In this book the author argues that judicial activism in respect of the protection of human rights and dignity and the right to due process is an essential element of the democratic rule of law in a constitutional democracy as opposed to being 'judicial overreach'. Selected recent case law is explored from the US and Canadian Supreme Courts as well as the European Court of Human Rights illustrating that these Courts have, at times, engaged in judicial activism in the service of providing equal protection of the law and due process to the powerless but have, on other occasions, employed legalistic but insupportable strategies to sidestep that obligation.The book will be of interest to those with a deep concern regarding the factors that influence judicial decision-making and the judiciary's role through judgments in promoting and preserving the underpinnings of democracy. This includes legal researchers, the judiciary, practicing counsel and legal academics and law students as well as those in the area of democracy studies, in addition to scholars in the fields of sociology and philosophy of law.

Der Band behandelt die Entstehung der polnischen Verfassung vom 3. Mai 1791 und widmet sich hierbei insbesondere den im Polen des 18. Jahrhunderts geltenden Menschenrechten und der Situation der Bevoelkerung. Der Autor untersucht hierzu verschiedene Aspekte der damaligen politischen und gesellschaftlichen Situation und analysiert das aussen- und innenpolitische, wirtschaftliche und kulturelle Umfeld, dass die Entstehung der Verfassung beeinflusste. Er vergleicht zudem die Entstehung anderer Landerverfassungen und zeigt die Grunde auf, warum die polnische Verfassung vom 3. Mai 1791 bereits 1793 wieder ausser Kraft gesetzt wurde.

Konflikte im Zusammenhang mit dem Themenkomplex Erben und Vererben sind unumganglich und Alltag in der Praxis des erbrechtlich tatigen Anwalts. Fur Erblasser kann sich nun die Frage stellen, ob die Aufnahme einer Schieds- oder Mediationsklausel in die geplante Verfugung von Todes wegen die Entstehung von Konflikten vermeiden oder reduzieren kann. Ebenso ist fraglich, ob die Erben oder Vermachtnisnehmer uberhaupt verpflichtet werden koennen ihren erbrechtlichen Streit durch ein Schieds- oder Mediationsverfahren beilegen zu mussen. Bei der Beantwortung dieser Fragen muss zuerst der erbrechtliche Konflikt naher betrachtet werden und anschliessend versucht werden, die Schieds- und Mediationsklausel rechtsdogmatisch einzuordnen. Nur so ist es moeglich, diese im System des Erbrechts zu platzieren und die Fragen nach der Rechtswirksamkeit einer letztwilligen Schieds- oder Mediationsklausel zu beantworten.

WINNER OF THE ORWELL PRIZE WINNER OF IRISH BOOK OF THE YEAR SHORTLISTED FOR THE BAILLIE GIFFORD PRIZE 'The most important work of contemporary reporting I have ever read' SALLY ROONEY The Western world has turned its back on refugees, fuelling one of the most devastating human rights disasters in history. In August 2018, Sally Hayden received a Facebook message. 'Hi sister Sally, we need your help,' it read. 'We are under bad condition in Libya prison. If you have time, I will tell you all the story.' More messages followed from more refugees. They told stories of enslavement and trafficking, torture and murder, tuberculosis and sexual abuse. And they revealed something else: that they were all incarcerated as a direct result of European policy. From there began a staggering investigation into the migrant crisis across North Africa. This book follows the shocking experiences of refugees seeking sanctuary, but it also surveys the bigger picture: the negligence of NGOs and corruption within the United Nations. The economics of the twenty-first-century slave trade and the EU's bankrolling of Libyan militias. The trials of people smugglers, the frustrations of aid workers, the loopholes refugees seek out and the role of social media in crowdfunding ransoms. Who was accountable for the abuse? Where were the people finding solutions? Why wasn't it being widely reported? At its heart, this is a book about people who have made unimaginable choices, risking everything to survive in a system that wants them to be silent and disappear.

This book examines the right to be forgotten and finds that this right enjoys recognition mostly in jurisdictions where privacy interests impose limits on freedom of expression. According to its traditional understanding, this right gives individuals the possibility to preclude the media from revealing personal facts that are no longer newsworthy, at least where no other interest prevails. Cases sanctioning this understanding still abound in a number of countries. In today's world, however, the right to be forgotten has evolved, and it appears in a more multi-faceted way. It can involve for instance also the right to access, control and even erase personal data. Of course, these prerogatives depend on various factors and competing interests, of both private and public nature, which again require careful balancing. Due to ongoing technological evolution, it is likely that the right to be forgotten in some of its new manifestations will become increasingly relevant in our societies.

This book examines how face recognition technology is affecting privacy and confidentiality in an era of enhanced surveillance. Further, it offers a new approach to the complex issues of privacy and confidentiality, by drawing on Joseph K in Kafka's disturbing novel The Trial, and on Isaiah Berlin's notion of liberty and freedom. Taking into consideration rights and wrongs, protection from harm associated with compulsory visibility, and the need for effective data protection law, the author promotes ethical practices by reinterpreting privacy as a property right. To protect this right, the author advocates the licensing of personal identifiable images where appropriate. The book reviews American, UK and European case law concerning privacy and confidentiality, the effect each case has had on the developing jurisprudence, and the ethical issues involved. As such, it offers a valuable resource for students of ethico-legal fields, professionals specialising in image rights law, policy-makers, and liberty advocates and activists.

This book presents the first detailed history of the modern passport and why it became so important for controlling movement in the modern world. It explores the history of passport laws, the parliamentary debates about those laws, and the social responses to their implementation. The author argues that modern nation-states and the international state system have 'monopolized the 'legitimate means of movement',' rendering persons dependent on states' authority to move about - especially, though not exclusively, across international boundaries. This new edition reviews other scholarship, much of which was stimulated by the first edition, addressing the place of identification documents in contemporary life. It also updates the story of passport regulations from the publication of the first edition, which appeared just before the terrorist attacks of 9/11, to the present day.

Durch weltweite grosse Finanzskandale haben sich die Zeiten des bequemen und quasi nicht haftenden Aufsichtsrates auch in Deutschland geandert. Der Gesetzgeber und die Rechtsprechung stellen heute hohe Anforderungen bezuglich der Professionalisierung des Aufsichtsrates, womit die Gefahr einer Inanspruchnahme von Aufsichtsratsmitgliedern steigt. Der Autor gibt einen UEberblick uber die UEberwachungs- und Verfolgungspflichten des Aufsichtsrates und dessen Haftung bei Pflichtverstoessen. Auf Grund der Gefahr einer existenzvernichtenden Haftung setzt er sich abschliessend mit allgemeinen Reformvorschlagen zur Organhaftung der Literatur auseinander und bezieht diese explizit auf den Aufsichtsrat.

American public schools often censor controversial student speech that the Constitution protects. Lessons in Censorship brings clarity to a bewildering array of court rulings that define the speech rights of young citizens in the school setting. Catherine J. Ross examines disputes that have erupted in our schools and courts over the civil rights movement, war and peace, rights for LGBTs, abortion, immigration, evangelical proselytizing, and the Confederate flag. She argues that the failure of schools to respect civil liberties betrays their educational mission and threatens democracy. From the 1940s through the Warren years, the Supreme Court celebrated free expression and emphasized the role of schools in cultivating liberty. But the Burger, Rehnquist, and Roberts courts retreated from that vision, curtailing certain categories of student speech in the name of order and authority. Drawing on hundreds of lower court decisions, Ross shows how some judges either misunderstand the law or decline to rein in censorship that is clearly unconstitutional, and she powerfully demonstrates the continuing vitality of the Supreme Court's initial affirmation of students' expressive rights. Placing these battles in their social and historical context, Ross introduces us to the young protesters, journalists, and artists at the center of these stories. Lessons in Censorship highlights the troubling and growing tendency of schools to clamp down on off-campus speech such as texting and sexting and reveals how well-intentioned measures to counter verbal bullying and hate speech may impinge on free speech. Throughout, Ross proposes ways to protect free expression without disrupting education.

The term "gender" was first distinguished from "sex" in the 1950s when psychologists began to discuss the idea of "gender roles," behaviors and responsibilities given to people by a society rather than flowing from their biology. Since then, leaders across disciplines have sought to better understand the roles of biology, psychology, and culture on gender. New language has emerged alongside rich scientific inquiry and research. Increased visibility of transgender and nonbinary communities has brought awareness to a range of gender diverse experiences, while legal battles, wage disparities, and health inequities continue to prove gender's relevancy in today's world. In this book, Laura Erickson-Schroth and Benjamin Davis guide readers through the knowns and unknowns of gender, asking questions such as: What is the difference between sex, gender identity, and gender expression? Were ancient societies matriarchal? How different are male and female brains, really? What role does language play in the ways we think about gender? What do we know about sex and gender in non-human species? What are the current frontiers in gender equality? Gender: What Everyone Needs to Know (R) is an easy-to-read guide that takes readers on a much-needed tour of perspectives on gender and identity in the 21st century. The book is written in a question-and-answer format, and Erickson-Schroth and Davis cover topics such as current definitions; the history of gender as concept; the role of biology, psychology, and culture on gender; and gender norms over time and across the globe.

Narratives of mixed-race people bringing claims of racial discrimination in court, illuminating traditional understandings of civil rights law As the mixed-race population in the United States grows, public fascination with multiracial identity has promoted the belief that racial mixture will destroy racism. However, multiracial people still face discrimination. Many legal scholars hold that this is distinct from the discrimination faced by people of other races, and traditional civil rights laws built on a strict black/white binary need to be reformed to account for cases of discrimination against those identifying as mixed-race. In Multiracials and Civil Rights, Tanya Kateri Hernandez debunks this idea, and draws on a plethora of court cases to demonstrate that multiracials face the same types of discrimination as other racial groups. Hernandez argues that multiracial people are primarily targeted for discrimination due to their non-whiteness, and shows how the cases highlight the need to support the existing legal structures instead of a new understanding of civil rights law. The legal and political analysis is enriched with Hernandez's own personal narrative as a mixed-race Afro-Latina. Coming at a time when explicit racism is resurfacing, Hernandez's look at multiracial discrimination cases is essential for fortifying the focus of civil rights law on racial privilege and the lingering legacy of bias against non-whites, and has much to teach us about how to move towards a more egalitarian society.

In der Insolvenz u ber das Vermoegen einer KG gehoert die haftungsrechtliche Inanspruchnahme der Kommanditisten fu r den verwaltungs- und verfu gungsbefugten Insolvenzverwalter zu dessen Pflichtprogramm. Eine Analyse der diesbezu glichen Rechtsprechung und Literaturpublikationen der jungeren Vergangenheit offenbaren indes, dass dieses Pflichtprogramm eine Vielzahl von rechtlichen Schwierigkeiten in sich birgt. Der Autor eruiert dabei die wesentlichen Streitfragen und setzt sich mit Ihnen im Wege einer wissenschaftlichen Diskussion auseinander. Immer wieder treten dabei die zu erwartenden Folgen fur die Praxis in den Vordergrund der Diskussion. Berucksichtigt wird darin nicht nur die idealtypische KG, sondern auch die als KG ausgestalteten Publikumsgesellschaften sowie die GmbH & Co. KG.

Das Buch befasst sich mit einem Teilbereich der Rechtsnachfolge in Familienunternehmen. Das Bestimmungsvermachtnis gibt dem Erblasser die Moeglichkeit, in seinem Testament einen Kreis von Vermachtnisnehmern zu benennen und die endgultige Bestimmung des Vermachtnisnehmers und Unternehmensnachfolgers nach seinem Tod auf einen Dritten zu ubertragen. Auf diese Weise erlangt der Erblasser die Moeglichkeit, dass auch nach dem Erbfall eintretende Umstande bei der Rechtsnachfolge in das Unternehmen Berucksichtigung finden koennen. Im Zentrum der Untersuchung steht die Frage, welche Rechte das Bestimmungsvermachtnis den beteiligten Personen vermittelt und wie der Erblasser durch eine gezielte Testamentsgestaltung Einfluss auf die jeweiligen Rechtspositionen nehmen kann, um eine moeglichst sachgerechte Nachfolgeplanung sicher zu stellen.

Die Publikation stellt mit Vergleichen zur Handels- und Investitionsschiedsgerichtsbarkeit bezuglich dem Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) ein Gegenmodell zur klassischen Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit auf. Da der CAS eine gerichtsahnliche Institution ist, stellen die staatlichen Gerichte und deren Vorschriften zur OEffentlichkeit einen tauglichen Vergleichsmassstab dar. Die Autorin eroertert, dass diese rechtlichen Wertungen jedoch allenfalls uber den "Umweg" des ordre public durchgesetzt werden koennen. Sie zeigt daruber hinaus auf, dass die Veroeffentlichung der Schiedsspruche durch den CAS, vergleichbar mit einem Revisionsgericht, fur eine stringente und effektive Rechtsfortentwicklung des Sportrechts erforderlich ist. Abschliessend werden diese Forderungen fur weitere Reformen des CAS-Code anhand konkreter Regelungsvorschlage in englischer Fassung begreiflich gemacht.

There are few figures and leaders of recent American history of greater social and political consequence than Jesse Jackson, and few more relevant for America's current political climate. In the 1960s, Jackson served as a close aide to Dr. Martin Luther King, meeting him on the notorious march to legitimate the American democratic system in Selma. He was there on the day of King's assassination, and continued his political legacy, inspiring a generation of black and Latino politicians and activists, founding the Rainbow/PUSH Coalition, and helping to make the Democratic Party more multicultural and progressive with his historic runs for the presidency in the 1980s. In I Am Somebody, David Masciotra argues that Jackson's legacy must be rehabilitated in the history of American politics. Masciotra has had personal access to Jackson for several years, conducting over 100 interviews with the man himself, as well as interviews with a wide variety of elected officials and activists who Jackson has inspired and influenced. It also takes readers inside Jackson's negotiations for the release of hostages and political prisoners in Cuba, Iraq, and several other countries. As Democratic politics sees a return to radicalism and the rise of a new generation of committed advocates of racial and economic justice, I Am Somebody: Why Jesse Jackson Matters is a critical book for understanding where America in the 21st Century has come from and where it is going. Featuring a foreword by Michael Eric Dyson.

Die Autorin geht der Frage nach, wie organisierte Kriminalitat am effektivsten bekampft werden kann. Eine moegliche Vorgehensweise ware der Entzug des kriminellen Vermoegens. Die Vermoegensabschoepfung in Strafsachen hat durch die Reform in 2017 in Deutschland erheblich an Bedeutung gewonnen. Die Die Autorin analysiert die Regelungen zur Abschoepfung inkriminierten Vermoegens in Deutschland, England und der Schweiz und beleuchtet die grenzuberschreitende Dimension der Vermoegensabschoepfung. Anschliessend bewertet sie, inwiefern die deutsche Abschoepfungsreform das Potential hat, das bestehende nationale und grenzuberschreitende Vermoegensabschoepfungsdefizit zu beseitigen.

In this controversial and provocative book, Mary Anne Franks examines the thin line between constitutional fidelity and constitutional fundamentalism. The Cult of the Constitution reveals how deep fundamentalist strains in both conservative and liberal American thought keep the Constitution in the service of white male supremacy. Constitutional fundamentalists read the Constitution selectively and self-servingly. Fundamentalist interpretations of the Constitution elevate certain constitutional rights above all others, benefit the most powerful members of society, and undermine the integrity of the document as a whole. The conservative fetish for the Second Amendment (enforced by groups such as the NRA) provides an obvious example of constitutional fundamentalism; the liberal fetish for the First Amendment (enforced by groups such as the ACLU) is less obvious but no less influential. Economic and civil libertarianism have increasingly merged to produce a deregulatory, "free-market" approach to constitutional rights that achieves fullest expression in the idealization of the Internet. The worship of guns, speech, and the Internet in the name of the Constitution has blurred the boundaries between conduct and speech and between veneration and violence. But the Constitution itself contains the antidote to fundamentalism. The Cult of the Constitution lays bare the dark, antidemocratic consequences of constitutional fundamentalism and urges readers to take the Constitution seriously, not selectively.

Dieses Buch befasst sich mit der Bedeutung des angloamerikanischen Rechtsbegriffs "Trust". Trotz der Fremdheit des Trusts im deutschen Zivilrecht werden dennoch Ausschuttungen an Trustbegunstigte, die in Deutschland steuerlich ansassig sind, einer Besteuerung unterworfen. Der Autor begrundet durch Aufzeigen der Funktionsvielfalt des Trusts, warum die gelegentliche Einordnung als blosses Steuervermeidungsinstrument dem Rechtsinstitut in seiner Vielseitigkeit in keiner Weise Rechnung tragt. Weiterhin analysiert er die derzeitige Besteuerung des Trusts in Deutschland im Hinblick auf die Erbschaft- und Schenkungsteuer sowie aus ertragsteuerlicher Hinsicht einschliesslich der Zurechnungsbesteuerung nach 15 AStG umfassend. Der Autor veranschaulicht, wie eine konsistente und austarierte Besteuerung von Trusts in Deutschland aussehen koennte und widmet sich der Problematik des gleichzeitigen Eingreifens von Schenkungsteuer und Einkommensteuer bei Trustausschuttungen.

Der Gefahrubergang entscheidet im Exportgeschaft unter anderem uber die Preisgestaltung und die Obliegenheit, die Ware gegen Transportschaden zu versichern. Die Untersuchung entwickelt die wesentlichen Leitgedanken des hier so genannten Gefahrtragungsrechts des UN-Kaufrechts. Zentral sind die Erkenntnisse, dass der Gefahrbegriff streng verschuldensunabhangig zu bestimmen ist und dass kein relevanter Zusammenhang zwischen der Gefahrtragung und dem Inhalt der Lieferpflicht des Verkaufers besteht. Diese Pramissenbildung ermoeglicht eine stringente Auslegung der Einzelvorschriften, beispielsweise zur Wechselwirkung zwischen Pflichtverletzung und Gefahrtragung. Ferner kann nunmehr der Anwendungsbereich der praktisch besonders wichtigen Gefahrtragung beim Versendungskauf trennscharf definiert werden.

Urheberrechtsschranken sind nach der Rechtsprechung grundsatzlich eng auszulegen und nicht analogiefahig. Technische Neuerungen ermoeglichen allerdings bisher unbekannte Nutzungsarten geschutzter Werke durch Digitalisierung. Das erfordert nach Ansicht der Autorin eine standige Weiterentwicklung der urheberrechtlichen Schranken. Sie geht der Frage nach, ob Schranken einzeln weiterentwickelt werden sollen oder mittels des Dreistufentests eine Methode genutzt werden soll, die Schranken nach Sinn und Zweck durch die Rechtsprechung weniger eng auszulegen. Die Autorin eroertert, ob eine Schrankengeneralklausel als Auffangtatbestand durch AEnderung des europaischen Rechts geschaffen werden soll oder gar eine Vollharmonisierung der recht weit divergierenden Schrankendogmatik. Sie analysiert die daraus daraus erwachsende Problematik und bietet denkbare Loesungsansatze an.

When Gina was deported to Tijuana, Mexico, in 2011, she left behind her parents, siblings, and children, all of whom are U.S. citizens. Despite having once had a green card, Gina was removed from the only country she had ever known. In Deported Americans legal scholar and former public defender Beth C. Caldwell tells Gina's story alongside those of dozens of other Dreamers, who are among the hundreds of thousands who have been deported to Mexico in recent years. Many of them had lawful status, held green cards, or served in the U.S. military. Now, they have been banished, many with no hope of lawfully returning. Having interviewed over one hundred deportees and their families, Caldwell traces deportation's long-term consequences-such as depression, drug use, and homelessness-on both sides of the border. Showing how U.S. deportation law systematically fails to protect the rights of immigrants and their families, Caldwell challenges traditional notions of what it means to be an American and recommends legislative and judicial reforms to mitigate the injustices suffered by the millions of U.S. citizens affected by deportation.

Die Ausfallhaftung, wonach die Gesellschafter einer GmbH fur eine nicht zu erzielende Einlageleistung eines Mitgesellschafters aufkommen mussen, stellt eine Besonderheit des GmbH-Rechts dar und ist seit Inkrafttreten des Gesetzes 1892 in diesem verankert. Wahrend das GmbH-Gesetz im Allgemeinen uber die Jahre grossraumige Veranderungen und Modernisierungen erfahren hat, blieb die Ausfallhaftung in ihrem Wortlaut stets unverandert. Die daraus resultierenden Systemunstimmigkeiten, Haftungsfragen und Anwendungsproblematiken untersucht die Autorin im ersten Teil dieses Buches. Anschliessend folgt eine rechtspolitische Betrachtung der Ausfallhaftung, welche vorrangig die Notwendigkeit der Ausfallhaftung im heutigen Kapitalaufbringungsschutzsytem zum Inhalt hat.

Historically, critics of interracial, interfaith, and most recently same-sex marriage have invoked conscience and religious liberty to defend their objections, and often they have been accused of bigotry. Although denouncing and preventing bigotry is a shared political value with a long history, people disagree over who is a bigot and what makes a belief, attitude, or action bigoted. This is evident from the rejoinder that calling out bigotry is intolerant political correctness, even bigotry itself. In Who's the Bigot?, the eminent legal scholar Linda C. McClain traces the rhetoric of bigotry and conscience across a range of debates relating to marriage and antidiscrimination law. Is "bigotry" simply the term society gives to repudiated beliefs that now are beyond the pale? She argues that the differing views people hold about bigotry reflect competing understandings of what it means to be "on the wrong side of history" and the ways present forms of discrimination resemble or differ from past forms. Furthermore, McClain shows that bigotry has both a backward- and forward-looking dimension. We not only learn the meaning of bigotry by looking to the past, but we also use examples of bigotry, on which there is now consensus, as the basis for making new judgments about what does or does not constitute bigotry and coming to new understandings of both injustice and justice. By examining charges of bigotry and defenses based on conscience and religious belief in these debates, Who's the Bigot? makes a novel and timely contribution to our understanding of the relationship between religious liberty and discrimination in American life.

Nach der folgenschweren weltweiten Finanzkrise der Jahre 2007 bis 2009 ruckten internationale Ratingagenturen erstmals verstarkt in den Fokus der deutschen Rechtswissenschaft. Die massive Kritik an der Rolle der Ratingagenturen wahrend der Finanzkrise mundete in eine umfassende Regulierung von Ratingagenturen durch die EU-Ratingverordnung und den Dodd-Frank-Act. Der Autor erarbeitet eine Bestandsaufnahme der Regulierung von Ratingagenturen beidseits des Atlantiks. Ein besonderer Fokus liegt hier auf der regulatorischen Indienstnahme von Ratings und der zivilrechtlichen Haftung von Ratingagenturen. Der eingehenden Untersuchung von Art. 35a EU-Ratingverordnung und erster instanzgerichtlicher Rechtsprechung hierzu folgt ein Reformvorschlag zur Verbesserung des europaischen Haftungstatbestands fur Ratingagenturen.