Hot Topics in Infection and Immunity in Children IV contains chapters based on lectures given by speakers at the "Infection and Immunity in Children" course, held in June 2006 at Keble College, Oxford. It was the fourth annual course of this name and this is the fourth book in the series as well. Together the courses and books have become important components of the training available to paediatricians with an interest in this specialty and have become increasingly popular each year. This book covers topics in infectious diseases in children and is intended for Pediatric Infectious Disease trainees, trainers, and all those who manage children with infections.

Paediatric Infectious Diseases is now a recognised specialty in Europe with established training programmes and training centres, overseen by the European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases. This book and the course that precedes each edition will continue to play useful parts in the development and knowledge of specialists throughout the continent and beyond.

The editors of this volume Dr. Andrew Pollard, Dr. George McCracken, and Dr. Adam Finn are all leaders in the fields of paediatric medicine and infectious disease.

Although respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has been a high priority for vaccine development for over 50 years now, still no vaccine is available and none has yet demonstrated sufficient promise to move to licensure. The success of RSV immune prophylaxis and the availability of ever more powerful tools to study the immune response and pathogenesis of disease, combined with the ability to construct a wide variety of vaccines using different vaccine platforms, give us grounds to believe that an RSV vaccine is within reach. This book brings together in one source what is currently known about the virus: its clinical and epidemiologic features; the host response and pathogenesis of the disease; vaccines, vaccine platforms, and treatment; and animal and tissue culture models of RSV infection. It is designed to organize the critical information relevant to RSV vaccine development, facilitate the assimilation of data, and speed progress toward producing a safe and effective vaccine.

This detailed volume presents a variety of animal models that are commonly used to study sepsis and some key procedures to measure specific disease outcomes. The chapters describe well-established surgical and nonsurgical rodent models of sepsis, presented by experts in the field. In addition, the book includes protocols for burn injury and sepsis, modeling the mouse intensive care unit (MICU), and the development of humanized mice, which may be useful tools to increase the translational potential of rodent sepsis research. There is a chapter discussing the use of biomarkers for sepsis diagnosis and prognosis in humans and mice, as well as chapters describing specific methods for biomarker measurement, and the use of analgesics and humane endpoints in rodent sepsis research. Finally, agent-based computational modeling is presented as a valuable complementary approach to study sepsis. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Sepsis: Methods and Protocols serves as an ideal guide for researchers working toward improving the identification and treatment of septic patients.

This volume presents chapters by leading figures researching the various pathways by which stress may interfere with health maintenance and contribute to disease etiology and progression. Their work focuses on direct effects of stress on the immune and endocrine systems, on behavioral factors in diseases such as cancer and diabetes, and with the general role of stress in illness processes.

Ancient therapeutic systems have played a tremendous role in health preservation all around the globe for thousands of years; even the earliest humans on earth had used these approaches along with simple surgical procedures for the betterment of their health. Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity examines various aspects of health and diseases and the importance of basic but essential factors for the preservation of health and management of diseases. Concisely written, the author discusses ancient ways to enhance self-healing abilities and stimulate the immune system such as, fasting, meditation, acupuncture, cupping therapy, balneotherapy and aromatherapy. The importance of nutrition and diet is also examined as it plays a crucial role in the prevention and causation of diseases. Additional features include: Discusses how the integration of various CAM modalities helps in enhancing self-healing abilities and boosts the human immune system. Contains various topics from different systems of medicines that are taught widely as individual courses or discussed broadly in several institutes. Reviews Eastern pharmacotherapy and how using certain herbs, minerals, and animal-based products aids in maintaining health and alleviating diseases. Using evidence-based knowledge taken from ancient literature and recently published articles, this book will inform readers on the importance of holistic health approaches and some ancient treatment modalities that enhance the immune system to combat diseases.

Vaccines are a debate, whether we want them to be or not. With a clear-eyed approach to their science and history, HOW VACCINES WORK demystifies the strange and intricate world of vaccines: it explains what a vaccine is, how they are developed and what happens when they meet our bodies. David Miles has worked in immunology - as a scientist, teacher and communicator - for two decades. Taking his expert understanding of the field and the questions he is asked by ordinary people, HOW VACCINES WORK combines a field guide to the vaccines we currently receive with the historical background to their development, along with thrilling storytelling and comprehensive, reassuring debunking of the most common vaccination myths.

The Role of Nutrition in Wound Healing (S.J. Dudrick). Chronic Wounds: Growth Factors and Comprehensive Surgical Care (D.R. Knighton). Wound Healing and Infection (D.E. Fry). The Plug Repair for Recurrent Inguinal Hernias (A.G. Shulman). Open Tensionfree Repair of Primary Inguinal Hernias in Adult Males (A.G. Shulman). Sepsis and Its Related Disorders: Definitions, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology (B.M. Friedman). The Septic Patient: Future Directions (T.J. Gallagher). Prophilaxis and Therapeutic Clinical Trials in Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock (G.J. Slotman). Pharmacologic Management of Postoperative Infections (J.D. Sutton). The Resuscitation Game (M.C. McCarthy). Transfusion Guidelines for Elective Surgery: The Transfusion Trigger (R.K. Spence). Physiologic Predictors of Transfusion Need in the Intensive Care Unit (L.D. Nelson). Preoperative Autologous Blood Donation (L.T. Goodnough). Component Therapy (K.F. O'Malley). The Anesthesiologist's Viewpoint: Transfusion, Hemodilution, and Cooperation (L. Stehling). Physicians' Assistants: An Overview (J.F. Byrnes, Jr.). Physicians Assistants: A Costefficient Solution for the Surgical Practice (L.A. Garry, D.L. Priore). Future 2000 for Nurses (Z.R. Wolf). Index.

Ancient therapeutic systems have played a tremendous role in health preservation all around the globe for thousands of years; even the earliest humans on earth had used these approaches along with simple surgical procedures for the betterment of their health. Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity examines various aspects of health and diseases and the importance of basic but essential factors for the preservation of health and management of diseases. Concisely written, the author discusses ancient ways to enhance self-healing abilities and stimulate the immune system such as, fasting, meditation, acupuncture, cupping therapy, balneotherapy and aromatherapy. The importance of nutrition and diet is also examined as it plays a crucial role in the prevention and causation of diseases. Additional features include: Discusses how the integration of various CAM modalities helps in enhancing self-healing abilities and boosts the human immune system. Contains various topics from different systems of medicines that are taught widely as individual courses or discussed broadly in several institutes. Reviews Eastern pharmacotherapy and how using certain herbs, minerals, and animal-based products aids in maintaining health and alleviating diseases. Using evidence-based knowledge taken from ancient literature and recently published articles, this book will inform readers on the importance of holistic health approaches and some ancient treatment modalities that enhance the immune system to combat diseases.

Man has moved rapidly from the hunter-gatherer environment to the living conditions of the rich industrialised countries. The hygiene hypothesis suggests that the resulting changed and reduced pattern of exposure to micro-organisms has led to disordered regulation of the immune system, and hence to increases in certain chronic inflammatory disorders. The concept began with the allergic disorders, but there are now good reasons for extending it to autoimmunity, inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis, depression associated with raised inflammatory cytokines, some cancers and perhaps neuroinflammatory disorders such as Alzheimer s and Parkinson s. This book discusses the evidence for and against in the context of Darwinian medicine, which uses knowledge of evolution to cast light on human diseases. It is the first book to consider the broader implications of the hygiene hypothesis in areas of medicine where it has not previously been applied. The approach is interdisciplinary, looking at man s microbiological history, at the biology of the effects of microorganisms on the immune system, and at the implications for chronic inflammatory disorders in multiple organ systems. Finally, the authors describe progress in the exploitation of microorganisms or their components as novel prophylactics and treatments in several branches of medicine."

Erika Jensen-Jarolim and Manuel L. Penichet 1. 1 Background Infectious diseases, being the major burden in the history of mankind worldwide th until the beginning of the 20 century, were important triggers in the understanding of immunological mechanisms. In contrast to infectious diseases, reports of all- gies and cancers were less common, but increased tremendously within the last century. Based on the US mortality data of the National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2009, a recent report from the American Cancer Society indicated that the number of cancer deaths increased approximately from 100,000 to 550,000 per year between 1930 and 2006, paralleling the increase of the total population during this period. Leading causes of death from cancer are lung and bronchus cancer, in men prostate cancer, and in women breast c- cer [1, 2]. Normalization to population size shows that the cancer death rate for most malignancies has been generally stable, although the mortality rate of certain malignancies, such as lung and bronchus cancer, has increased over the last 50 years [1-3]. In allergy, the situation is less clear, because for the time period around the turn of th the 19 century, only imprecise information is available. However, within the last 30 years the incidences of allergies has doubled not only in industrial countries, but in developing countries as well [4].

This book guides the reader through the latest research on the cytokine network, covering signaling pathways, control of the immune response, and potential therapeutics. Different cytokines stimulate diverse responses in various phases of inflammation and immunity, including the innate immune response, the generation of effector T cells, and the development of antibodies by the humoral immune system. It is now clear that the pathophysiology of many infectious, autoimmune, allergic, and malignant diseases can be largely explained by which cytokines are induced and subsequently regulate the cellular responses. In clinical medicine, cytokines are involved in a wide spectrum of diseases. This book describes in three parts the properties and roles of 15 key cytokines under physiological and pathological conditions. Part I presents nine cytokines associated with inflammatory disorders, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the recently identified new helper T (Th) subset: Th17 cells. Part II gives details of three cytokines associated with allergic disorders, including Th2 responses and recently identified types of innate cells. Part III describes three cytokines that are associated with immunological tolerance and anti-inflammation, including regulatory T (Treg) cells, IL-10-producing Treg (Tr1) cells, and inducible IL-35-producing Treg (iTr35) cells. Cytokines are considered to be important as therapeutic targets for specific agonists or antagonists in numerous immune and inflammatory diseases. The ultimate goal of this book is to facilitate the development of therapeutic treatments for such diseases which has been limited by an insufficient understanding of the biology of cytokines and the complicated network that they create.

1. Introduction: The Brain-Immune Axis: Role of Opiates and Other Substances of Abuse, the Hypothalmic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Behavior.- 2. Detection of ?-Opioid Receptor mRNA in Immature T Cells.- 3. Identification of Opioid Receptors in the Immune System Using a Novel Combination of Selective Opioid Ligands and Indirect Phycoerythrin Immunofluorescence.- 4. Kappa Opioid Receptors on Three Related Thymoma Cell Lines: Differences in Receptor-Effector Coupling.- 5. Delta Opioid Agonists Inhibit Proliferation of Highly Purified Murine CD4+ and CD8+ T-Cells.- 6. Mitogenic Activation of Human T Lymphocytes Induces a High Affinity Morphine Binding Site.- 7. Morphine-Induced Suppression of Thymocyte Proliferation Is Mediated by Inhibition of I1-2 Synthesis.- 8. Active ?-Endorphin Metabolites Generated by T-Cell Ectopeptidases.- 9. The Cellular Basis for Opioid-Induced Immunosuppression.- 10. Endogenous Opioid Peptides Suppress Cytokine-Mediated Upregulation of HIV-1 Expression in the Chronically Infected Promonocyte Clone U1.- 11. Relevance of Opioid Bimodality to Tolerance/Dependence Formation: From Transmitter Release to Second Messenger Formation.- 12. Agonist Induced Constitutive Receptor Activation As a Novel Regulatory Mechanism: ? Receptor Regulation.- 13. Expression of Cannabinoid Receptor mRNA in Murine and Human Leukocytes.- 14. Cannabinoid Stimulation of Arachidonate Metabolism in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Leukocytes.- 15. Marijuana, Receptors and Immunomodulation.- 16. Mouse Strain Differences in in vivo and in vitro Immunosuppressive Effects of Opioids.- 17. The Clastogenicity of Morphine Sulfate in vivo.- 18. Cellular Mechanisms Involved in Morphine-Mediated Suppression of CTL Activity.- 19. Evidence for the Involvement of Macrophage-Derived Nitric Oxide in the Immunomodulatory Effect of Morphine and Aversive Pavlovian Conditioning.- 20. Mechanisms Whereby Macrophage-Derived Nitric Oxide Is Involved in the Immunomodulatory Effects of Morphine.- 21. Effects of Central Administration of Morphine on Immune Status in Lewis and Wistar Rats.- 22. Morphine Alteration of Histamine Release in vivo.- 23. Effect of Chronic Morphine Treatment on Immune Responses to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin in Swine.- 24. SIV Mutations Detected in Morphine-Treated Macaca mulatta Following SIVmac239 Infection.- 25. Adjuvant Effects on Morphine-Induced Suppression of Immune Responses to MN rgp120/HIV-1 in Mice.- 26. Possible Mechanisms of Immunotoxicity Following in vivo Exposure to the Inhalant, Isobutyl Nitrite.- 27. Role of Immune Processes in Peripheral Opioid Analgesia.- 28. Chronic Treatment with Morphine and Ethanol, but Not Cocaine, Attenuates I1-1? Activation of FOS Expression in the Rat Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus.- 29. Effects of r-Hu-Interferon-?2A in the Brain.- 30. Quantification of Macrophage-Derived Substance P Receptor mRNA Using Competitive Polymerase Chain Reaction.- 31. HIV-1 Heterogeneity and Cytokines: Neuropathogenesis.

Dipeptidyl Aminopeptidases exert a potent modulatory role at an interface between immune mechanisms, metabolic responses, and neuroendocrine pathways. Experimental models and clinical studies addressing the role of these enzymes and the effect of specific inhibitors pave the way to novel therapeutic concepts in immunology, rheumatology, oncology, reproductive medicine and diabetes. Leading experts in the field will contribute to this book, which will present a state-of-the-art view on these enzymes at a time when our understanding of their function is growing ever more rapidly and therapeutic options have become imminent. The sections of the book will focus on various topics, including DP IV and related enzymes in: expression and function, metabolic disorders, immune mechanisms and immune disorders, neuronal diseases and cancer, and related drug development.

For many years, the immune and central nervous systems were thought to function independently with little or no interaction between the two. This view has und- gone dramatic changes over the past three decades. Indeed, we now know that there exists various feedback loops between the brain and immune systems that impact signi cantly upon different behavioral processes, including normal behavior and mental disorders. Pioneering efforts in generating this change were initiated by a number of early investigators. Included were those whose efforts were directed at establishing neuroimmune connections as well as others whose research focused upon the relationship between immunity, cytokines, and behavior. This book brings together outstanding scientists and clinicians who have made major contributions to the rapidly developing eld investigating the relationship between immunity and behavior. The book is divided into three parts. The rst part describes pathways by which the brain and immune systems communicate and int- act with each other. In the chapter "Cytokines and the Blood-Brain Barrier" p- vides insight into interactions between the blood-brain barrier and cytokines. Such interactions underlie basic communication between the immune system and brain that are present in normal as well as in disease conditions. In the chapter "Neu- chemical and Endocrine Responses to Immune Activation: The Role of Cytokines," the neurochemical and endocrine consequences of immune challenge and cytokine administration on central neurotransmitter activity are discussed.

This book introduces many new technologies and clinical applications of hematopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and inflammatory diseases. Presented in two parts, Part 1 focuses on stem cell therapies for autoimmune disease treatment; Part 2 focuses on stem cell therapies and their application in the treatment of common inflammatory diseases, including chronic knee osteoarthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, liver cirrhosis, Crohn's Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, and more. This book is an essential source for all advanced students and researchers involved with these diseases, stem cells, or both. Stem Cell Transplantation for Autoimmune Diseases and Inflammation and the other books in the Stem Cells in Clinical Applications series are invaluable to scientists, researchers, advanced students and clinicians working in stem cells, regenerative medicine, or tissue engineering as well as cancer or genetics research.

This book describes, in detail, tested techniques for the produc-tion and use of monoclonal antibodies. It covers those aspects of interest to all scientists working with monoclonal antibodies and presents methods in a step-by-step format for easy refer-ence. The text serves as a laboratory manual; and discusses rationale behind each method, and the choices between methods. It also provides a rational basis where several alternative methods are available.

Cervical cancer is the second most common form of cancer found in women and is responsible for more than a quarter of a million deaths worldwide each year. With approximately 70% of cervical cancers now known to be caused by two oncogenic types of the human papillomavirus (HPV), there is great interest surrounding the approval of the vaccine for clinical use. Despite this, many questions remain about how the new vaccines should be implemented and how cervical cancer screening will change following vaccination.
This practical pocketbook provides an overview of the role of HPV in the pathophysiology of cervical cancer and its current screening and management, the principles of immune control of HPV infection in cervical cancer, and the challenges of implementing HPV vaccines and future developments. This revised edition includes updated trial data in the chapter on prophylactic HPV vaccination: current status.

T Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Immunotoxicology Edited by Ian Kimber ZENECA Pharmaceuticals, Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK and Mary Jane K. Selgrade US Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, NC, USA Immunotoxicology is a diverse discipline that embraces the investigation of the adverse health effects that may result from the interaction of xenobiotics with the immune system. T lymphocytes orchestrate adaptive immune responses and are of central importance in the consideration of immunotoxicity. These cells and/or the tissue responsible for their functional maturation (the thymus) have been implicated as the primary or secondary targets for chemical insult. Moreover, T lymphocytes play pivotal roles in the induction and elicitation of chemical and protein allergy and in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. Classically, T lymphocytes have been divided into two main populations: CD4 helper T cells and CD8 suppressor/cytotoxic T cells. It is now apparent that there exists within both populations considerable functional heterogeneity, characterized usually by variable cytokine secretion patterns. Two major subpopulations of T helper (Th) cells have been identified and designated Th1 and Th2, with similar, but less well characterized, sub-types of cytotoxic (Tc) cells having been described also. The discovery of functional subpopulations of Th (and Tc) cells has profoundly influenced our view of the immune response and, in particular, our appreciation of the way in which the immune system can tailor responses to meet challenges of different types. This has also translated into a much more detailed understanding of certain immunopathologic processes and the role of T lymphocytes in the development of allergic, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. This book explores the role of T lymphocyte subpopulations in the development and expression of immunotoxic effects. Constituent chapters reveal that a consideration of the impact of chemicals on these diverse T cell populations and the polarization of T cell responses has already contributed greatly to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying immunotoxicity, including immune suppression and allergic and autoimmune responses.

Reproductive Immunology: Basic Concepts gives a holistic insight into the understanding of the complex interactions between the maternal immune system and the fetal/placental unit necessary for the success of pregnancy. This interaction is critical for the support of the human fetal semiallograft and the protection against infections. The book covers various topics such as B cells, macrophages, T cells, discussion on fetal signals and their impact on maternal reproductive cells such as endometrial cells, mast cells, and the role of fetal Hofbauer cells, the immune regulatory role of glucorticoids, and many other novel topics within the field of reproductive immunology. Edited and written by experts in the field, this book introduces the up-to-date knowledge of the role of the immune system during pregnancy and provides the necessary background to understand pregnancy complications associated with alterations in the functioning of the immune system. The book provides a complete discussion on the immunological aspects of pregnancy and serves as a great tool for research scientists, students, reproductive immunologists and OBGYNs.

The Inflammation Spectrum, Dr Will Cole's follow up to Ketotarian, teaches us how inflammation is often the catalyst for most common health woes. Arriving at a time where issues of inflammation and gut health are becoming increasingly prominent within mainstream discourses, Dr Will Cole offers us a solution to this growing issue. The Inflammation Spectrum teaches us that ultimately how we feel is symbiotically linked to what we consume; indeed, food, in Cole's words, 'constantly and dynamically influences' our health. Subsequently he teaches readers how to do nutrition the right way, providing us with a personal guide which seeks to aid readers to find out which foods their bodies love, hate and need to feel great! Cole's book informs us to think twice before consuming pharmaceutical drugs to "fix" issues of inflammation and instead proposes that readers reassess their eating habits, using 'food as thy medicine'. This book, Dr Mark Hyman suggests, is for 'anyone who is fed up with fad diets' as Cole uses his years of experience in functional-medicine to teach us how to love our bodies enough to nourish it with delicious, healing foods. From personal quizzes to scientific breakdowns The Inflammation Spectrum offers empowering advice and puts readers on the path to achieving food freedom and optimal health.