A critical question in social studies education is not whether teachers develop and teach units of study, but what is in the units of study teachers develop and teach. Curricular planning and instruction must focus on what we teach in the social studies classroom. It is not uncommon for students to experience fine units about the westward movement and exit the fifth grade with little or no geographic literacy. Most students leave middle school grades unable to name even one person who made a difference in the history of Indian people in the United States. After three to five years of history classes, high school students routinely self-report that history is boring. And it is the rare middle school graduate who knows how to use a free enterprise economy for his or her benefit. This book explains the content of nine areas in social studies. If teachers know what history, biographical studies, and the United States Constitution mean for instruction, they can increase the probability of better-focused content in their social studies instruction.

The central unifying theme of this state-of-the-art contribution to research on literacy is its rethinking and reconceptualization of individual differences in reading. Previous research, focused on cognitive components of reading, signaled the need for ongoing work to identify relevant individual differences in reading, to determine the relationship(s) of individual differences to reading development, and to account for interactions among individual differences. Addressing developments in each of these areas, this volume also describes affective individual differences, and the environments in which individual differences in reading may emerge, operate, interact, and change. The scant comprehensive accounting of individual differences in reading is reflected in the nature of reading instruction programs today, the outcomes that are expected from successful teaching and learning, and the manner in which reading development is assessed. An important contribution of this volume is to provide prima facie evidence of the benefits of broad conceptualization of the ways in which readers differ. The Handbook of Individual Differences in Reading moves the field forward by encompassing cognitive, non-cognitive, contextual, and methodological concerns. Its breadth of coverage serves as both a useful summary of the current state of knowledge and a guide for future work in this area.

The nation's demographic of public schools are more ethnically, racially, and linguistically diverse than ever before (Strauss, 2014). However, there are still educational policies and practices that call to question whether traditionally marginalized students receive an equitable education. This is demonstrated in national achievement trends, which highlight disproportionality ratings among minoritized student groups. Also when examining school discipline policies, expulsion ratings, special education services, and school choice movements, all seem to handicap educational opportunity for low-income Black and Brown students. As American schools become more and more diverse, it is imperative that the literacy practices used to teach young students of color reflect the nation's changing demographic. This book provides practical insights guided by conceptual and contextual knowledge in understanding how to teach urban African American and Hispanic/Latino(a) students by discussing issues associated with critical pedagogies, literacy, and culturally appropriate instructional strategies that have demonstrated success for traditionally marginalized student populations. This book examines culturally affirming literacy practices from three main components: (1) scholarship, (2) the field of practice, and (3) teacher education models. Each of these three are significant in understanding how to teach minoritized populations. As such, chapters have been organized into three main sections that address scholarship and research, trends in the field, and implications for teacher education models - all in order to advance the literacy achievement of African American and Hispanic/Latino(a) students.

Updates existing prompts and introduces 50 new ones; Features prompts that are designed to be impersonal and avoid requiring students to express personal viewpoints or feelings on specific issues; Suited for seventh grade to adulthood.

Focused on the teaching and learning argumentative writing in grades 9-12, this important contribution to literacy education research and classroom practice offers a new perspective, a set of principled practices, and case studies of excellent teaching. The case studies illustrate teaching and learning argumentative writing as the construction of knowledge and new understandings about experiences, ideas, and texts. Six themes key to teaching argumentative writing as a thoughtful, multi-leveled practice for deep learning and expression are presented: teaching and learning argumentative writing as social practice, teachers' epistemological beliefs about argumentative writing, variations in instructional chains, instructional conversations in support of argumentative writing as deep learning and appreciation of multiple perspectives, contextualized analysis of argumentative writing, and the teaching and learning of argumentative writing and the construction of rationalities.

Focused on the teaching and learning argumentative writing in grades 9-12, this important contribution to literacy education research and classroom practice offers a new perspective, a set of principled practices, and case studies of excellent teaching. The case studies illustrate teaching and learning argumentative writing as the construction of knowledge and new understandings about experiences, ideas, and texts. Six themes key to teaching argumentative writing as a thoughtful, multi-leveled practice for deep learning and expression are presented: teaching and learning argumentative writing as social practice, teachers' epistemological beliefs about argumentative writing, variations in instructional chains, instructional conversations in support of argumentative writing as deep learning and appreciation of multiple perspectives, contextualized analysis of argumentative writing, and the teaching and learning of argumentative writing and the construction of rationalities.

Learn the ten keys to effective writing instruction! In this dynamic book, bestselling author Lori G. Wilfong takes you through today's best practices for teaching writing and how to implement them in the classroom. She also points out practices that should be avoided, helping you figure out how to update your teaching so that all students can reach success. You'll discover how to... Make sure students have enough work in a genre before you assign writing Develop thoughtful, short writing prompts that are "infinite" and not finite Have students read and learn from master authors in the genre they are writing Create a writing community so that writing is not an isolated activity Use anchor charts and minilessons, along with rubrics and checklists Implement revising strategies, not just editing strategies, taught in context Use conferencing to grow students as thoughtful, reflective writers Let narratives be personal and creative, focusing on details and imagery Let informational writing explore a topic creatively and in depth Let argument writing be situated in real-world application and not be limited to one-sided, "what-if" debates Every chapter begins with an engaging scenario, includes the "why" behind the practice and how it connects to the Common Core, and clearly describes how implement the strategy. The book also contains tons of handy templates that you can reproduce and use in your own classroom. You can photocopy these templates or download them from our website at http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9781138812444.

Recent national achievement data reveal significant outcome disparities between African American boys and other student groups by grade 4. This issue has drawn much attention from teachers, parents, researchers, and policy makers all across the United States of America. African American boys are not homogeneous in nature. Consequently, Read and Succeed: Practices to Support Reading Skills in African American Boys begins by identifying a host of potential factors that contribute to reading disengagement and under-achievement in African American boys in P-5 contexts. This book presents and discusses a multi-strategic framework for teachers, administrators, librarians, and parents to implement collaboratively to combat this issue. Read and Succeed additionally provides valuable and practical resources for teachers, administrators, and other school officials to use to increase reading engagement and achievement in African American boys.

Learn the ten keys to effective writing instruction! In this dynamic book, bestselling author Lori G. Wilfong takes you through today's best practices for teaching writing and how to implement them in the classroom. She also points out practices that should be avoided, helping you figure out how to update your teaching so that all students can reach success. You'll discover how to... Make sure students have enough work in a genre before you assign writing Develop thoughtful, short writing prompts that are "infinite" and not finite Have students read and learn from master authors in the genre they are writing Create a writing community so that writing is not an isolated activity Use anchor charts and minilessons, along with rubrics and checklists Implement revising strategies, not just editing strategies, taught in context Use conferencing to grow students as thoughtful, reflective writers Let narratives be personal and creative, focusing on details and imagery Let informational writing explore a topic creatively and in depth Let argument writing be situated in real-world application and not be limited to one-sided, "what-if" debates Every chapter begins with an engaging scenario, includes the "why" behind the practice and how it connects to the Common Core, and clearly describes how implement the strategy. The book also contains tons of handy templates that you can reproduce and use in your own classroom. You can photocopy these templates or download them from our website at http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9781138812444.

Dialogic Readers: Children talking and thinking together about visual texts celebrates the sophisticated and dynamic discussions that primary-aged children can have as they talk together to make meaning from a variety of texts, and it highlights the potential for talk between readers as a tool for critical and creative thinking. It proposes a new dialogic theory of reading comprehension that incorporates multi-modal media and adds further weight to the argument that talk as a tool for learning should form a central part of primary classroom learning and teaching. The book explores: * the language of co-construction * children's critical and creative responses to text * the dialogic transaction between text and readers * the use of language as a tool for creating a social cohesion between readers. This significant work is aimed at educational lecturers, researchers and students who want to explore an expanded notion of reading comprehension in the twenty-first century, realizing how opportunities for children thinking creatively together might transform the potential for learning in the classroom. It provides a framework for analyzing co-constructive talk with suggestions for promoting children's critical and creative thinking.

A Dialogic Approach to Understanding Reading celebrates the sophisticated and dynamic discussions that primary-aged children have as they talk together to make meaning from a variety of texts, and it highlights the potential for talk between readers as a tool for critical and creative thinking. It proposes a new dialogic theory of reading comprehension which incorporates multi-modal media, and adds further weight to the argument that talk as a tool for learning should form a central part of primary classroom learning and teaching.

The book explores:

This significant work is aimed at educational lecturers, researchers and students who want to explore an expanded notion of reading comprehension in the 21st century realising how opportunities for children thinking creatively together might transform the potential for learning in the classroom. It provides a framework for analysing co-constructive talk with suggestions for promoting children s critical and creative thinking."

The Internet is transforming the experience of reading and learning-through-reading. Is this transformation effecting a radical change in reading processes as readers synthesize understandings from fragments across multiple texts? Or, conversely, is the Internet merely a new place to use the same reading skills and processes developed through experience with traditional print-based media? Are the changes in reading processes a matter of degree, or are they fundamentally new? And if so, how must reading theory, research, and instruction adjust?

This volume brings together distinguished experts from the fields of reading research, teacher education, educational psychology, cognitive science, rhetoric and composition, digital humanities, and educational technology to address these questions. Its unique structure features short essays, each drawing from its author's realm of expertise and projecting beyond to larger implications for reading research and education. These essays are followed by dialogue between the chapter author and respondents with contrasting viewpoints. The result is a lively exchange where authors are challenged to articulate their perspectives on a fundamental question for 21st century readers and researchers.

This SAT Buster Stretch workbook is perfect for Year 6 pupils shooting for those top marks in KS2 English. It includes four challenging fiction texts, plus a variety of questions to test confident pupils Reading skills. It also includes self-assessment boxes and a handy scoresheet to help track pupils' progress. For even more Reading practice, Non-Fiction Stretch (9781782948353) and Poetry Stretch (9781782948360) SAT Busters are also available. Answers for all three books are available in the matching Answer Book (9781782948377).

In order for students to write effective informational texts, they need to read good informational texts! In this practical book, you'll find out how to use high-quality books and articles to make writing instruction more meaningful, authentic, and successful. The author demonstrates how you can help students analyze the qualities of effective informational texts and then help students think of those qualities as tools to improve their own writing. The book is filled with examples and templates you can bring back to the classroom immediately. Special Features: Offers clear suggestions for meeting the Common Core informational writing standards Covers all aspects of informational writing, including introducing and developing a topic; grouping related information together; adding features that aid comprehension; linking ideas; and using precise language and domain-specific vocabulary Includes a variety of assessment strategies and rubrics Provides classroom snapshots to show the writing tools in action Comes with a variety of templates and tools that can be photocopied or downloaded and printed from our website, www.routledge.com/books/details/9781138832060 Bonus! The book includes an annotated bibliography-a comprehensive list of recommended informational texts, with suggestions for how to use them.

Organic vocabulary is a term that describes a child's inner source of thoughts. Based on the early work of Sylvia Ashton-Warner in New Zealand with Maori children, organic vocabulary can help promote early literacy among children who have little connection and prior experiences with print. This book connects the early research and methodology to today's classrooms. These connections are applied to Title 1 schools (indicating low socioeconomic status), second language learners, and children with multiple levels of ability and adverse risk factors.

How to Teach Fiction Writing is a practical manual to help teachers of junior classes to focus on the key aspects of developing children's storywriting. The book presents a series of essential writing workshops full of creative ideas and fun activities. It also offers a range of advice including how to set up and run an effective workshop and how to monitor NLS links. Workshops focus on capturing stories, characterization, creating settings, skilful paragraphing, writing in a variety of genres from myths and fables to adventures and science fiction, and writing style.

The premise of "Developing Writing Teachers" is this: When teachers of writing identify as writers, it adds a special dimension to their writing pedagogy. Practical and accessible while drawing on a range of relevant research and theory, this text is distinguished by its dual focus on teachers as writers and the teaching of writing. Part I addresses the question, What does it take for a teacher of writing to develop an identity as writer? Using case studies and teacher narratives, it guides readers to an understanding of the current status of writing as the 21st century unfolds, the role of expressive writing in developing a writing identity, the relationship of writing to genre and rhetoric, writing and professional identity, and writing as design. Part II focuses on pedagogical practice and helping writer-teachers develop a toolkit to take into their classrooms. Coverage includes building a community of writing practice; the nature of writing as process; the place of grammar; the role of information, communication and representational technologies; and how assessment, properly used, can help develop writing. Ideal for for pre-service and in-service courses on the teaching of writing, the "Companion Website "provides aadditional readings/documents; PowerPoint presentations; assessment resources; and lesson and unit plans and planning guides. "

The premise of "Developing Writing Teachers" is this: When teachers of writing identify as writers, it adds a special dimension to their writing pedagogy. Practical and accessible while drawing on a range of relevant research and theory, this text is distinguished by its dual focus on teachers as writers and the teaching of writing. Part I addresses the question, What does it take for a teacher of writing to develop an identity as writer? Using case studies and teacher narratives, it guides readers to an understanding of the current status of writing as the 21st century unfolds, the role of expressive writing in developing a writing identity, the relationship of writing to genre and rhetoric, writing and professional identity, and writing as design. Part II focuses on pedagogical practice and helping writer-teachers develop a toolkit to take into their classrooms. Coverage includes building a community of writing practice; the nature of writing as process; the place of grammar; the role of information, communication and representational technologies; and how assessment, properly used, can help develop writing. Ideal for for pre-service and in-service courses on the teaching of writing, the "Companion Website "provides aadditional readings/documents; PowerPoint presentations; assessment resources; and lesson and unit plans and planning guides. "

Writing History 7-11 supports students and primary teachers helping them to explore ways in which activities involving the talk that underpins historical enquiry can be developed into reading and exciting, extended, reflective writing. The step that teachers and pupils take from 'talk for learning' to 'talk for writing' is a vital one. In this book the authors argue that all aspects of historical enquiry leading to writing involve discussion and dialogue which permeate every aspect of 'doing history'. From this perspective they set out a theoretical framework for understanding the role of talk and reading in developing pupils' critical thinking and confident reflective writing, then demonstrate through a series of case studies, in which teachers, university lecturers and pupils work together, how the theory is put into practice in the classroom. Themes include: How to support children in writing in a variety of interesting genres How to make links between the National Curriculum (2013) for History and for English How to plan for breadth and depth studies in the new National Curriculum How activities in History 5 - 11 can be developed into exciting extended writing The second half of the book draws upon case studies from a number of real primary classrooms with children of different ages. Each case study shows how teaching was planned to develop children's confidence and enjoyment in discussion and to scaffold reasoned, written explanation and argument. Topics presented are all relevant to the new curriculum framework and include talking and reading about: Time, change and significance over 6000 years - writing a television script Celtic Britain and the Roman Army - writing a travel brochure about Celtic Britain The destruction of Roman towns - writing a Saxon poem An archaeological investigation of a body in a Danish peat bog - writing a newspaper report Did any countries benefit from WW11? - writing an argued viewpoint The expansion westwards of European settlers - writing a flap book exploring different perspectives. This indispensable book provides not only sources for pupils to use in their writing, but also models and exemplars of different styles and voices to draw upon.

This popular text, now in its fourth edition, "unpacks" the various dimensions of literacy-linguistic and other sign systems; cognitive; sociocultural; and developmental-and at the same time accounts for the interrelationships among them. Distinguished by its examination of literacy from a multidimensional and interdisciplinary perspective, it provides a strong conceptual foundation upon which literacy curriculum and instruction in school settings can be grounded. Linking theory and research to practice in an understandable, user-friendly manner, the text provides in-depth coverage of the dimensions of literacy, includes demonstrations and "hands-on" activities, examines authentic reading and writing events that reflect key concepts, and summarizes the concepts in tables and figures. Changes in the Fourth Edition* Addresses academic language, new literacies/multiliteracies, and their relationship to literacy learning * More fully develops the developmental dimension of literacy in separate chapters on adult mediation and learner construction * Expands the discussion of multimodal literacies * Extends and integrates the discussion of bilingualism and biliteracy throughout the text * Integrates instructional implications more fully throughout

SEN pupils and slower learners need extra support to help them to become confident writers. The structured planning sheets in Boost Creative Writing Skills for 7-9 Year Olds provide Year 3-4 SEN pupils with non-prescriptive writing scaffolds, giving them the support they need. Written by Judith Thornby, an experienced Learning Support Coordinator, the sheets have been extensively trialled and tested in her primary school. They have been shown to boost children's writing skills, give pupils confidence and make them believe that they can write. While designed for SEN pupils these sheets can, and have, been used by pupils of all abilities. Each book contains a practical story-writing section, with handy reproducible tip sheets, providing useful reminders for children. The planning sheets cover a range of writing genres, from stories and poems to book reviews and newspaper reports. The activities address the lower KS2 Programmes of Study for writing composition in the new (2014) National Curriculum for England.

A practical, research-based guide, Teaching Reading to English Language Learners gives ESL teachers and grade-level teachers the information and strategies they need to support second language literacy development with their Culturally Linguistically Diverse (CLD) learners, in addition to the program the school already has in place. Throughout, the authors guide teachers to modify literacy instruction to address both the assets and the needs of their English learners. Included are strategies for converting research into practical application; illustrative student samples from multiple grade levels and language backgrounds; teacher insights; a look at the sociocultural, academic, cognitive, and linguistic dimensions of the CLD student biography; and a number of helpful pedagogical aids.

SEN pupils and slower learners need extra support to help them to become confident writers. The structured planning sheets in Boost Creative Writing Skills for 5-7 Year Olds provide Year 1-2 SEN pupils with non-prescriptive writing scaffolds, giving them the support they need. Written by Judith Thornby, an experienced Learning Support Coordinator, the sheets have been extensively trialled and tested in her primary school. They have been shown to boost children's writing skills, give pupils confidence and make them believe that they can write. While designed for SEN pupils these sheets can, and have, been used by pupils of all abilities. Each book contains a practical story-writing section, with handy reproducible tip sheets, providing useful reminders for children. The planning sheets cover a range of writing genres, from stories and poems to book reviews and newspaper reports. The activities address the Year 1 and 2 Programmes of Study for writing composition in the new (2014) National Curriculum for England.