Combines More Than 40 Years of Expert Experience Computational modelling and simulation methods have a wide range of applications in hydraulic and coastal engineering. Computational Modelling in Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering provides an introductory but comprehensive coverage of these methods. It emphasizes the use of the finite differences method with applications in reservoir management, closed-conduit hydraulics, free-surface channel and coastal domain flows, surface gravity waves, groundwater movement, and pollutant and sediment transport processes. It focuses on applications rather than lengthy theories or derivations of complex formulas and is supported by a wealth of hands-on numerical examples and computer codes written in MATLAB but available also in BASIC. PowerPoint presentations and learning assignment projects/quizzes, along with learning assessment rubrics, are included. A comprehensive study highlighting the infinite differences method, this book: Covers the fundamentals of flow in pressurized conduits Contains solutions for the classical Hardy Cross pipe network problem Designates the mathematical description of groundwater flow in confined and unconfined aquifers Provides numerical examples for one- and two-dimensional applications including saltwater intrusion Presents examples of transport of pollutants, sediment and air bubbles using Eulerian and Lagrangian solution methodologies Includes information on weighted residuals, the finite elements method, and the boundary integral method Computational Modelling in Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering suits senior-level undergraduates and graduate students as well as practitioners such as coastal and maritime engineers, environmental engineers, civil engineers, computer modellers, and hydro-geologis

This best practice guide to using hydraulic lime mortar is the result of a research project by the UK Limes team which studied the performance application and classification of hydraulic limes for the construction industry. It will prove invaluable for all building practitioners, contractors and tradesmen specifying or handling hydraulic lime on site. Containing many useful tables and charts to assist the practitioner, along with colour illustrations showing lime mortar in use, it also offers practical guidance on: the functions and properties of hydraulic lime; the constituent materials; mixing, reworking, protection and aftercare; and, mortar selection for durability, and health and safety issues

The latest cutting-edge research on flood pulsing and wetland restoration in North America

Presenting the latest research from leaders in the field of restoration ecology, Flood Pulsing in Wetlands reflects the current movement to incorporate flood pulsing into wetland restoration efforts. Emphasizing how integral flood pulsing is to successful wetland restoration, the book’s contributors provide descriptions of restoration projects across North America in which flood pulsing has been primarily used to restore beneficial hydrodynamic conditions to floodplain areas, and improve or save vegetation, wildlife, and terrain.

Detailing the importance and applicability of recreating flood-pulsed conditions on floodplains for successful restoration, the first chapter introduces the concept of flood pulse and its unique role in wetland restoration. The following chapters detail the strategies and results of individual projects and the impact flood pulsing had on the projects’ overall goals. Case studies detail the history of each region, such as the Southwest, including the Sonoran Desert communities and the Middle Rio Grande; the Missouri River in Montana; the Illinois River Valley; and the Southeast, including Brushy Lake, Arkansas. Also documented is the most famous case of flood pulsing used in the restoration of an entire landscape, the Kissimmee River project. Approaches used to restore specific plant and animal populations, the unique ecological concerns of each region, and the future outlook for each area are fully described.

Extensive bibliographies for each chapter make Flood Pulsing in Wetlands: Restoring the Natural Hydrological Balance the essential reference for restoration ecologists, consultants in wetland restoration, government and restoration agency employees, land managers, ecologists, foresters, and geologists.

"Showcases the beneftis and potential advantages of water hydraulics over oil-based media. Interweaves examples and excercises throughout the text to illustrate critical concepts, with helpful appendices on abbreviations, symbols, conversion factors, and water contaminants, and glossary sections."

Green Stormwater Infrastructure Fundamentals and Design Discover novel stormwater control measures to make for a greener tomorrow! The protection of our aquatic resources is growing in importance as the effects of climate change and continued urbanization are felt throughout the world. While most rain that falls onto vegetated spaces infiltrates the soil, rain that falls onto impervious surfaces will not, increasing downstream flooding and erosion and causing impaired water quality. Impervious surfaces such as road infrastructure, rooftops, and parking areas all increase runoff and mobilize many pollutants that have deposited on these surfaces that are then carried into our waterways. Proper management of this stormwater through green infrastructure is essential to address these challenges and reduce the environmental and ecological impacts brought about by this runoff. This book brings into focus resilient stormwater control measures (SCMs) for the reduction of stormwater flows and associated pollutants that can detrimentally impact our local environmental and ecological systems. These interventions are green infrastructure based, utilizing natural hydrologic and environmental features using soil and vegetation to manage stormwater. These technologies include water harvesting, bioretention and bioinfiltration, vegetated swales and filter strips, permeable pavements, sand filters, green roofs, and stormwater wetlands, among others. The basic science and engineering of these technologies is discussed, including performance information and best maintenance practices. Green Stormwater Infrastructure readers will also find: Research-informed resilient SCM design fundamentals Diagrams developed by the authors to enhance understanding Case studies to illustrate the points elucidated in the book End-of-chapter problems with a separate solutions manual Green Stormwater Infrastructure is an ideal resource for environmental, civil, and biological engineers and environmental scientists in the consulting field. Landscape architects, managers and engineers of watershed districts, and members of federal, state, and local governmental agencies--especially those in the departments of environmental protection and transportation--will find many uses for this guidebook. It will also be of interest to professors, upper-level undergraduates and graduate students in environmental, civil, and biological engineering programs.

Stepped channel designs have been used for more than 3,500 years. A significant number of dams were built with overflow stepped spillways during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, before the design technique became outdated with the progresses in hydraulic jump stilling basin design. Recent advances in technology (e.g. RCC, polymer-coated gabion wire) have triggered a regain in interest for the stepped design, although much expertise had been lost in the last eighty years. The steps increase significantly the rate of energy dissipation taking place along the chute and reduce the size of the required downstream energy dissipation basin. Stepped cascades are used also in water treatment plants to enhance the air-water transfer of atmospheric gases (e.g. oxygen, nitrogen) and of volatile organic components (VOC). This book presents the state-of-the-art in stepped channel hydraulics. It is based upon the research expertise of the writer, his professional experience as an expert-consultant, and his experience in teaching stepped spillway hydraulics to undergraduate students, postgraduate research students and professionals since 1982. Results from more than forty-five laboratory studies and four prototype investigations were reanalyzed and compared, enabling the book to provide a new understanding of stepped channel hydraulics, aimed at both the research and professional communities.

Within manufacturing, welding is by far the most widely used fabrication method used for production, leading to a rise in research and development activities pertaining to the welding and joining of different, similar, and dissimilar combinations of the metals. This book addresses recent advances in various welding processes across the domain, including arc welding and solid-state welding process, as well as experimental processes. The content is structured to update readers about the working principle, predicaments in existing process, innovations to overcome these problems, and direct industrial and practical applications. Key Features: Describes recent developments in welding technology, engineering, and science Discusses advanced computational techniques for procedure development Reviews recent trends of implementing DOE and meta-heuristics optimization techniques for setting accurate parameters Addresses related theoretical, practical, and industrial aspects Includes all the aspects of welding, such as arc welding, solid state welding, and weld overlay

Contents:
Foreword. Acknowledgements. Chapter I: Basic Requirements for Optimization. 1.0 Introduction. 1.2 Personnel. 1.3 Management Structure. 1.4 Plant Maintenance. 1.5 Housekeeping. Chapter II: Assessing Plant Performance and Identifying Defects. 2.1 Observing Plant Operation. 2.2 Raw Water Intake 2.3 Raw Water Metering 2.4 Coagulent Handling. 2.5 Flocculation Systems. 2.6 Settling Basins. 2.7 Filters. 2.8 Disinfection. 2.9 Stabilizaion. 2.10 Checklist for Plant Review Chapter III: Water Analysis for Treatment Control. 3.1 Physical Contaminants. 3.2 Biological Variables. 3.3 Chemical Variables and Contamination. 3.4 Laboratory Analysis. Chapter IV: Improving Plants and their Operation. 4.1 Plant Records. 4.2 Raw Water Intake and Flow. 4.3 Rehabilitation of the Chemical Building. 4.4 Pretreatment Units. 4.5 Filter Rehabilitation. 4.6 Filter Operation. 4.7 Stabilization. Chapter V: Determining Design Parameters. 5.1 Introduction to Bench Scale Testing. 5.2 Design and Process Parameters. 5.3 Equipment and Laboratory Space. 5.4 Testing in the Laboratory for Conventional Treatment. 5.5 Testing in the Laboratory for Direct Filtration. 5.6 Sampling for Determinination of Treatment Plant Performance. 5.7 Pilot Plants. 5.8 Treatment Plant as a Pilot Plant. Chapter VI. Disinfection. 6.1 Choice of Process. 6.2 Health Risks of Chlorine. 6.3 Design of Chlorination Facilities. Chapter VII: Optimising and Upgrading Treatment Plants. 7.1 Applying New Technology. 7.2 Optimizing the Treatment Process and Plant Performance. 7.3 Design Information. Chapter VIII: Optimisation and Upgrading of a Plant from 100 ls-1 to 250 ls-1. 8.1 Assessment of Existing Plant. 8.2 Characteristics of the Upgraded Plant. 8.3 Inlet Chamber. 8.4 Initial Mixing of Coagulant and Raw Water. 8.5 Flocculation. 8.6 Distribution of Flocculated Water to Settling Basins. 8.7 Settling Basins. 8.8 Filters. 8.9 Summary. Chapter IX: Optimisation and Upgrading of a Plant from 1m3s-1 to 2.5 m3s-1. 9.1 Assessment of Existing Plant. 9.2 Modifications Required for Upgrading and Optimisation. 9.3 Design of Modifications. Chapter X: Optimisation and Upgrading of a Plant from 20 ls-1 to 50 ls-1 10.1 Assessment of Original Plant. 10.2 Plant performance. 10.3 Upgrading Parameters Determined by Jar Testing. 10.4 Design of Modifications for Upgrading and Optimization. Appendix I Sources of Further Information. Appendix II. Glossary of Terms. Index.

This updated edition of the 1979 original covers the landmark struggle to save the New River from damming in the 1970s. The grassroots movement emphasized the river's cultural and historical value rather than narrow environmental issues and became one of the great victories of the environmental movement. This edition also includes a new epilogue examining the current ecological status of the New River and the ongoing impact of the original conservation efforts in the face of new environmental threats. The 1979 edition won the Weatherford Award presented by Berea College and the Appalachian Studies Association.

A discussion of the fundamental aspects of fluid flow phenomena in a jointed rock mass, as well as various geological (structural) features and their influence on flow deformation characteristics. Various types of laboratory triaxial apparatus used in testing are also highlighted.

The power sector has undergone a liberalization process both in industrialized and developing countries, involving market regimes, as well as ownership structure. These processes have called for new and innovative concepts, affecting both the operation of existing hydropower plants and transmission facilities, as well as the development and implementation of new projects. At the same time a sharper focus is being placed on environmental considerations. In this context it is important to emphasize the obvious benefits of hydropower as a clean, renewable and sustainable energy source. It is however also relevant to focus on the impact on the local environment during the planning and operation of hydropower plants. New knowledge and methods have been developed that make it possible to mitigate the local undesirable effects of such projects. Development and operation of modern power systems require sophisticated technology. Continuous research and development in this field is therefore crucial to maintaining hydropower as a competitive and environmentally well-accepted form of power generation.

This work describes the key results of the European research project called PROVERBS to develop and implement probability-based methods for the design of monolithic coastal structures and breakwaters subject to sea wave attacks. The issues treated include the hydrodynamic, geotechnical and structural processes involved in the wave-structure-foundation interactions and in the associated failure mechanisms.

A discussion of the fundamental aspects of fluid flow phenomena in a jointed rock mass, as well as various geological (structural) features and their influence on flow deformation characteristics. Various types of laboratory triaxial apparatus used in testing are also highlighted.

By the year 2000, the world had built more than 45,000 large dams to irrigate crops, generate power, control floods in wet times and store water in dry times. Yet, in the last century, large dams also disrupted the ecology of half the world's rivers, displaced tens of millions of people from their homes and left nations burdened with debt. Their impacts have inevitably generated growing controversy and conflicts. Resolving their role in meeting water and energy needs is vital for the future and illustrates the complex development challenges that face our societies. The Report of the World Commission on Dams: - is the product of an unprecedented global public policy effort to bring governments, the private sector and civil society together in one process - provides the first comprehensive global and independent review of the performance and impacts of dams - presents a new framework for water and energy resources development - develops an agenda of seven strategic priorities with corresponding criteria and guidelines for future decision-making. Challenging our assumptions, the Commission sets before us the hard, rigorous and clear-eyed evidence of exactly why nations decide to build dams and how dams can affect human, plant and animal life, for better or for worse. Dams and Development: A New Framework for Decision-Making is vital reading on the future of dams as well as the changing development context where new voices, choices and options leave little room for a business-as-usual scenario.

The creation of river dams and the storage of water have been a strategy for survival for many centuries. Reservoirs have diverse functions, providing irrigation, water supply, storage of water, flood control, navigation and power generation. The silting of a reservoir is an unavoidable process. Although it cannot be halted, silting can be slowed down and controlled by a variety of soil conservation practices and by modifying agricultural practices in the catchment area. Other methods of reducing silting include the placing of certain engineering structures in the river system and the introduction of adequate strategies of reservoir operation. Silting and Desilting of Reservoirs includes aspects such as hydraulics, sediment transport, silting, sediment distribution, calculation and prediction of silting and solutions to reservoir silting.

The continued lack of access to adequate amounts of safe drinking water is one of the primary causes of infant morbidity and mortality worldwide and a serious situation which governments, international agencies and private organizations are striving to alleviate. Barriers to providing safe drinking water for rural areas and small communities that must be overcome include the financing and stability of small systems, their operation, and appropriate, cost-effective technologies to treat and deliver water to consumers. While we know how to technically produce safe drinking water, we are not always able to achieve sustainable safe water supplies for small systems in developed and developing countries. Everyone wants to move rapidly to reach the goal of universal safe drinking water, because safe water is the most fundamental essential element for personal and social health and welfare. Without safe water and a safe environment, sustained personal economic and cultural development is impossible. Often small rural systems are the last in the opportunity line. Safe Drinking Water in Small Systems describes feasible technologies, operating procedures, management, and financing opportunities to alleviate problems faced by small water systems in both developed and developing countries. In addition to widely used traditional technologies this reference presents emerging technologies and non-traditional approaches to water treatment, management, sources of energy, and the delivery of safe water.

The magnitude and urgency of the need to adapt to climate change is such that addressing it has been taken up by the United Nations as one of the sustainable development goals - Goal 13 (SDG13) in 2015. SDG13 emphasises the need to strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate related hazards and natural disasters. Coping with urban floods is one of the major needs of climate adaptation, where integration of climate change responses into flood risk management policies, strategies and planning at international, national, regional and local levels is now the norm. However, much of this integration lacks effectiveness or real commitment from stakeholders involved in adaptation planning and implementation. Hence this research has focused on integrating flexibility based adaptation responses into an urban flood risk management context. The research has synthesised flexible adaptation practices from several disciplines including information technology, automobile and aerospace manufacturing. The outcomes of the research are brought together in a framework for structuring local adaptation responses and an adaptation planning process based on flexibility concepts. The outcomes provide a way to assist with the identification of the appropriate nature and type of flexibility required; where flexibility can best be incorporated; and when is the most appropriate time to implement the flexible adaptation responses in the context of urban flooding.

This study contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms and processes of sand bypassing in artificial and non-artificial coastal environments through a numerical modelling study. Sand bypassing processes in general is a relevant but poorly understood topic. This study attempts to link the theory and physics of sand bypassing processes which is significantly important in definition of coastal sedimentary budget. The main question is how can we model sand bypassing processes and whether the modelled sand bypassing processes represent the actual sand bypassing processes. In this study, it is shown that a process-based model can be used to simulate the processes of sand bypassing around groyne and headland structures. Both hypothetical and real case studies were successfully developed. Results comparisons were made among analytical models, empirical models and field data measurements. In general, the process-based model can produce reasonable results. In summary, through numerical modelling this study reveals the importance of understanding coastal processes and the role of geological controls in governing headland sand bypassing processes and embayed beach morphodynamics. The morphological model developed in this study is useful to increase understanding of the natural sand distribution patterns due to combination of engineering efforts and natural coastal processes.

The aim of this book is to contribute to understanding risk knowledge and to forecasting components of early flood warning, particularly in the environment of tropical high mountains in developing cities. This research covers a challenge, taking into account the persistent lack of data, limited resources and often complex climatic, hydrologic and hydraulic conditions. In this research, a regional method is proposed for assessing flash flood susceptibility and for identifying debris flow predisposition at the watershed scale. An indication of hazard is obtained from the flash flood susceptibility analysis and continually, the vulnerability and an indication of flood risk at watershed scale was obtained. Based on risk analyses, the research follows the modelling steps for flood forecasting development. Input precipitation is addressed in the environment of complex topography commonly found in mountainous tropical areas. A distributed model, a semi-distributed model and a lumped model were all used to simulate the discharges of a tropical high mountain basin with a paramo upper basin. Performance analysis and diagnostics were carried out in order to identify the most appropriate model for the study area for flood early warning. Finally, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was used to explore the added value of numerical weather models for flood early warning in a paramo area.

The Ning-Meng reach of the Yellow River basin is located in the Inner Mongolia region at the Northern part of the Yellow River. Due to the special geographical conditions, the river flow direction is towards the North causing the Ning-Meng reach to freeze up every year in wintertime. Both during the freeze-up and break-up period, unfavourable conditions occur which may cause ice jamming and ice dam formation leading to dike breaching and overtopping of the embankment. Throughout history this has often led to considerable casualties and property loss. Enhanced economic development and human activities in the region have altered the characteristics of the ice regime in recent decades, leading to several ice disasters during freezing or breaking-up periods. The integrated water resources management plan developed by the Yellow River Conservancy Commission (YRCC) outlines the requirements for water regulation in the upper Yellow River during ice flood periods. YRCC is developing measures that not only safeguard against ice floods, but also assure the availability of adequate water resources. These provide the overall requirements for developing an ice regime forecasting system including lead-time prediction and required accuracy. In order to develop such a system, numerical modelling of ice floods is an essential component of current research at the YRCC, together with field observations and laboratory experiments. In order to properly model river ice processes it is necessary to adjust the hydrodynamic equations to account for thermodynamic effects. In this research, hydrological and meteorological data from 1950 to 2010 were used to analyse the characteristics of ice regimes in the past. Also, additional field observations were carried out for ice flood model calibration and validation. By combining meteorological forecasting models with statistical models, a medium to short range air temperature forecasting model for the Ning-Meng reach was established. These results were used to improve ice formation modelling and prolong lead-time prediction. The numerical ice flood model developed in this thesis for the Ning-Meng reach allows better forecasting of the ice regime and improved decision support for upstream reservoir regulation and taking appropriate measures for disaster risk reduction.

Modelling urban flood dynamics requires proper handling of a number of complex urban features. Although high-resolution topographic data can nowadays be obtained from aerial LiDAR surveys, such top-view LiDAR data still have difficulties to represent some key components of urban features. Incorrectly representing features like underpasses through buildings or apparent blockage of flow by sky trains may lead to misrepresentation of actual flood propagation, which could easily result in inadequate flood-protection measures. Hence proper handling of urban features plays an important role in enhancing urban flood modelling. This research explores present-day capabilities of using computer-based environments to merge side-view Structure-from-Motion data acquisition with top-view LiDAR data to create a novel multi-source views (MSV) topographic representation for enhancing 2D model schematizations. A new MSV topographic data environment was explored for the city of Delft and compared with the conventional top-view LiDAR approach. Based on the experience gained, the effects of different topographic descriptions were explored for 2D urban flood models of (i) Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia for the 2003 flood event; and (ii) Ayutthaya, Thailand for the 2011 flood event. It was observed that adopting the new MSV data as the basis for describing the urban topography, the numerical simulations provide a more realistic representation of complex urban flood dynamics, thus enhancing conventional approaches and revealing specific features like flood watermarks identification and helping to develop improved flood-protection measures.

This reference book presents the theory and methodology to conduct a finite element assessment of concrete structures subjected to chemically induced volumetric expansion in general and alkali aggregate reaction in particular. It is limited to models developed by the author, and focuses on how to best address a simple question: if a structure suffers from AAR, how is its structural integrity jeopardized, and when would the reaction end. Subjects treated are: * Brief overview of AAR: nature of the chemical reactions, AAR in both dams and nuclear power plants, and how does it impact the mechanical properties of concrete. * Constitutive model for both the AAR expansion, and concrete nonlinearities (both smeared and discrete crack models). * Validation of the model along with a parametric study to assess what are the critical parameters in a study. * Selection of material properties for an AAR finite element simulation, followed by applications in dams and massive reinforced concrete structures. * Micro Model for improved understanding of the essence of the reaction, along with a newly proposed mathematical model for the kinetics of the reaction. * Review of relevant procedures to estimate the residual expansion of a structure suffering from AAR, along with a proposed approach to determine when the reaction will end. The book is extensively illustrated with numerous figures and provides guidance to engineers confronted with swelling in concrete infrastructures.

Many estuaries are located in urbanized, highly engineered environments. Cohesive sediment plays an important role due to its link with estuarine health and ecology. An important ecological parameter is the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) translated into turbidity levels and sediment budget. This study contributes to investigate and forecast turbidity levels and sediment budget variability at San Francisco Bay-Delta system at a variety of spatial and temporal scales applying a flexible mesh process-based model (Delft3D FM). It is possible to have a robust sediment model, which reproduces 90% of the yearly data derived sediment budget, with simple model settings, like applying one mud fraction and a simple bottom sediment distribution. This finding opens the horizon for modeling less monitored estuaries. Comparing two case studies, i.e. the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and Alviso Slough, a classification for estuaries regarding the main sediment dynamic forcing is proposed: event-driven estuary (Delta) and tide-driven estuary (Alviso Slough). In the event-driven estuaries, the rivers are the main sediment source and the tides have minor impact in the net sediment transport. In the tide-driven estuaries, the main sediment source is the bottom sediment and the tide asymmetry defines the net sediment transport. This research also makes advances in connecting different scientific fields and developing a managerial tool to support decision making. It provides the basis to a chain of models, which goes from the hydrodynamics, to suspended sediment, to phytoplankton, to fish, clams and marshes.

Reservoir operation is a multi-objective optimization problem, and is traditionally solved with dynamic programming (DP) and stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) algorithms. The thesis presents novel algorithms for optimal reservoir operation, named nested DP (nDP), nested SDP (nSDP), nested reinforcement learning (nRL) and their multi-objective (MO) variants, correspondingly MOnDP, MOnSDP and MOnRL. The idea is to include a nested optimization algorithm into each state transition, which reduces the initial problem dimension and alleviates the curse of dimensionality. These algorithms can solve multi-objective optimization problems, without significantly increasing the algorithm complexity or the computational expenses. It can additionally handle dense and irregular variable discretization. All algorithms are coded in Java and were tested on the case study of the Knezevo reservoir in the Republic of Macedonia. Nested optimization algorithms are embedded in a cloud application platform for water resources modeling and optimization. The platform is available 24/7, accessible from everywhere, scalable, distributed, interoperable, and it creates a real-time multiuser collaboration platform. This thesis contributes with new and more powerful algorithms for an optimal reservoir operation and cloud application platform. All source codes are available for public use and can be used by researchers and practitioners to further advance the mentioned areas.

The text on tidal hydraulic engineering includes discussion of: basic characterstics of tides and tidal propagation; hydrographic surveys in tidal rivers; and design considerations for tidal sluice gates for drainage and fish farms in aquaculture.