The term 'civil rights' has such a familiar presence in discussions about American politics and law that we tend to use it reflexively and intuitively, but rarely do we stop to think about what exactly we mean when we use the term and why certain uses strike us as right or wrong. In this book, Professor Christopher W. Schmidt tells the story of how Americans have fought over the meaning of civil rights from the Civil War through today. Through their struggles over what it means to live in a nation dedicated to protecting civil rights, each generation has given the label new life and new meaning. Civil Rights in America shows how the words we use to understand our world become objects of contestation and points of leverage for social, political, and legal action.

Since "Roe v. Wade," abortion has continued to be a divisive political issue in the United States. In contrast, it has remained primarily a medical issue in Britain and Canada despite the countries' shared heritage. "Doctors and Demonstrators" looks beyond simplistic cultural or religious explanations to find out why abortion politics and policies differ so dramatically in these otherwise similar countries. Drew Halfmann argues that political institutions are the key. In the United States, federalism, judicial review, and a private health care system contributed to the public definition of abortion as an individual right rather than a medical necessity. Meanwhile, Halfmann explains, the porous structure of American political parties gave pro-choice and pro-life groups the opportunity to move the issue onto the political agenda. A groundbreaking study of the complex legal and political factors behind the evolution of abortion policy, "Doctors and Demonstrators" will be vital for anyone trying to understand this contentious issue.

This book explains the past and present status of hate speech regulations in Japan. The United States and European countries have adopted different approaches to resolve their respective hate speech problems. Both of them, however, continue to confront the dilemma that freedom of speech and anti-racism are fundamental values of human rights. Therefore, some scholars criticize the US approach as too protective of freedom of speech, while other scholars criticize the European approach as impermissibly violating that freedom. Compared to these countries, Japan is unique in that it does not criminalize hate speech and hate crime other than in the recently enacted Kawasaki City Ordinance criminalizing some kinds of hate speech. Japan basically relies on a comprehensive set of non-regulative tools to suppress extreme hate speech. This volume analyses Japanese hate speech laws and suggests a unique distinctive model to strike a balance between both core values of democracy.

Durch weltweite grosse Finanzskandale haben sich die Zeiten des bequemen und quasi nicht haftenden Aufsichtsrates auch in Deutschland geandert. Der Gesetzgeber und die Rechtsprechung stellen heute hohe Anforderungen bezuglich der Professionalisierung des Aufsichtsrates, womit die Gefahr einer Inanspruchnahme von Aufsichtsratsmitgliedern steigt. Der Autor gibt einen UEberblick uber die UEberwachungs- und Verfolgungspflichten des Aufsichtsrates und dessen Haftung bei Pflichtverstoessen. Auf Grund der Gefahr einer existenzvernichtenden Haftung setzt er sich abschliessend mit allgemeinen Reformvorschlagen zur Organhaftung der Literatur auseinander und bezieht diese explizit auf den Aufsichtsrat.

There are few figures and leaders of recent American history of greater social and political consequence than Jesse Jackson, and few more relevant for America's current political climate. In the 1960s, Jackson served as a close aide to Dr. Martin Luther King, meeting him on the notorious march to legitimate the American democratic system in Selma. He was there on the day of King's assassination, and continued his political legacy, inspiring a generation of black and Latino politicians and activists, founding the Rainbow/PUSH Coalition, and helping to make the Democratic Party more multicultural and progressive with his historic runs for the presidency in the 1980s. In I Am Somebody, David Masciotra argues that Jackson's legacy must be rehabilitated in the history of American politics. Masciotra has had personal access to Jackson for several years, conducting over 100 interviews with the man himself, as well as interviews with a wide variety of elected officials and activists who Jackson has inspired and influenced. It also takes readers inside Jackson's negotiations for the release of hostages and political prisoners in Cuba, Iraq, and several other countries. As Democratic politics sees a return to radicalism and the rise of a new generation of committed advocates of racial and economic justice, I Am Somebody: Why Jesse Jackson Matters is a critical book for understanding where America in the 21st Century has come from and where it is going. Featuring a foreword by Michael Eric Dyson.

The eighth edition of Jacobs, White and Ovey: The European Convention on Human Rights is a clear and concise companion to this increasingly important and extensive area of the law. The authors examine each of the Convention rights in turn, explore the pivotal cases in each area and examine the principles that underpin the Court's decisions. The focus on the European Convention itself, rather than its implementation in any one member state, makes this book essential reading for all students looking for a concise yet authoritative overview of the work of the Strasbourg Court.

According to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the goal of a social justice approach for children is to ensure that children "are better served and protected by justice systems, including the security and social welfare sectors." Despite this worthy goal, the UN documents how children are rarely viewed as stakeholders in justice rules of law; child justice issues are often dealt with separate from larger justice and security issues; and when justice issues for children are addressed, it is often through a siloed, rather than a comprehensive approach. This volume actively challenges the current youth social justice paradigm through terminology and new approaches that place children and young people front and center in the social justice conversation. Through international consideration, children and young people worldwide are incorporated into the social justice conversation.

The field of human rights and the environment has grown phenomenally during the last few years and this textbook will be one of the first to encourage students to think critically about how many environmental issues lead to a violation of existing rights. Taking a socio-legal approach, this book will provide a good understanding of both human rights and environmental issues, as well as the limitations of each regime, and will explore the ways in which human rights law and institutions can be used to obtain relief for the victims of environmental degradation or of adverse effects of environmental policies. In addition, it will place an emphasis on climate change and climate policies to highlight the pros and cons of using a human rights framework and to underscore its importance in the context of climate change. As well as identifying emerging issues and areas for further research, each chapter will be rich in pedagogical features, including web links to further research and discussion questions for beyond the classroom. Combining their specialisms in law and politics, Atapattu and Schapper have developed a truly inter-disciplinary resource that will be essential for students of human rights, environmental studies, international law, international relations, politics, and philosophy.

In der Insolvenz u ber das Vermoegen einer KG gehoert die haftungsrechtliche Inanspruchnahme der Kommanditisten fu r den verwaltungs- und verfu gungsbefugten Insolvenzverwalter zu dessen Pflichtprogramm. Eine Analyse der diesbezu glichen Rechtsprechung und Literaturpublikationen der jungeren Vergangenheit offenbaren indes, dass dieses Pflichtprogramm eine Vielzahl von rechtlichen Schwierigkeiten in sich birgt. Der Autor eruiert dabei die wesentlichen Streitfragen und setzt sich mit Ihnen im Wege einer wissenschaftlichen Diskussion auseinander. Immer wieder treten dabei die zu erwartenden Folgen fur die Praxis in den Vordergrund der Diskussion. Berucksichtigt wird darin nicht nur die idealtypische KG, sondern auch die als KG ausgestalteten Publikumsgesellschaften sowie die GmbH & Co. KG.

Das Buch befasst sich mit einem Teilbereich der Rechtsnachfolge in Familienunternehmen. Das Bestimmungsvermachtnis gibt dem Erblasser die Moeglichkeit, in seinem Testament einen Kreis von Vermachtnisnehmern zu benennen und die endgultige Bestimmung des Vermachtnisnehmers und Unternehmensnachfolgers nach seinem Tod auf einen Dritten zu ubertragen. Auf diese Weise erlangt der Erblasser die Moeglichkeit, dass auch nach dem Erbfall eintretende Umstande bei der Rechtsnachfolge in das Unternehmen Berucksichtigung finden koennen. Im Zentrum der Untersuchung steht die Frage, welche Rechte das Bestimmungsvermachtnis den beteiligten Personen vermittelt und wie der Erblasser durch eine gezielte Testamentsgestaltung Einfluss auf die jeweiligen Rechtspositionen nehmen kann, um eine moeglichst sachgerechte Nachfolgeplanung sicher zu stellen.

Die Publikation stellt mit Vergleichen zur Handels- und Investitionsschiedsgerichtsbarkeit bezuglich dem Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) ein Gegenmodell zur klassischen Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit auf. Da der CAS eine gerichtsahnliche Institution ist, stellen die staatlichen Gerichte und deren Vorschriften zur OEffentlichkeit einen tauglichen Vergleichsmassstab dar. Die Autorin eroertert, dass diese rechtlichen Wertungen jedoch allenfalls uber den "Umweg" des ordre public durchgesetzt werden koennen. Sie zeigt daruber hinaus auf, dass die Veroeffentlichung der Schiedsspruche durch den CAS, vergleichbar mit einem Revisionsgericht, fur eine stringente und effektive Rechtsfortentwicklung des Sportrechts erforderlich ist. Abschliessend werden diese Forderungen fur weitere Reformen des CAS-Code anhand konkreter Regelungsvorschlage in englischer Fassung begreiflich gemacht.

International organizations are becoming increasingly powerful. Today, they affect the lives of individuals across the globe through their decisions and conduct. Consequently, international organizations are more capable of violating the human rights of individuals. But how can they be held to account for such violations? This book studies the procedural mechanisms that may hold international organizations to account for their human rights violations. It establishes a general framework for identifying, analyzing, and assessing the accountability mechanisms of international organizations. This general framework is then applied to three distinct cases: the EU's Common Security and Defence Policy missions, refugee camp administration by the UNHCR, and detention by the International Criminal Court. The overall conclusion is that none of the existing accountability mechanisms across the three cases fulfill the normative requirements set out in the general framework. However, there are significant variations between cases, and between different types of accountability mechanisms.

Natalie Davidson offers an alternative account of Alien Tort Statute litigation by revisiting the field's two seminal cases, Filartiga (filed 1979) and Marcos (filed 1986), lawsuits ostensibly concerned with torture in Paraguay and the Philippines, respectively. Combining legal analysis, archival research and ethnographic methods, this book reveals how these cases operated as transitional justice mechanisms, performing the transition of the United States and its allies out of the Cold War order. It shows that US courts produced a whitewashed history of US involvement in repression in the Western bloc, while in Paraguay and the Philippines the distance from US courts allowed for a more critical narration of the lawsuits and their underlying violence as symptomatic of structural injustice. By exposing the political meanings of these legal landmarks for three societies, Davidson sheds light on the blend of hegemonic and emancipatory implications of international human rights litigation in US courts.

Die Autorin geht der Frage nach, wie organisierte Kriminalitat am effektivsten bekampft werden kann. Eine moegliche Vorgehensweise ware der Entzug des kriminellen Vermoegens. Die Vermoegensabschoepfung in Strafsachen hat durch die Reform in 2017 in Deutschland erheblich an Bedeutung gewonnen. Die Die Autorin analysiert die Regelungen zur Abschoepfung inkriminierten Vermoegens in Deutschland, England und der Schweiz und beleuchtet die grenzuberschreitende Dimension der Vermoegensabschoepfung. Anschliessend bewertet sie, inwiefern die deutsche Abschoepfungsreform das Potential hat, das bestehende nationale und grenzuberschreitende Vermoegensabschoepfungsdefizit zu beseitigen.

Domestic law has long been recognised as a source of international law, an inspiration for legal developments, or the benchmark against which a legal system is to be assessed. Academic commentary normally re-traces these well-trodden paths, leaving one with the impression that the interaction between domestic and international law is unworthy of further enquiry. However, a different - and surprisingly pervasive - nexus between the two spheres has been largely overlooked: the use of domestic law in the interpretation of international law. This book examines the practice of five international courts and tribunals to demonstrate that domestic law is invoked to interpret international law, often outside the framework of Articles 31 to 33 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. It assesses the appropriateness of such recourse to domestic law as well as situating the practice within broader debates regarding interpretation and the interaction between domestic and international legal systems.

Dieses Buch befasst sich mit der Bedeutung des angloamerikanischen Rechtsbegriffs "Trust". Trotz der Fremdheit des Trusts im deutschen Zivilrecht werden dennoch Ausschuttungen an Trustbegunstigte, die in Deutschland steuerlich ansassig sind, einer Besteuerung unterworfen. Der Autor begrundet durch Aufzeigen der Funktionsvielfalt des Trusts, warum die gelegentliche Einordnung als blosses Steuervermeidungsinstrument dem Rechtsinstitut in seiner Vielseitigkeit in keiner Weise Rechnung tragt. Weiterhin analysiert er die derzeitige Besteuerung des Trusts in Deutschland im Hinblick auf die Erbschaft- und Schenkungsteuer sowie aus ertragsteuerlicher Hinsicht einschliesslich der Zurechnungsbesteuerung nach 15 AStG umfassend. Der Autor veranschaulicht, wie eine konsistente und austarierte Besteuerung von Trusts in Deutschland aussehen koennte und widmet sich der Problematik des gleichzeitigen Eingreifens von Schenkungsteuer und Einkommensteuer bei Trustausschuttungen.

Der Gefahrubergang entscheidet im Exportgeschaft unter anderem uber die Preisgestaltung und die Obliegenheit, die Ware gegen Transportschaden zu versichern. Die Untersuchung entwickelt die wesentlichen Leitgedanken des hier so genannten Gefahrtragungsrechts des UN-Kaufrechts. Zentral sind die Erkenntnisse, dass der Gefahrbegriff streng verschuldensunabhangig zu bestimmen ist und dass kein relevanter Zusammenhang zwischen der Gefahrtragung und dem Inhalt der Lieferpflicht des Verkaufers besteht. Diese Pramissenbildung ermoeglicht eine stringente Auslegung der Einzelvorschriften, beispielsweise zur Wechselwirkung zwischen Pflichtverletzung und Gefahrtragung. Ferner kann nunmehr der Anwendungsbereich der praktisch besonders wichtigen Gefahrtragung beim Versendungskauf trennscharf definiert werden.

Urheberrechtsschranken sind nach der Rechtsprechung grundsatzlich eng auszulegen und nicht analogiefahig. Technische Neuerungen ermoeglichen allerdings bisher unbekannte Nutzungsarten geschutzter Werke durch Digitalisierung. Das erfordert nach Ansicht der Autorin eine standige Weiterentwicklung der urheberrechtlichen Schranken. Sie geht der Frage nach, ob Schranken einzeln weiterentwickelt werden sollen oder mittels des Dreistufentests eine Methode genutzt werden soll, die Schranken nach Sinn und Zweck durch die Rechtsprechung weniger eng auszulegen. Die Autorin eroertert, ob eine Schrankengeneralklausel als Auffangtatbestand durch AEnderung des europaischen Rechts geschaffen werden soll oder gar eine Vollharmonisierung der recht weit divergierenden Schrankendogmatik. Sie analysiert die daraus daraus erwachsende Problematik und bietet denkbare Loesungsansatze an.

The United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention is the first comprehensive review of the contributions of this important institution to understanding arbitrary detention today. The Working Group is a body of five independent human rights experts that considers individual complaints of arbitrary detention, adopting legal opinions as to whether a detention is compatible with states' obligations under international law. Since its establishment in 1991, it has adopted more than 1,200 case opinions and conducted more than fifty country missions. But much more than a jurisprudential review, these cases are presented in the book in the style of a treatise, where the widest array of issues on arbitrary detention are placed in the context of the requirements of multilateral treaties and other relevant international standards. Written for both practitioners and serious scholars alike, this book includes five case studies and a foreword by Archbishop Desmond M. Tutu.

Since the 2004 presidential campaign, when the Bush presidential advance team prevented anyone who seemed unsympathetic to their candidate from attending his ostensibly public appearances, it has become commonplace for law enforcement officers and political event sponsors to classify ordinary expressions of dissent as security threats and to try to keep officeholders as far removed from possible protest as they can. Thus without formally limiting free speech the government places arbitrary restrictions on how, when, and where such speech may occur.

Capital cases involving foreigners as defendants are a serious source of contention between the United States and foreign governments. By treaty, foreigner defendants must be informed upon arrest that they may contact a consul of their home country for assistance, yet police and judges in the United States are lax in complying. Foreigners on America's Death Row investigates the arbitrary way United States police departments, courts, and the Department of State implement well-established rights of foreigners arrested in the US. Foreign governments have taken the United States into international courts, which have ruled that the US must enforce the treaty. The United States has ignored these rulings. As a result, foreigners continue to be executed after a legal process that their home governments justifiably find to be flawed. When one country ignores the treaty rights of another as well as the decisions of international courts, the established order of international relations is threatened.

'Devastating and urgent, this book could not be more timely' Caroline Criado Perez, award-winning and bestselling author of Invisible Women Danielle Citron takes the conversation about technology and privacy out of the boardrooms and op-eds to reach readers where we are - in our bathrooms and bedrooms; with our families and our lovers; in all the parts of our lives we assume are untouchable - and shows us that privacy, as we think we know it, is largely already gone. The boundary that once protected our intimate lives from outside interests is an artefact of the twentieth century. In the twenty-first, we have embraced a vast array of technology that enables constant access and surveillance of the most private aspects of our lives. From non-consensual pornography, to online extortion, to the sale of our data for profit, we are vulnerable to abuse -- and our laws have failed miserably to keep up. With vivid examples drawn from interviews with victims, activists and lawmakers from around the world, The Fight for Privacy reveals the threat we face and argues urgently and forcefully for a reassessment of privacy as a human right. As a legal scholar and expert, Danielle Citron is the perfect person to show us the way to a happier, better protected future.

High hopes were placed in the ability of the European Convention and the Court of Human Rights to help realise fundamental freedoms and civil and political rights in the post-communist countries. This book explores the effects of the Strasbourg human rights system on the domestic law, politics and reality of the new member states. With contributions by past and present judges of the European Court of Human Rights and assorted constitutional courts, this book provides an insider view of the relationship between Central and Eastern European states and the ECHR, and examines the fundamental role played by the ECHR in the process of democratisation, particularly the areas of the right to liberty, the right to propriety, freedom of expression, and minorities' rights.

The United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention is the first comprehensive review of the contributions of this important institution to understanding arbitrary detention today. The Working Group is a body of five independent human rights experts that considers individual complaints of arbitrary detention, adopting legal opinions as to whether a detention is compatible with states' obligations under international law. Since its establishment in 1991, it has adopted more than 1,200 case opinions and conducted more than fifty country missions. But much more than a jurisprudential review, these cases are presented in the book in the style of a treatise, where the widest array of issues on arbitrary detention are placed in the context of the requirements of multilateral treaties and other relevant international standards. Written for both practitioners and serious scholars alike, this book includes five case studies and a foreword by Archbishop Desmond M. Tutu.

Die Ausfallhaftung, wonach die Gesellschafter einer GmbH fur eine nicht zu erzielende Einlageleistung eines Mitgesellschafters aufkommen mussen, stellt eine Besonderheit des GmbH-Rechts dar und ist seit Inkrafttreten des Gesetzes 1892 in diesem verankert. Wahrend das GmbH-Gesetz im Allgemeinen uber die Jahre grossraumige Veranderungen und Modernisierungen erfahren hat, blieb die Ausfallhaftung in ihrem Wortlaut stets unverandert. Die daraus resultierenden Systemunstimmigkeiten, Haftungsfragen und Anwendungsproblematiken untersucht die Autorin im ersten Teil dieses Buches. Anschliessend folgt eine rechtspolitische Betrachtung der Ausfallhaftung, welche vorrangig die Notwendigkeit der Ausfallhaftung im heutigen Kapitalaufbringungsschutzsytem zum Inhalt hat.