'Health and human rights' is an important dimension of international and European human rights and health law. It is multi-disciplinary, engaging scholars and practitioners of public health and medicine, as well as legal scholars and human rights lawyers. Taking a 'health and human rights approach' means applying international, regional and domestic human rights law to a wide range of health-related issues. Human rights law informs other areas of law that engage with health issues, including international and domestic health law, biolaw and bioethics, patients' rights, and environmental law. It brings a new, and often more international, as well as a moral dimension to existing legal analyses of health issues. This is essential in an increasingly interconnected and globalised world, where health concerns are omnipresent and can no longer be addressed solely at a domestic level. This book focuses on the legal interfaces between 'health' and 'human rights', taking both a global as well as a European approach. Globally, there are tremendous challenges when it comes to the protection of collective and individual health. Such challenges include weak (primary) healthcare systems, the spread of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, and the increase of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), as well as the health effects of air pollution and climate change. In such settings, human rights can, potentially, play an important role in protecting the rights of vulnerable individuals. It is a compelling framework for assessing these and other questions in the health field, as it couples health-related problems with a legal and moral dimension. The international recognition and definition of the 'right to health' is at the centre of this, but there are many other relevant human rights standards, including the right to life, the right to respect for privacy and family life, and the right to have access to information. International case law in the health field has made its mark when it comes to matters like access to health services, abortion, and inhuman and degrading treatment in health settings. Increasingly, links are being sought between human rights and other international standards protecting health, in particular the standards adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO). The European context is, to some extent, a region sui generis, not only in terms of health issues and health outcomes, but also from a political and legal perspective. The authoritative case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) of the Council of Europe has increasingly touched upon health-related issues. Health and Human Rights brings together contributions from human rights and health law experts from three different countries in Northern Europe. Together, the chapters give a rich account of the legal and interdisciplinary aspects and perspectives related to 'health and human rights'. This book is of interest to lecturers, students, practitioners and law- and policymakers and offers up-to-date analyses of crucial human rights issues in modern healthcare, practices and regulations in Europe and beyond.

High hopes were placed in the ability of the European Convention and the Court of Human Rights to help realise fundamental freedoms and civil and political rights in the post-communist countries. This book explores the effects of the Strasbourg human rights system on the domestic law, politics and reality of the new member states. With contributions by past and present judges of the European Court of Human Rights and assorted constitutional courts, this book provides an insider view of the relationship between Central and Eastern European states and the ECHR, and examines the fundamental role played by the ECHR in the process of democratisation, particularly the areas of the right to liberty, the right to propriety, freedom of expression, and minorities' rights.

The United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention is the first comprehensive review of the contributions of this important institution to understanding arbitrary detention today. The Working Group is a body of five independent human rights experts that considers individual complaints of arbitrary detention, adopting legal opinions as to whether a detention is compatible with states' obligations under international law. Since its establishment in 1991, it has adopted more than 1,200 case opinions and conducted more than fifty country missions. But much more than a jurisprudential review, these cases are presented in the book in the style of a treatise, where the widest array of issues on arbitrary detention are placed in the context of the requirements of multilateral treaties and other relevant international standards. Written for both practitioners and serious scholars alike, this book includes five case studies and a foreword by Archbishop Desmond M. Tutu.

Confusion about the differences between the Council of Europe (the parent body of the European Court of Human Rights) and the European Union is commonplace amongst the general public. It even affects some lawyers, jurists, social scientists and students. This book will enable the reader to distinguish clearly between those human rights norms which originate in the Council of Europe and those which derive from the EU, vital for anyone interested in human rights in Europe and in the UK as it prepares to leave the EU. The main achievements of relevant institutions include securing minimum standards across the continent as they deal with increasing expansion, complexity, multidimensionality, and interpenetration of their human rights activities. The authors also identify the central challenges, particularly for the UK in the post-Brexit era, where the components of each system need to be carefully distinguished and disentangled.

Das Grundgesetz erlaubt die allgemeine Wehrpflicht. Gleichwohl leisteten zuletzt nur 15,4 % der deutschen Manner eines Jahrgangs Wehrdienst. Dies veranlasst den Verfasser, die gleichheitsrechtlichen Anforderungen der Wehrpflicht zu untersuchen. Zunachst stellt er die bisherigen Anforderungen fur eine allgemeine Wehrpflicht (sogenannte "Wehrgerechtigkeit") dar. Da es diesen an Klarheit und einer Systematisierung fehlt, entwickelt er ein eigenstandiges Grundrecht auf Wehrgleichheit. Anhand der dabei aufgestellten Anforderungen untersucht der Verfasser die legislativen und administrativen Befreiungen von der Wehrpflicht und vom Wehrdienst. Schliesslich analysiert er zwei Moeglichkeiten zur Kompensation der aufgezeigten Verstoesse - das soziale Pflichtjahr (in seinen verschiedenen Modellen) und die Wehrabgabe.

Allgemeine Geschaftsbedingungen koennen gemass 307 Abs. 1 S. 2 BGB auch dann unangemessen benachteiligend und damit unwirksam sein, wenn sie nicht klar und verstandlich formuliert sind. Dieses Transparenzgebot wurde im Zuge der Schuldrechtsmodernisierung 2001 in der Generalklausel des AGB-Rechts verankert, nachdem es zuvor als richterrechtliches Prinzip entwickelt worden war. Der Autor untersucht in seiner Arbeit zunachst die methodischen und dogmatischen Auswirkungen dieser Kodifikation auf Grund, Inhalt und Grenzen des Transparenzgebots. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei das Verhaltnis zwischen materieller Inhalts- und formaler Transparenzkontrolle. Einen weiteren Schwerpunkt bilden die Prinzipien zur Bestimmung von Intransparenz sowie deren Unangemessenheit. Daruber hinaus wird die Verortung der Transparenzkontrolle im Gesamtsystem der AGB-Kontrolle verortet und insbesondere zur Auslegung (Unklarheitenregel) abgegrenzt sowie im inhaltskontrollfreien Bereich deklaratorischer und leistungsbestimmender Klauseln definiert. Schliesslich werden die entwickelten Grundsatze anhand einiger praktischer Fragestellungen in dem gesonderten Bereich der Arbeitsvertragskontrolle exemplifiziert.

The 1996 South African Constitution was promulgated on 18th December 1996 and came into effect on 4th February 1997. Its aspirational provisions promised to transform South Africa's economy and society along non-racial and egalitarian lines. Following the twentieth anniversary of its enactment, this book, co-edited by Rosalind Dixon and Theunis Roux, examines the triumphs and disappointments of the Constitution. It explains the arguments in favor of the Constitution being replaced with a more authentically African document, untainted by the necessity to compromise with ruling interests predominant at the end of apartheid. Others believe it remains a landmark attempt to create a society based on social, economic, and political rights for all citizens, and that its true implementation has yet to be achieved. This volume considers whether the problems South Africa now faces are of constitutional design or implementation, and analyses the Constitution's external influence on constitutionalism in other parts of the world.

Human Rights, Democracy, and Legitimacy in a World of Disorder brings together respected scholars from diverse disciplines to examine a trio of key concepts that help to stabilize states and the international order. While used pervasively by philosophers, legal scholars, and politicians, the precise content of these concepts is disputed, and they face new challenges in the conditions of disorder brought by the twenty-first century. This volume will explore the interrelationships and possible tensions between human rights, democracy, and legitimacy, from the philosophical, legal, and political perspectives; as well as the role of these concepts in addressing particular problems such as economic inequality, catastrophic risks posed by new technologies, access to health care, regional governance, and responses to mass migration. Comprising essays arising from an interdisciplinary symposium convened at Harvard Law School in 2016, this volume will examine how these trusted concepts may bring order to the global community.

28 BeurkG gibt dem Notar auf, seine Wahrnehmungen uber die Testierfahigkeit zu vermerken. Das geschieht in der Praxis meist nicht in der vom Gesetz vorgesehenen Weise. Stattdessen stellen die Notare die Testier- und Geschaftsfahigkeit fest, obwohl verfahrensrechtlich die Wahrnehmungen des Notars zu vermerken sind und materiell-rechtlich nicht die Testierfahigkeit, sondern die Testierunfahigkeit zu prufen ist, und obwohl das Gericht im Prozess fur eine derartige Feststellung regelmassig ein psychiatrisches Fachgutachten einholen muss. Angesichts unserer alternden Gesellschaft werden die Feststellungen des Notars zur Testierunfahigkeit kunftig noch an Bedeutung zunehmen und es uberrascht, dass die rechtlichen Grundlagen im materiellen Recht und im Recht des Beurkundungsverfahrens einerseits und die Frage, wie der Notar die anspruchsvolle Aufgabe der Feststellung der Testierunfahigkeit bewaltigen kann andererseits, bislang wenig Aufmerksamkeit gefunden haben. Diese Lucke soll diese Arbeit, an deren Ende ein Praxistest mit einer Kurzanleitung steht, schliessen.

Erwerber eines insolventen Betriebes machen eine UEbernahme regelmassig von der vorherigen Umsetzung ihrer eigenen Umstrukturierungsideen abhangig. Die Umsetzung derartiger Erwerberkonzepte durch den Insolvenzverwalter wirft eine Vielzahl arbeitsrechtlicher Fragen auf. Probleme bereiten dabei vor allem vom Erwerber gewunschte Personalanpassungen. Der Autor untersucht die Zulassigkeit und Grenzen von betriebsbedingten Kundigungen, die auf Grundlage eines Erwerberkonzeptes durch den Insolvenzverwalter ausgesprochen werden. Insbesondere erarbeitet er einen praktikablen Ansatz fur die Durchfuhrung der Sozialauswahl und die Auswahl der zu berucksichtigenden Weiterbeschaftigungsmoeglichkeiten.

Der Autor untersucht den Problemkreis der Liquiditatszusage in Abgrenzung zu anderen Kreditsicherungsmitteln, insbesondere zur Patronatserklarung. Es wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob und wie eine einmal erteilte Zusage wieder ruckgangig gemacht werden kann und inwieweit dies von der wirtschaftlichen Situation der unterstutzten Gesellschaft abhangig ist. Den Abschluss bildet die Untersuchung des rechtlichen Schicksals der Zusage im Falle der Insolvenz der Gesellschaft. Dieser Problemkreis ist nicht zuletzt durch die jungst ergangene "Sportgate-Entscheidung" des BGH in den Fokus der OEffentlichkeit geruckt.

Diese Arbeit untersucht die in 256 Abs. 2 ZPO normierte Zwischenfeststellungsklage. Das Ziel der Arbeit besteht darin, die Prozessvoraussetzungen und den gegenuber der prinzipalen Feststellungsklage eigenstandigen Anwendungsbereich dieses Instituts herauszuarbeiten. Trotz des engen Zusammenhangs mit den - in Literatur und Rechtsprechung haufig umstrittenen - Grenzen der Rechtskraft, widmen sich nur wenige wissenschaftliche Beitrage einer naheren Untersuchung der Zwischenfeststellungsklage. Der Autor will dazu beitragen, diesem Institut des Prozessrechts - nicht zuletzt in seiner forensischen Handhabung - mehr Geltung zu verschaffen und so zu einer Diskussion anregen, die neueren Entwicklungen in der Rechtskraftlehre einer praktikablen Loesung zuzufuhren.

Um Anreize fur Immobilieninvestitionen zu schaffen, wurde in der Vergangenheit haufig das Steuerrecht als Lenkungsmittel gewahlt. Im Rahmen dieser Untersuchung werden die Begriffe Investition und Subvention definiert und die Investitionslenkung durch Mittel des Steuerrechts beschrieben. Aufgrund der besonderen Bedeutung der steuerlichen Immobilienfoerderung wird exemplarisch die Subvention von Investitionen in Einzelimmobilien und in geschlossene Immobilienfonds in ihren verschiedenen Formen und Wirkungsweisen dargestellt und die verschiedenen rechtlichen und steuerrechtlichen Probleme bei der Investition in Einzelimmobilien und geschlossene Immobilienfonds aufgezeigt. Die steuerrechtliche Problematik wird zudem in den verfassungsrechtlichen Kontext gestellt und dabei insbesondere das Leistungsfahigkeitsprinzip und das Rechtsstaatsprinzip in den Vordergrund geruckt. Insgesamt wird die Praxis der Investitionslenkung durch das Steuerrecht in Frage gestellt.

Die Einfuhrung der offenen Investmentkommanditgesellschaft mit dem Kapitalanlagegesetzbuch im Jahr 2013 wirft eine Fulle an aktuellen Fragen sowohl in aufsichtsrechtlicher wie auch in gesellschaftsrechtlicher Hinsicht auf. Die Investmentkommanditgesellschaft stellt einen Investmentfonds im Gewand einer Personengesellschaft dar. Der Autor untersucht das Recht dieser Gesellschaftsform umfassend. Von besonderer Relevanz ist hierbei die Moeglichkeit der Fremdverwaltung durch eine externe Kapitalverwaltungsgesellschaft. Der Autor analysiert, inwieweit ein hinreichender Anlegerschutz gewahrleistet wird. Er stellt dar, dass der Anleger zwar besser geschutzt ist als der Gesellschafter einer Kommanditgesellschaft, ein optimaler Anlegerschutz jedoch nicht erreicht wird.

Camera Power is the first book to tackle the policy questions raised by two ongoing revolutions in recording the police: copwatching and police-worn body cameras. Drawing on original research from over 200 jurisdictions and more than 100 interviews - with police leaders and officers, copwatchers, community members, civil rights and civil liberties experts, industry leaders, and technologists - Mary D. Fan offers a vision of the great potential and perils of the growing deluge of audiovisual big data. In contrast to the customary portrayal of big data mining as a threat to civil liberties, Camera Power describes how audiovisual big data analytics can better protect civil rights and liberties and prevent violence in police encounters. With compelling stories and coverage of the most important debates over privacy, public disclosure, proof, and police regulation, this book should be read by anyone interested in how technology is reshaping the relationship with our police.

In 1981, decades before mainstream America elected Barack Obama, James Chase became the first African American mayor of Spokane, Washington, with the overwhelming support of a majority-white electorate. Chase's win failed to capture the attention of historians-as had the century-long evolution of the black community in Spokane. In Black Spokane: The Civil Rights Struggle in the Inland Northwest, Dwayne A. Mack corrects this oversight-and recovers a crucial chapter in the history of race relations and civil rights in America. As early as the 1880s, Spokane was a destination for black settlers escaping the racial oppression in the South-settlers who over the following decades built an infrastructure of churches, businesses, and social organizations to serve the black community. Drawing on oral histories, interviews, newspapers, and a rich array of other primary sources, Mack sets the stage for the years following World War II in the Inland Northwest, when an influx of black veterans would bring about a new era of racial issues. His book traces the earliest challenges faced by the NAACP and a small but sympathetic white population as Spokane became a significant part of the national civil rights struggle. International superstars such as Louis "Satchmo" Armstrong and Hazel Scott figure in this story, along with charismatic local preachers, entrepreneurs, and lawyers who stepped forward as civic leaders. These individuals' contributions, and the black community's encounters with racism, offer a view of the complexity of race relations in a city and a region not recognized historically as centers of racial strife. But in matters of race-from the first migration of black settlers to Spokane, through the politics of the Cold War and the civil rights movement, to the successes of the 1970s and '80s-Mack shows that Spokane has a story to tell, one that this book at long last incorporates into the larger history of twentieth-century America.

How has the Brexit vote affected EU migrants to the UK? This book presents a female Polish perspective, using findings from research carried out with migrants interviewed before and after the Brexit vote - voices of real people who made their home in the UK. It looks at how migrants view Brexit and what it means for them, how their experiences compare pre- and post-Brexit vote, and their future plans, as well as considering the wider implications of the migrant experience in relation to precarity and the British paid labour market.

The future of economic and social rights is unlikely to resemble its past. Neglected within the human rights movement, avoided by courts, and subsumed within a single-minded conception of development as economic growth, economic and social rights enjoyed an uncertain status in international human rights law and in the public laws of most countries. However, today, under conditions of immense poverty, insecurity, and political instability, the rights to education, health care, housing, social security, food, water, and sanitation are central components of the human rights agenda. The Future of Economic and Social Rights captures the significant transformations occurring in the theory and practice of economic and social rights, in constitutional and human rights law. Professor Katharine G. Young brings together a group of distinguished scholars from diverse disciplines to examine and advance the broad research field of economic and social rights that incorporates legal, political science, economic, philosophy and anthropology scholars.

In recent years, political philosophers have debated whether human rights are a special class of moral rights we all possess simply by virtue of our common humanity and which are universal in time and space, or whether they are essentially modern political constructs defined by the role they play in an international legal-political practice that regulates the relationship between the governments of sovereign states and their citizens. This edited volume sets out to further this debate and move it ahead by rethinking some of its fundamental premises and applying it to new and challenging domains, such as socio-economic rights, indigenous rights, the rights of immigrants and the human rights responsibilities of corporations. Beyond the philosophy of human rights, the book has a broader relevance by contributing to key themes in the methodology of political philosophy and addressing urgent issues in contemporary global policy making.

Human rights can be defined as the basic fundamental rights inherent to all human beings in any society. How these rights are made available and protected in individual countries is an area of much study and debate. Focusing on the significance of human rights in American law and politics, this book seeks to understand when, where, and how American law recognizes and responds to claims made in the name of human rights. How are they used by social movements as they advance rights claims? When are human rights claims accommodated and resisted? Do particular kinds of human rights claims have greater resonance domestically than others? What cultural and psychological factors impede the development of a human rights culture in the United States? This is an exciting and engaging volume that will appeal to a broad range of scholars, practitioners, and students interested in the study of human rights.

Generations of festering culture wars, compounded by actual wars in predominantly Muslim countries, the terrorism of Isis, and the ongoing migrant crisis have all combined to make religious discrimination the most pressing challenge now facing many governments. For the leading common law nations, with their shared Christian cultural heritage balanced by a growing secularism, the threat presented by this toxic mix has the potential to destabilise civil society. This book suggests that the instances of religious discrimination, as currently legally defined, are constrained by that cultural context, exacerbated by a policy of multiculturalism, and in practice, conflated with racial, ethnic or other forms of discrimination. Kerry O'Halloran argues that many culture war issues - such as those that surround the pro-choice/pro-life debate and the rights of the LGBT community - can be viewed as rooted in the same Christian morality that underpins the law relating to religious discrimination.

Surveillance presents a conundrum: how to ensure safety, stability, and efficiency while respecting privacy and individual liberty. From police officers to corporations to intelligence agencies, surveillance law is tasked with striking this difficult and delicate balance. That challenge is compounded by ever-changing technologies and evolving social norms. Following the revelations of Edward Snowden and a host of private-sector controversies, there is intense interest among policymakers, business leaders, attorneys, academics, students, and the public regarding legal, technological, and policy issues relating to surveillance. This Handbook documents and organizes these conversations, bringing together some of the most thoughtful and impactful contributors to contemporary surveillance debates, policies, and practices. Its pages explore surveillance techniques and technologies; their value for law enforcement, national security, and private enterprise; their impacts on citizens and communities; and the many ways societies do - and should - regulate surveillance.