First published in 1956, as the second edition of a 1940 original, this book forms the companion volume to Medieval Fenland. Together these volumes provide a consummately researched account of changing conditions within a fascinating region. The text is ambitious in scope, reflecting the author's position as a historical geographer, and covers a broad range of disciplinary perspectives, ranging from geology to socio-economic analysis. Numerous illustrative figures are contained, including maps, diagrams and photographs of the area, and a bibliography is also provided. Detailed, yet highly readable, this book will be of value to anyone with an interest in Fenland history and historical geography in general.

The French diplomat and engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps (1805 1894) was instrumental in the successful completion of the Suez Canal, which reduced by 3000 miles the distance by sea between Bombay and London. This two-volume memoir, written towards the end of his life and dedicated to his children, was published in this English translation in 1887. In it, de Lesseps describes his experiences in Europe and North Africa. He includes reflections on European and colonial history and politics, a chapter on steam power, and a report on the 1879 Paris conference that led to a controversial and abortive early attempt to build the Panama Canal. Volume 1 focuses on de Lesseps' diplomatic missions to Rome and Madrid in the late 1840s during a period of political and social unrest in Italy, Spain and France, and the early stages of the Suez canal project.

The French diplomat and engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps (1805 1894) was instrumental in the successful completion of the Suez Canal, which reduced by 3000 miles the distance by sea between Bombay and London. This two-volume memoir, written towards the end of his life and dedicated to his children, was published in this English translation in 1887. In it, de Lesseps describes his experiences in Europe and North Africa. He includes reflections on European and colonial history and politics, an essay on steam power, and a report on the 1879 Paris conference that led to a controversial and abortive early attempt by a French company to build the Panama Canal. Volume 2 focuses on the Suez project, quoting extensively from de Lesseps' correspondence, and also contains facts and figures relating to the 'interoceanic canal', political essays, and the speeches for his inauguration into the Acad mie fran aise.

An updated edition of a classic: an indispensable companion for a new era in cycling. The bicycle is almost unique among human-powered machines in that it uses human muscles in a near-optimum way. This essential volume offers a comprehensive account of the history of bicycles, how human beings propel them, what makes them go faster-and what keeps them from going even faster. Over the years, and through three previous editions, Bicycling Science has become the bible of technical bicycling not only for designers and builders of bicycles but also for cycling enthusiasts. After a brief history of bicycles and bicycling that demolishes many widespread myths, this fourth edition covers recent experiments and research on human-powered transportation, with updated material on cycling achievements, human-powered machines for use on land and in air and water, power-assisted bicycles, and human physiology. The authors have also added new information on aerodynamics, rolling drag, transmission of power from rider to wheels, braking, heat management, steering and stability, power and speed, and other topics. This edition also includes many new references and figures. With racks of bikeshare bikes on city sidewalks, and new restrictions on greenhouse gas-emitting cars, bicycle use will only grow. This book is the indispensable companion for a new era in cycling.

This book offers a comprehensive review of current systems for fish protection and downstream migration. It offers the first systematic description of the currently available technologies for fish protection at hydropower intakes, including accurate and timely data collected by the authors and other researchers. It describes how to design and test them in agreement with the guidelines established from the EU Water Framework Directive. The book includes important information about fish biology, with a special focus on swimming and migration mechanisms. It offers a robust bridge between concepts in applied ecology and civil hydraulic engineering, thus providing biologists and hydraulic engineers with an authoritative reference guide to both the theory and practice of fish protection. It is also of interest for planners, public authorities as well as environmental consultants

Dynamic programming is a method of solving multi-stage problems in which decisions at one stage become the conditions governing the succeeding stages. It can be applied to the management of water reservoirs, allowing them to be operated more efficiently. This is one of the few books dedicated solely to dynamic programming techniques used in reservoir management. It presents the applicability of these techniques and their limits on the operational analysis of reservoir systems. The dynamic programming models presented in this book have been applied to reservoir systems all over the world, helping the reader to appreciate the applicability and limits of these models. The book also includes a model for the operation of a reservoir during an emergency situation. This volume will be a valuable reference to researchers in hydrology, water resources and engineering, as well as professionals in reservoir management.

This book describes the practical aspects necessary to design, manage, monitor, and assess these hydraulic structures. The approaches, used to develop tools and methods for assessing performance and safety of dams largely applied for French cases, has been discussed for aggregating heterogeneous information and expert knowledge. Field measurements have been applied to the performance and the safety assessment for two real-life examples of old dams: Zermanice Concrete Dam and Sance Rockfill Dam in the Czech Republic. The finite element models (FEM), to simulate the crucial loading and monitoring stages of these dams, indicate heave, tilting, uneven displacements, and large settlements. Dam safety and risk management have been performed through the design of spillways, energy dissipators, dams' aseismic air-cushion control, simulation of aseismic mechanisms, control optimisation using shaking table tests, and the opportunity to use optic fibre crack sensing to prevent seismic damage.

Hydraulic fracturing is a technique used to free oil and natural gas trapped underground in low-permeability rock formations by injecting a fluid under high pressure in order to crack the formations. The composition of a fracturing fluid varies with the nature of the formation, but typically contains mostly water; a proppant to keep the fractures open, such as sand; and a small percentage of chemical additives. Some of these additives may be hazardous to health and the environment. The Shale Gas Production Subcommittee of the Secretary of Energy Advisory Board (SEAB) has recommended public disclosure, on a well-by-well basis, of all the chemical ingredients added to fracturing fluids, with some protection for trade secrets. This book provides an overview of current and proposed laws and regulations at the state and federal levels that require the disclosure of the chemicals added to the fluid used in hydraulic fracturing.

In the wake of an acrimonious debate on big dams, the World Bank brokered a global agreement on financing as well as on the sharing of the rewards and risks of the controversial Nam Theun 2 Hydroelectric Project in Lao PDR. Through this process, it prepared the project for the country and the country for the project. This book describes how skillful management, effective communications, and technical expertise helped to reach consensus and nurtured private-public partnerships, engaged stakeholders, strengthened the country's development framework and poverty reduction efforts, and addressed the project's environmental and social impacts.

The Bureau of Reclamation is responsible for the construction of most of the large irrigation and water resources infrastructure in the West. Reclamation manages water resource facilities in 17 western states with an original development cost of over $20.0 billion. Furthermore, Reclamation is over 100 years old. This ageing infrastructure requires increased maintenance and replacement efforts and expenditures. This book describes Reclamation's approach to managing ageing infrastructure. There is also a discussion of four specific approaches to managing Reclamation's ageing infrastructure through legislative action. Furthermore, the principal federal program to aid municipal wastewater treatment plant construction is authorised in the Clean Water Act (CWA). This book explores the funding for EPA wastewater assistance and some of the funded projects which are not authorised in the Clean Water Act nor the Safe Drinking Water Act. This book also examines the urgent actions needed to be taken for additional funding to resolve any deficiencies in dams. While dams have multiple benefits, they can also present a risk to public safety and economic infrastructure. This book consists of public documents which have been located, gathered, combined, reformatted, and enhanced with a subject index, selectively edited and bound to provide easy access.

Responsibility for flood risk management in the United States is a shared responsibility between multiple Federal, State, and local government agencies with a complex set of programs and authorities. Nationally, both the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) have programs to assist states and communities in reducing flood damages and promoting sound flood risk management. The authority to determine how land is used in floodplains and to enforce flood-wise requirements is entirely the responsibility of state and local government. Floodplain management choices made by state and local officials, in turn, impact the effectiveness of federal programs to mitigate flood risk and the performance of federal flood damage reduction infrastructure. One key challenge is to ensure that as the public and government leaders make flood risk management decisions, they integrate environmental, social, and economic factors and consider all available tools to improve public safety. Importantly, the public must be educated both as to the risks they face and actions they can take to reduce their risks. Because of this complex arrangement of responsibilities, only a life-cycle, comprehensive and collaborative systems approach will enable communities to sustain an effective reduction of risks from flooding.

The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta has newly emerged 'char' islands, resulting from the deposition of sediment, which are very vulnerable, socially, institutionally and environmentally. This book explains how the governments of Bangladesh and the Netherlands and the International Fund for Agricultural Development cooperated on a land-based rural development project to give settlers security and purpose. It details how they engaged communities and civil societies, and implemented an infrastructure aimed at reducing flooding, improving drainage, and providing adequate drinking water and sanitation. The book describes the project's application to crop and animal agriculture, and the development of value chains and encouragement of female participation. It considers the financial underpinning and infrastructure, as well as how to ensure the impacts of the scheme are enduring. The scheme serves as a model for support projects to vulnerable groups faced with climate change and other environmental challenges. This book is suitable for students, researchers, specialists and practitioners in rural development, water resources, land management and soil science.

This classic text, now in its fourth edition, combines thorough coverage of the basic principles of hydraulics with a wide-ranging treatment of practical, real-world applications. It is carefully structured into two parts to deal with principles before moving on to more advanced topics. The first part focuses on fundamentals, including hydrostatics, hydrodynamics, pipe and open channel flow, wave theory, hydrology and sediment transport. The second part illustrates the engineering applications of these fundamental principles to pipeline system design, hydraulic structures, river and coastal engineering, including up-to-date environmental implications. This edition includes a revised version of the chapter on Flood Hydrology in line with the Flood Estimation Handbook, and a chapter on computational modelling, illustrating the application of computational and physical simulation techniques to modern design in a variety of contexts. The chapter on Sediment Transport has also been significantly revised. Hydraulics in Civil and Environmental Engineering is an essential resource for students and practitioners of civil, environmental and public health engineering, and associated disciplin

Since its construction in the early 1960s, the hydroelectric Akosombo Dam across the Volta River has exemplified the possibilities and challenges of development in Ghana. Drawing upon a wealth of sources, A Dam for Africa investigates contrasting stories about how this dam has transformed a West African nation, while providing a model for other African countries. The massive Akosombo Dam is the keystone of the Volta River Project that includes a large manmade lake 250 miles long, the VALCO aluminum smelter, new cities and towns, a deep-sea harbor, and an electrical grid. On the local level, Akosombo has meant access to electricity for people in urban and industrial areas across southern Ghana. For others, Akosombo inflicted tremendous social and environmental costs. The dam altered the ecology of the Lower Volta, displaced 80,000 people in the Volta Basin, and affected the livelihoods of hundreds of thousands of Ghanaians. In A Dam for Africa, Stephan Miescher explores four intersecting narratives: Ghanaian debates and aspirations about modernization in the context of decolonization and Cold War; international efforts of the US aluminum industry to benefit from Akosombo through cheap electricity for their VALCO smelter; local stories of upheaval and devastation in resettlement towns; and a nation-wide quest toward electrification and energy justice during times of economic crises, droughts, and climate change.

Geotechnical Engineering of Dams, 2nd edition provides a comprehensive text on the geotechnical and geological aspects of the investigations for and the design and construction of new dams and the review and assessment of existing dams. The main emphasis of this work is on embankment dams, but much of the text, particularly those parts related to geology, can be used for concrete gravity and arch dams. All phases of investigation, design and construction are covered. Detailed descriptions are given from the initial site assessment and site investigation program through to the preliminary and detailed design phases and, ultimately, the construction phase. The assessment of existing dams, including the analysis of risks posed by those dams, is also discussed. This wholly revised and significantly expanded 2nd edition includes a lengthy new appendix on the assessment of the likelihood of failure of dams by internal erosion and piping. This valuable source on dam engineering incorporates the 200+ years of collective experience of the authors in the subject area. Design methods are presented in combination with their theoretical basis, to enable the reader to develop a proper understanding of the possibilities and limitations of a method. For its practical, well-founded approach, this work can serve as a useful guide for professional dam engineers and engineering geologists and as a textbook for university students.

Presents a systematic and comprehensive study of hydraulic fracturing, original in its concentration of core soil problems There have been a number of well-studied cases in which dams have failed or been damaged by concentrated leaks for no apparent cause. In some of these experiences, investigators concluded that differential settlement cracks were the probable causes, even though no cracks were seen on the surface. In these examples, it was not determined whether the crack was open before the reservoir filled or whether it might have opened afterward. In several unsolved problems on the safety of the earth-rock fill dam, the problem of hydraulic fracture in the soil core of the earth-rock fill dam is one that is widely paid attention by designers and researchers. Hydraulic fracturing is generally considered as a key cause which may induce the leakage of the dam during first filling. In this extensive book, a new numerical simulate method is suggested. The method is based on the conventional two-dimensional finite element technique, and the theoretical formulations to calculate energy release rate using virtual crack extension method. The influence factors on convergence of calculated J integral are investigated. The accuracy of the calculated J integral is verified by analysing the three typical problems in Fracture Mechanics, in which propagation of crack may follow mode I, mode II and mixed mode I-II respectively. Using the new numerical method, the factors affecting the occurrence of hydraulic fracturing in the earth-rock fill dam are investigated. The investigating results indicate that increasing any of the Young s modulus, the Poisson s ratio and the density of the core soil is helpful to reduce the likelihood of the occurrence of hydraulic fracturing. The likelihood of the occurrence of hydraulic fracturing increases with increasing the water level or the crack depth. The lower part of the dam core is the zone in which the phenomenon of hydraulic fracturing may be induced easily. As an example to analyse the ability of earth-rock fill dam to resist hydraulic fracturing, the Nuozhadu Dam located in Western China is analysed. * Presents a systematic and comprehensive study of hydraulic fracturing, original in its concentration of core soil problems * Focuses on the problem of hydraulic fracturing in earth-rock fill dams from three aspects; conditions and mechanisms of hydraulic fracturing, criterion of hydraulic fracturing, and numerical method on hydraulic fracturing * Examines advanced laboratory soil testing, application of numerical methods and field testing/monitoring, all needed for a better understanding of hydraulic fracturing in earth/rock fill dams * Provides an essential reference in an area of scarce research in this field, and the need in high earth dam construction in developing countries is pressing Ideal for researchers in Hydraulic and Geotechnical Engineering Fields; Students on Masters or PhD courses; as well as Designers and Constructors in Hydraulic and Geotechnical Engineering Fields.

Winner, Abbott Lowell Cummings Award, Vernacular Architecture Forum, 2020 Winner, Elisabeth Blair MacDougall Book Award, Society of Architectural Historians, 2021 From the boundary surveys of the 1850s to the ever-expanding fences and highway networks of the twenty-first century, Border Land, Border Water examines the history of the construction projects that have shaped the region where the United States and Mexico meet. Tracing the accretion of ports of entry, boundary markers, transportation networks, fences and barriers, surveillance infrastructure, and dams and other river engineering projects, C. J. Alvarez advances a broad chronological narrative that captures the full life cycle of border building. He explains how initial groundbreaking in the nineteenth century transitioned to unbridled faith in the capacity to control the movement of people, goods, and water through the use of physical structures. By the 1960s, however, the built environment of the border began to display increasingly obvious systemic flaws. More often than not, Alvarez shows, federal agencies in both countries responded with more construction—“compensatory building� designed to mitigate unsustainable policies relating to immigration, black markets, and the natural world. Border Land, Border Water reframes our understanding of how the border has come to look and function as it does and is essential to current debates about the future of the US-Mexico divide.

Based on the past 30-years' research on the technical and cultural values of China's Grand Canal, this book, based on interdisciplinary research, studies the natural and social background of the evolution and development of different sections of the Grand Canal in different historical periods, as well as the interrelations between the Grand Canal and the Chinese politics, economics, and culture. It also assesses the effects of the Grand Canal on the progress of the Chinese civilization, engineering technology achievement, the natural environment, and the society, providing the readers with an understanding of China's Grand Canal from the perspectives of hydraulic engineering and history.

Floods remain a significant hazard in the United States. Developing and investing in flood-prone areas represents a trade-off between the location's economic benefits and the exposure to a flood hazard. In the United States, flood mitigation, protection, emergency response and recovery roles and responsibilities are shared. Local governments are responsible for land use and zoning decisions that shape floodplain and coastal development. State and federal programs, policies, and investments influence community and individual decisions on managing flood risk. This book examines federal flood policy challenges; FEMA's pre-disaster mitigation program; flood risk management and levees; federal flood insurance and the potential impact on agriculture.

The Institution of Civil Engineers' Coastal Management conference series is the leading forum for the presentation of the latest developments in coastal engineering. The 9th conference took place in La Rochelle, France, from 24-26 September 2019. The proceedings of this conference, Coastal Management: Joining forces to shape our future coasts, comprises 45 peer-reviewed papers from the conference that present current issues, international research and practical applications. Coastal Management: Joining forces to shape our future coasts is an essential resource for coastal professionals, who are under increasing pressure to manage the competing demands of environmental protection, population growth and climate change.

Diese Open-Access-Publikation ist ein anwendungsorientiertes Lehr- und Handbuch zur Abflussminderung im landlichen Raum. Meteorologische Extreme wie Durren, Starkregen und UEberschwemmungen haufen sich wegen des Klimawandels. Gleichzeitig steigt der Druck auf unsere Landschaft kontinuierlich, indem sie immer intensiver genutzt und effizienter erschlossen wird. Durch diese Entwicklungen ergeben sich dringende Herausforderungen fur den landlichen Hochwasserschutz und den Erhalt unserer naturlichen Ressourcen Wasser und Boden. Das Buch beschreibt Methoden fur die Planung von Massnahmen zur Abflussminderung. Es ist speziell fur kleine Einzugsgebiete (< 25 km(2)) konzipiert, da gerade dort viele Gemeinden durch die genannten Entwicklungen zunehmend mit Sturzfluten und UEberflutungen konfrontiert sind. Gleichzeitig koennen dezentrale Ansatze zur Abflussminderung hier am meisten bewirken. Das Handbuch richtet sich vornehmlich an Ingenieure, Planer und Berater von Landwirtschaft, Kommunen und Landlicher Entwicklung, soll aber auch Studenten und Wissenschaftlern der relevanten Fachgebiete als Informationsquelle und Nachschlagewerk dienen. Die Autoren: Dr. Simon P. Seibert ist Ingenieuroekologe und hat uber die Entstehung und Modellierung von Hochwasser in Munchen und Karlsruhe promoviert. Seit Mitte 2019 leitet er der Arbeitsgruppe Gebietshydrologie am Bayerischen Landesamt fur Umwelt. Prof. Dr. Karl Auerswald lehrt am Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan fur Ernahrung, Landnutzung und Umwelt der TU Munchen. Seine Forschungsschwerpunkte der vergangenen 40 Jahre sind agraroekologische Prozesse, insbesondere der Wasserhaushalt von Landschaften, Boeden, Pflanzen und Tieren.

First came the awful news that 12 boys and their football coach were missing. Then came the flickering video of the boys found by a pair of British divers nine days later. Monsoon rains had raised the water level in the cave system, and they were trapped in an air pocket, surrounded by rising muddy water, over two kilometres from the cave entrance. Expert British, Australian, American, Chinese, and other international divers joined the Thai Navy SEALs and hundreds of local volunteers to mount one of the most risky and complex rescue operations the world has ever seen. South-east Asia correspondent James Massola recreates the drama, tension, and inspiration of the days in July 2018 when the eyes of the whole world were trained on a remote Thai mountain. Very little information about what happened inside the cave was released by the Thai authorities at the time, but through interviews Massola has managed to obtain extensive details of the nine long days the Wild Boars were on their own and during the rescue operation itself as well as background information about the boys and coach. He writes about the pivotal role of the British Cave Rescue Council in leading the international effort, and determining the technical aspects of the rescue. He reveals how the Thai, British, US, Australian and other international divers worked together so smoothly, when even a minor miscommunication could have resulted in death or serious injury. And, most dramatically, he discloses the number of instances in which the rescue operation nearly went wrong.

The swelling of concrete is a major concern for the owners and operators of dams and hydraulic structures. Faced with irreversible movement of their dams or with observations of cracking processes, operators need to explain the phenomena observed in order to justify safety conditions and in some cases to plan remedial works. Over the last 20 years, active research has been carried out in the field, resulting in practical results in phenomena interpretation and dam modeling. At the same time, an increasing number of affected dams have undergone safety re-evaluations and in some cases remedial work. Several of them have been removed altogether. Although it remains difficult to establish a state of the art in this domain due to the rapidly changing context, regular international exchanges in the field appear fruitful and necessary. Following on from previous conferences in the field organized by Robin Charlwood, former President of the ICOLD Concrete Committee, the initiative was taken by EDF and Toulouse University-LMDC to organize a workshop to provide a new opportunity for sharing experience. The aim of this workshop is to assemble active researchers, leading engineers, and experts from the practicing community and administration interested directly or indirectly in concrete swelling effects in dams and hydraulic structures. All types of chemical expansion phenomena, including those due to alkali aggregate reactions and those due to ettringite formation, are addressed. This book is written by experts renowned in their field, illustrating the need to progress with interdisciplinary approaches.

The second edition of Julien's textbook presents an analysis of rivers from mountain streams to river estuaries. The book is rooted in fundamental principles to promote sound engineering practice. State-of-the-art methods are presented to underline theory and engineering applications. River mechanics blends the dual concepts of water conveyance and sediment transport. Like the first edition, this textbook contains ample details on river equilibrium, river dynamics, bank stabilization, and river engineering. Complementary chapters also cover the physical and mathematical modeling of rivers. As well as being completely updated throughout, three new chapters have been added on watershed dynamics, hillslope stability, and stream restoration. Throughout the text, hundreds of examples, exercises, problems, and case studies assist the reader in learning the essential concepts of river engineering. The textbook is very well illustrated to enhance advanced student learning, while researchers and practitioners will find the book to be an invaluable reference.