Bisher wurde die Geschichte der Grund- und Menschenrechte in bezug auf die Zeit vor 1789 uberwiegend als ideengeschichtlicher und philosophischer Prozess begriffen. Schmales Studie zeigt hingegen die sozial- und mentalitatsgeschichtliche Dimension dieses Prozesses. Erstmals kann gezeigt werden, dass Theorie und Praxis der Grund- und Menschenrechte in der Fruhen Neuzeit durch regionalspezifische Konjunkturen ("Grundrechtekonjunkturen") gekennzeichnet werden, die mit der Bewaltigung umfassender Krisen verknupft sind. Ausgehend vom mikrohistorisch ver-tieften Vergleich zweier Regionen (Kursachsen und Herzogtum Burgund) wird die Ebene des deutsch-franzosischen Vergleichs erreicht und in eine europaische Perspektive eingebettet. Der methodische Zugriff der rechtshistorischen Archaologie des Rechts einerseits und der Archaologie des Wissens von Michael Foucault andererseits wurden als "Archaologie der Grund- und Menschenrechte" zu einem neuen methodischen Konzept verknupft. Die Studie enthalt die erste Begriffsgeschichte von "Menschenrecht" von der Antike bis 1789 sowie erstmals einen historiographischen Uberblick uber die Erforschung der Geschichte der Grund- und Menschenrechte vom ausgehenden 18. Jahrhundert bis heute."

Der Standardkommentar zum Haftungsrecht des Strassenverkehrs erscheint in der Neuauflage in der bewahrten systematischen Form, die Handbuch und Kommentar verbindet. Das Werk behandelt samtliche Tatbestande einer verschuldensunabhangigen Haftung, erlautert die Haftung aus unerlaubter Handlung sowie alle sonstigen Haftungstatbestande und enthalt alle Regelungskomplexe, aus denen sich eine Beschrankung oder ein Ausschluss der Haftung herleiten lasst. Jeweils gesonderte Abschnitte sind dem Ersatz des Sachschadens und des Personenschadens in all ihren Auspragungen gewidmet. Ausfuhrlich behandelt wird der Forderungsubergang auf Privatversicherer, Sozialversicherungs- und Versorgungstrager. Erlauterungen zu den prozessualen, insbesondere beweisrechtlichen Fragen der Verkehrsunfallhaftung schliessen das Werk ab. In der Neuauflage wird die Rechtsprechung zum Schadensersatzrecht weiter ausdifferenziert, das neue Versicherungsvertragsgesetz eingearbeitet und der verstarkte Einfluss des internationalen und europaischen Rechts auf das Verkehrshaftungsrecht berucksichtigt.

Die gegenstandliche Abhandlung uber die roemische "indignitas" bildet eine Antwort auf "Paul Koschakers" Aufruf zur dogmengeschichtlichen und rechtsvergleichenden Untersuchung einzelner privatrechtlicher Rechtsinstitute. Trotz der gemeinsamen rechtsdogmatischen Herkunft - dem roemisch-gemeinen Indignitatsrecht - prasentieren sich die Erbunwurdigkeitsbestimmungen der franzoesischen, oesterreichischen und deutschen Privatrechtskodifikationen als ein aus vielen einzelnen Elementen zusammengestelltes Mosaik. Dieser historisch orientierte Rechtsvergleich der Erbunwurdigkeit liefert einen Beitrag zum besseren Verstandnis der gegenwartig geltenden Erbunwurdigkeitsrechte. Er "blickt" uber den Tellerrand der Landesjurisprudenz, erklart die nationalen Umformulierungen des roemischen Erbunwurdigkeitsrechts und erforscht ihre Ursachen.

Das Buch behandelt die Frage des zulassigen Einsatzes sogenannter intelligenter Videouberwachungssysteme durch Private im oeffentlichen Raum am Massstab des 6b BDSG a.F. . Die Autorin befasst sich hierzu mit der systemkonformen Auslegung anhand des Grundgesetzes, der Charta der Grundrechte der Europaischen Union, der EMRK und der DSRL 95/46/EG sowie der Rechtsprechung der jeweiligen Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeiten. Sie zeigt auf, dass in einem Gefuge komplexer Wertentscheidungen angesichts des betroffenen Rechts auf informationelle Selbstbestimmung und der grundgesetzlichen Diskriminierungsverbote differenzierte Einzelfallabwagungen entlang eines aufgestellten Kriterienkataloges zu treffen sind. Das zu 6b BDSG a. F. entwickelte Ergebnis besteht auch vor 4 BDSG n. F. und der EU-DSGVO.

As the distinction between domestic and international is increasingly blurred along with the line between internal and external borders, migrants-particularly people of color-have become emblematic of the hybrid threat both to national security and sovereignty and to safety and order inside the state. From building walls and fences, overcrowding detention facilities, and beefing up border policing and border controls, a new narrative has arrived that has migrants assume the risk for government-sponsored degradation, misery, and death. Crimmigrant Nations examines the parallel rise of anti-immigrant sentiment and right-wing populism in both the United States and Europe to offer an unprecedented look at this issue on an international level. Beginning with the fears and concerns of immigration that predate the election of Trump, the Brexit vote, and the signing and implementation of the Schengen Agreement, Crimmigrant Nations critically analyzes nationalist state policies in countries that have criminalized migrants and categorized them as threats to national security. Highlighting a pressing and perplexing problem facing the Western world in 2020 and beyond, this collection of essays illustrates not only how anti-immigrant sentiments and nationalist discourse are on the rise in various Western liberal democracies, but also how these sentiments are being translated into punitive and cruel policies and practices that contribute to a merger of crime control and migration control with devastating effects for those falling under its reach. Mapping out how these measures are taken, the rationale behind these policies, and who is subjected to exclusion as a result of these measures, Crimmigrant Nations looks beyond the level of the local or the national to the relational dynamics between different actors on different levels and among different institutions.

Die vorliegende Publikation ist der Analyse des geltenden Mediationsrechts gewidmet. Der Fokus ruht hierbei auf dem Mediationsgesetz und den entsprechenden zivilverfahrensrechtlichen Regelungen, insbesondere zum Guterichterverfahren. Dabei werden Unklarheiten beseitigt, die sich aus dem Gesetzestext selbst oder durch Interaktionen mit anderen Gesetzen ergeben. Der Autor setzt sich zudem mit der Verfassungsmassigkeit der sogenannten gerichtsinternen Mediation, wie sie in Modellversuchen von Gerichten in der Vergangenheit praktiziert wurde, auseinander.

This book strikes a balance between international sporting governing bodies' interests and values enshrined in rules regarding sporting nationality on one hand, and athletes' rights under EU law on the other. It argues that some rules governing athletes' eligibility in national teams in their current form, notably certain waiting periods, quotas for naturalised athletes or athletes having previously played for another country, and rules prohibiting the change of sporting nationality, constitute a disproportionate restriction on athletes' rights under EU citizenship, free movement of persons, competition law or fundamental rights. Accordingly, the book subsequently presents concrete recommendations for international sporting governing bodies on how to reconcile their interests and values with the rights that athletes enjoy under EU law. As such, it offers an essential guide for these bodies and their representatives, as well as for athletes, academics and practitioners in the fields of law and sports.

This book analyses the horizontal effect of fundamental rights in the European Union, from a constitutional perspective. It advances two main arguments: First, it argues that the horizontal effect of fundamental rights (i.e. their application to disputes between private parties) cannot be usefully discussed based on the existing EU horizontality doctrine, which associates horizontality with the exercise of horizontal direct effect only. That doctrine is characterised by a series of overly technical rules as to how the latter may be produced and has a case-specific nature that lacks overall constitutional coherence. Secondly, the book argues that a substantive theory of horizontality is required in EU law and sketches its main parameters. In the fundamental rights context, horizontal effect has organisational implications for society, which go beyond specific intersubjective disputes. It is argued that its determination requires an explicit recognition of the public character of certain private platforms of will formation (e.g. the workplace) and a discussion of the role of fundamental rights therein. At the same time, a constitutionally adequate model of horizontality involves an acknowledgment of the supranational character of EU adjudication: the determination of horizontal applicability of a fundamental right within a type of private authority relationship falls upon the Court of Justice, but the precise manifestation of horizontal effect (e.g. direct, indirect or state-mediated effect) rests with national courts.

Imagine being physically denied access to your office, business or livelihood. Imagine being refused entry to a shop or being told who you can or cannot sit with at a restaurant. Imagine being barred from a hospital room when you or your family member needs critical care. Unthinkable? Today, these scenarios and worse are happening in 'democracies' all over the world, and could be our collective future - orchestrated by AI, Big Tech and state-sponsored apps - all in the name of 'protecting' public health with vaccine passports. The stakes could not be higher. If you do not have a vaccine passport, you will be prevented from accessing basic services, from earning a living or travelling within your own country. Even if you do have one, you will be exposed to unprecedented levels of government and corporate surveillance, data mining and behavioural control. In Scanned, investigative journalist Nick Corbishley examines and exposes the lies and overreach that underpin the wholesale erosion of personal freedoms that is happening at an alarming rate. In clear language supported by rigorous research, Corbishley uncovers how the rollout of vaccine passports not only represents an unprecedented violation of privacy and bodily autonomy, but how it perpetuates the idea that a 'small' collective sacrifice will allow us to return to normality. If things continue on the current path, Corbishley makes clear, getting back to 'normal' is never happening. Put simply, instead of a return to normality, we will see the creation of a starkly different form of existence in which most of us will have virtually no agency over our own lives. Inside Scanned, you'll also find: The massive implications of a tech-enabled digital ID, social credit systems and biometric tracking How basic freedoms and privacy are being handed over to the state and private companies without our knowledge or consent How government programmes and increased surveillance will facilitate discrimination, segregation and stigmas for huge segments of the population Few people want to be seen as outliers, especially if it means feeling responsible or being blamed for the suffering and deaths of others. 'But there is a fundamental flaw in applying the "greater good" argument to vaccine passports,' Corbishley writes, 'because the passports themselves offer precious little in the way of potential good - and a huge amount in the way of potential harm.' This is not a liberal or conservative debate. This is not a vaccinated or unvaccinated debate. This is about freedom, global democracy and how much we are willing to give up. This is about deciding when it is time to say, 'enough!'

If constitutional legitimacy is based on violence, what does this mean for democracy? Almost every state in the world has a written constitution and, for the great majority, the constitution is the law that controls the organs of the state. But is a constitution the best device to rule a country? Western political systems tend to be 'constitutional democracies', dividing the system into a domain of politics, where the people rule, and a domain of law, set aside for a trained elite. Legal, political and constitutional practices demonstrate that constitutionalism and democracy seem to be irreconcilable. Antoni Abat i Ninet strives to resolve these apparently exclusive public and legal sovereignties, using their various avatars across the globe as case studies. He challenges the American constitutional experience that has dominated western constitutional thought as a quasi-religious doctrine. And he argues that human rights and democracy must strive to deactivate the 'invisible' but very real violence embedded in our seemingly sacrosanct constitutions. It challenges the legitimacy of constitutional systems. It reveals how constitutions are sometimes violently enforced. Provocative case studies show how Ninet's theory is played out in practice.

Dieser Band untersucht die Rechtsprechung des Bundesgerichtshofs zum Nachweis des subjektiven Tatbestands der Vorsatzanfechtung. Die Untersuchung setzt sich mit der Frage auseinander, ob die Rechtsprechung des Bundesgerichtshofs insbesondere in den Fallgruppen der Anfechtung kongruenter Deckungen, der Anfechtung von Rechtshandlungen im Rahmen fehlgeschlagener Sanierungsbemuhungen und der Anfechtung bargeschaftsahnlicher Lagen zu sachgerechten Ergebnissen kommt oder ob eine Reform des Vorsatzanfechtungstatbestandes erforderlich ist.

During the last 50 years interest in human rights has grown dramatically. Whilst newspapers focus mainly on dramatic issues: unlawful killing, torture, disappearances, or violations of freedom of speech; institutions charged with the implementation of human rights (as set out in international conventions and covenants) most frequently deal with allegations of human rights violations during criminal proceedings. The increasing internationalization of the administration of criminal law means that such cases are likely to become ever more important. In this book, the case-law of the international bodies dealing with such cases is presented and critically examined by an author who has contributed to its creation for almost a quarter of a century. The European Commission and European Court of Human Rights, in particular, have accumulated a considerable quantity of case-law, which is particularly interesting because it is intended to be valid in both Anglo-Saxon and Continental systems of criminal procedure.The law of the European Convention is emphasized because of its advanced procedures and the quality and quantity of its case-law. The book will be of interest to all scholars, practitioners, and students of international criminal law.

About one-third of the world's population currently lives under pluri-legal systems where governments hold individuals subject to the purview of ethno-religious rather than national norms in respect to family law. How does the state-enforcement of these religious family laws impact fundamental rights and liberties? What resistance strategies do people employ in order to overcome the disabilities and limitations these religious laws impose upon their rights? Based on archival research, court observations and interviews with individuals from three countries, Yuksel Sezgin shows that governments have often intervened in order to impress a particular image of subjectivity upon a society, while people have constantly challenged the interpretive monopoly of courts and state-sanctioned religious institutions, re-negotiated their rights and duties under the law, and changed the system from within. He also identifies key lessons and best practices for the integration of universal human rights principles into religious legal systems.

Versicherungsunternehmen sind oft der Kritik ausgesetzt, durch ihr Verhalten Grundsatzurteile des BGH zu verhindern, weil sie das Revisionsverfahren (z.B. durch Anerkenntnis oder Rucknahme) beenden, nachdem sich abzeichnet, dass das Gericht eine andere Rechtsauffassung vertritt. Die Autorin untersucht, ob die Kritik daran gerechtfertigt ist. Ausgangspunkt der UEberlegungen ist, dass die prozessualen Rechte der Rucknahme und des Anerkenntnisses gesetzlich vorgesehene Rechte der Prozessparteien sind. Sie sind Ausfluss der Dispositionsmaxime. Andererseits wird die Dispositionsmaxime kraft gesetzlicher Anordnung etwa dort eingeschrankt, wo ein besonderes oeffentliches Interesse dem Recht des Einzelnen vorgehen muss. Diese UEberlegungen sind Anknupfungspunkt der Untersuchung, welche die massgeblichen gegenlaufigen Rechtspositionen - Dispositionsfreiheit und besonderes oeffentliches Interesse - darstellt und gewichtet.

Basic freedoms cannot be abandoned in times of conflict, or can they? Are basic freedoms routinely forsaken during times when there are national security concerns? These questions present different conundrums for the legal profession, which generally values basic freedoms but is also part of the architecture of emergency legal frameworks. Unleashing the Force of Law uses multi-jurisdiction empirical data and draws on cause lawyering, political lawyering and Bourdieusian juridical field literature to analyze the invocation of legal norms aimed at the protection of basic freedoms in times of national security tensions. It asks three main questions about the protection of basic freedoms. First, when do lawyers mobilize for the protection of basic freedoms? Second, in what kind of mobilization do they engage? Third, how do the strategies they adopt relate to the outcomes they achieve? Covering the last five decades, the book focusses on the 1980s and the Noughties through an analysis of legal work for two groups of independence seekers in the 1980s, namely, Republican (mostly Catholic) separatists in Northern Ireland and Puerto Rican separatists in the US, and on post-9/11 issues concerning basic freedoms in both countries

Crowdfunding ermoeglicht die Einwerbung von Finanzmitteln uber das Internet. Der Autor beantwortet die Frage, wie die Einwerbung von Finanzmitteln durch Crowdfunding rechtlich zu bewerten ist. Dazu untersucht er sowohl die zivilrechtlichen Grundlagen als auch die aufsichtsrechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen einer Mitteleinwerbung durch Crowdfunding. Die sich hierbei auftuenden Rechtsfragen werden anhand wesentlicher Fallgruppen einer grundlegenden Klarung zugefuhrt. Die Untersuchung beschrankt sich auf den deutschen Rechtsraum.

We live more and more of our lives online; we rely on the internet as we work, correspond with friends and loved ones, and go through a multitude of mundane activities like paying bills, streaming videos, reading the news, and listening to music. Without thinking twice, we operate with the understanding that the data that traces these activities will not be abused now or in the future. There is an abstract idea of privacy that we invoke, and, concrete rules about our privacy that we can point to if we are pressed. Nonetheless, too often we are uneasily reminded that our privacy is not invulnerable-the data tracks we leave through our health information, the internet and social media, financial and credit information, personal relationships, and public lives make us continuously prey to identity theft, hacking, and even government surveillance. A great deal is at stake for individuals, groups, and societies if privacy is misunderstood, misdirected, or misused. Popular understanding of privacy doesn't match the heat the concept generates, though understandably. With a host of cultural differences as to how privacy is understood globally and in different religions, and with ceaseless technological advancements, it is an increasingly slippery and complex topic. In this clear and accessible book, Leslie and John G. Francis guide us to an understanding of what privacy can mean and why it is so important. Drawing upon their extensive joint expertise in law, philosophy, political science, regulatory policy, and bioethics, they parse the consequences of the forfeiture, however great or small, of one's privacy.

The European Union is a supranational organisation with a set of circumscribed powers. Although these powers do not include an all-encompassing fundamental rights' mandate, today's existential challenges - from economic to refugee crisis, via concerns for compliance with the rule of law in some of its Member States - increase the pressure on the EU to develop tools for protection and promotion of such rights. One way of addressing the tension between the lack of a general mandate and vivid calls for protection is for the EU to focus on selected fundamental rights which it has competence to regulate. One such example is EU law on the fundamental right to equal treatment that has blossomed since the late 1990s. In developing selected fundamental right policies that can be imposed on domestic actors, as EU law does, supranational intervention needs to be carefully tailored to the plural landscape where they are intended to flourish. This monograph calls for a nuanced use of the infrastructure of EU law to convey shared values at domestic level across Europe.

While the prohibition of custodial torture is absolute and it applies even during war or other emergency situations, the fact is that custodial torture continues to prevail in today's times of modernization and globalization. The only thing that has changed with time is the degree of meticulousness and sophistication with which it is practiced today. This work analyses custodial violence, ill-treatment, and crimes committed by the police and armed forces in India. It analyses custodial violence in the light of the reports of the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; Committee against Torture; European Commission; Asian Human Rights Commissions; National Human Rights Commission; National Crime Record Bureau; police journals; international and national NGOs; and other international standards. Providing a detailed overview of the Indian police system and examining its structure and functions, the work critically examines the role and accountability of the police in India and lays emphasis on the human rights of citizens referring to the guidelines of the National Human Rights Commission for the prevention of custodial violence and protection of victims and their rights.

Surveillance of citizens is a clear manifestation of government power. The act of surveillance is generally deemed acceptable in a democratic society where it is necessary to protect the interests of the nation and where the power is exercised non-arbitrarily and in accordance with the law. Surveillance and the Law analyses the core features of surveillance that create stark challenges for transparency and accountability by examining the relationship between language, power, and surveillance. It identifies a number of features of surveillance law, surveillance language, and the distribution of power that perpetuate the existing surveillance paradigm. Using case studies from the US, the UK, and Ireland, it assesses the techniques used to maintain the status quo of continued surveillance expansion. These jurisdictions are selected for their similarities, but also for their key constitutional distinctions, which influence how power is distributed and restrained in the different systems. Though the book maintains that the classic principles of transparency and accountability remain the best means available to limit the arbitrary exercise of government power, it evaluates how these principles could be better realised in order to restore power to the people and to maintain an appropriate balance between government intrusion and the right to privacy. By identifying the common tactics used in the expansion of surveillance around the globe, this book will appeal to students and scholars interested in privacy law, human rights, information technology law, and surveillance studies.

Migrant Crossings examines the experiences and representations of Asian and Latina/o migrants trafficked in the United States into informal economies and service industries. Through sociolegal and media analysis of court records, press releases, law enforcement campaigns, film representations, theatre performances, and the law, Annie Isabel Fukushima questions how we understand victimhood, criminality, citizenship, and legality. Fukushima examines how migrants legally cross into visibility, through frames of citizenship, and narratives of victimhood. She explores the interdisciplinary framing of the role of the law and the legal system, the notion of "perfect victimhood", and iconic victims, and how trafficking subjects are resurrected for contemporary movements as illustrated in visuals, discourse, court records, and policy. Migrant Crossings deeply interrogates what it means to bear witness to migration in these migratory times-and what such migrant crossings mean for subjects who experience violence during or after their crossing.

How the United States can provide equal educational opportunity to every child The United States Supreme Court closed the courthouse door to federal litigation to narrow educational funding and opportunity gaps in schools when it ruled in San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez in 1973 that the Constitution does not guarantee a right to education. Rodriguez pushed reformers back to the state courts where they have had some success in securing reforms to school funding systems through education and equal protection clauses in state constitutions, but far less success in changing the basic structure of school funding in ways that would ensure access to equitable and adequate funding for schools. Given the limitations of state school funding litigation, education reformers continue to seek new avenues to remedy inequitable disparities in educational opportunity and achievement, including recently returning to federal court. This book is the first comprehensive examination of three issues regarding a federal right to education: why federal intervention is needed to close educational opportunity and achievement gaps; the constitutional and statutory legal avenues that could be employed to guarantee a federal right to education; and, the scope of what a federal right to education should guarantee. A Federal Right to Education provides a timely and thoughtful analysis of how the United States could fulfill its unmet promise to provide equal educational opportunity and the American Dream to every child, regardless of race, class, language proficiency, or neighborhood.

Advocates within the growing field of children's rights have designed dynamic campaigns to protect and promote children's rights. This expanding body of international law and jurisprudence, however, lacks a core text that provides an up-to-date look at current children's rights issues, the evolution of children's rights law, and the efficacy of efforts to protect children. Campaigning for Children focuses on contemporary children's rights, identifying the range of abuses that affect children today, including early marriage, female genital mutilation, child labor, child sex tourism, corporal punishment, the impact of armed conflict, and access to education. Jo Becker traces the last 25 years of the children's rights movement, including the evolution of international laws and standards to protect children from abuse and exploitation. From a practitioner's perspective, Becker provides readers with careful case studies of the organizations and campaigns that are making a difference in the lives of children, and the relevant strategies that have been successful-or not. By presenting a variety of approaches to deal with each issue, this book carefully teases out broader lessons for effective social change in the field of children's rights.

How policies forged after September 11 were weaponized under Trump and turned on American democracy itself In the wake of the September 11 terror attacks, the American government implemented a wave of overt policies to fight the nation's enemies. Unseen and undetected by the public, however, another set of tools was brought to bear on the domestic front. In this riveting book, one of today's leading experts on the US security state shows how these "subtle tools" imperiled the very foundations of democracy, from the separation of powers and transparency in government to adherence to the Constitution. Taking readers from Ground Zero to the Capitol insurrection, Karen Greenberg describes the subtle tools that were forged under George W. Bush in the name of security: imprecise language, bureaucratic confusion, secrecy, and the bypassing of procedural and legal norms. While the power and legacy of these tools lasted into the Obama years, reliance on them increased exponentially in the Trump era, both in the fight against terrorism abroad and in battles closer to home. Greenberg discusses how the Trump administration weaponized these tools to separate families at the border, suppress Black Lives Matter protests, and attempt to overturn the 2020 presidential election. Revealing the deeper consequences of the war on terror, Subtle Tools paints a troubling portrait of an increasingly undemocratic America where disinformation, xenophobia, and disdain for the law became the new norm, and where the subtle tools of national security threatened democracy itself.