civil liberties lobbies and successive governments

* Includes proposed changes in the law in the aftermath of the July 2005 London bombings

IVP Readers' Choice Award Outreach Magazine Resource of the Year The United States has more people locked up in jails, prisons, and detention centers than any other country in the history of the world. Mass incarceration has become a lucrative industry, and the criminal justice system is plagued with bias and unjust practices. And the church has unwittingly contributed to the problem. Dominique Gilliard explores the history and foundation of mass incarceration, examining Christianity's role in its evolution and expansion. He then shows how Christians can pursue justice that restores and reconciles, offering creative solutions and highlighting innovative interventions. The church has the power to help transform our criminal justice system. Discover how you can participate in the restorative justice needed to bring authentic rehabilitation, lasting transformation, and healthy reintegration to this broken system.

On the twelfth floor of an undistinguished-looking high-rise, a tribunal adjudicates the human rights of Indigenous individuals. Why isn't the process working? Witness to the Human Rights Tribunals draws on testimony, ethnographic data, and years of tribunal decisions to show how specific cases are fought, and offers an in-depth look at anthropological expertise in the courts. Bruce Miller's candid analysis reveals the double-edged nature of the tribunal, which both protects human rights and re-engages the trauma of discrimination that suffuses social and legal systems. He definitively concludes that any reform must recognize symbolic trauma before Indigenous claimants can receive appropriate justice.

20 Jahre Fachbereich Wirtschaftsrecht an der Westfalischen Hochschule Gelsenkirchen Bocholt Recklinghausen - das sind 40 Semester praxisorientierte Lehre und Forschung auf den Gebieten Jura und OEkonomie. Aus Anlass dieses Jubilaums ist der vorliegende Band entstanden, der schaukastenartig einen Einblick in den sich durch seine juristisch-oekonomische Interdisziplinaritat sowie seine Praxisorientierung bei der Ausbildung auszeichnenden Fachbereich gibt. Die zum uberwiegenden Teil aus Juristen und OEkonomen zusammengesetzten Autorenteams beleuchten jeweils ein wirtschaftsjuristisches Thema aus der Berufspraxis fallstudienartig sowohl aus rechts- als auch aus wirtschaftswissenschaftlicher Perspektive.

Neuroscience has begun to intrude deeply into what it means to be human, an intrusion that offers profound benefits but will demolish our present understanding of privacy. In Privacy in the Age of Neuroscience, David Grant argues that we need to reconceptualize privacy in a manner that will allow us to reap the rewards of neuroscience while still protecting our privacy and, ultimately, our humanity. Grant delves into our relationship with technology, the latest in what he describes as a historical series of 'magnitudes', following Deity, the State and the Market, proposing the idea that, for this new magnitude (Technology), we must control rather than be subjected to it. In this provocative work, Grant unveils a radical account of privacy and an equally radical proposal to create the social infrastructure we need to support it.

Every year, the European Court of Human Rights delivers a large number of judgments, adding to its already extensive case-law. This makes it difficult for people outside the Court to know which cases are the most relevant and break new ground for Article 8 issues. This book seeks to respond to that need by focusing on the most important cases and aims to make the content of Article 8 accessible in order to best serve readers' every-day practical legal needs. The cases are selected following the Court's Jurisconsult's opinion of their jurisprudential interest. In addition, the book includes a number of other cases that raise issues of general interest, establish new principles, or develop or clarify the Court's existing case-law. The case summaries draw the readers' attention to the essential points, allowing them to focus on the jurisprudential significance of a particular case. A clear structure utilising detailed headings helps the reader to quickly find the relevant case-law.Right to Respect for Private and Family Life, Home and Correspondence A Practical Guide to the Article 8 Case-Law of the European Court of Human Rights is a comprehensive, easy-to-use and up-to-date reference book which provides a useful source of information for practitioners, theorists and students in the field of human rights.

Der Band behandelt die Entstehung der polnischen Verfassung vom 3. Mai 1791 und widmet sich hierbei insbesondere den im Polen des 18. Jahrhunderts geltenden Menschenrechten und der Situation der Bevoelkerung. Der Autor untersucht hierzu verschiedene Aspekte der damaligen politischen und gesellschaftlichen Situation und analysiert das aussen- und innenpolitische, wirtschaftliche und kulturelle Umfeld, dass die Entstehung der Verfassung beeinflusste. Er vergleicht zudem die Entstehung anderer Landerverfassungen und zeigt die Grunde auf, warum die polnische Verfassung vom 3. Mai 1791 bereits 1793 wieder ausser Kraft gesetzt wurde.

An innovative book that provides fresh insights into the neglected field of remedies in both international and domestic human rights law. Providing an overarching two-track theory, it combines remedies to compensate and prevent irreparable harm to litigants with a more dialogic approach to systemic remedies. It breaks new ground by demonstrating how proportionality principles can improve remedial decision-making and avoid reliance on either strong discretion or inflexible rules. It draws on the latest jurisprudence from the European and Inter-American Courts of Human Rights and domestic courts in Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, Hong Kong, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States. Separate chapters are devoted to interim remedies, remedies for laws that violate human rights, damages, remedies in the criminal process, declarations and injunctions in institutional cases, remedies for violations of social and economic rights and remedies for violations of Indigenous rights.

An innovative book that provides fresh insights into the neglected field of remedies in both international and domestic human rights law. Providing an overarching two-track theory, it combines remedies to compensate and prevent irreparable harm to litigants with a more dialogic approach to systemic remedies. It breaks new ground by demonstrating how proportionality principles can improve remedial decision-making and avoid reliance on either strong discretion or inflexible rules. It draws on the latest jurisprudence from the European and Inter-American Courts of Human Rights and domestic courts in Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, Hong Kong, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States. Separate chapters are devoted to interim remedies, remedies for laws that violate human rights, damages, remedies in the criminal process, declarations and injunctions in institutional cases, remedies for violations of social and economic rights and remedies for violations of Indigenous rights.