Water is a precious natural resource, which is crucial to our survival. It needs to be used judiciously in the context of an increasing population not only to sustain essential requirements such as those for drinking and domestic usage, but also for increased food production, industrial usage, power generation, navigational requirements, pisciculture, recreation, landscaping etc. There are many books dealing with hydrology, hydraulics and hydraulic structures, which generally deal with larger problems of development, analysis, design and implementation of water resources. However, there are few books, which deal with small-scale development of water resources consistent with the environmental concerns as well as application of relevant eco-friendly technologies. This book provides both the perspectives.

Primarily written as course material on flood control and drainage engineering for advanced students of civil engineering, this third edition is thoroughly revised. It accommodates recent developments in remote sensing, information technology and GIS technology. New additional material deals with problems of flood forecasting, flood plain prioritization and flood hazard zoning, and engineering measures for flood control. Drainage improvement is tackled, with particular regard to salinity and coastal aquifer management from the ingress of sea water. The book includes design problem-solving and case studies, making it practical and applications-oriented. The subject matter will be of considerable interest to civil engineers, agricultural engineers, architects and town planners, as well as other government and non-government organizations

This reference book presents the theory and methodology to conduct a finite element assessment of concrete structures subjected to chemically induced volumetric expansion in general and alkali aggregate reaction in particular. It is limited to models developed by the author, and focuses on how to best address a simple question: if a structure suffers from AAR, how is its structural integrity jeopardized, and when would the reaction end. Subjects treated are: * Brief overview of AAR: nature of the chemical reactions, AAR in both dams and nuclear power plants, and how does it impact the mechanical properties of concrete. * Constitutive model for both the AAR expansion, and concrete nonlinearities (both smeared and discrete crack models). * Validation of the model along with a parametric study to assess what are the critical parameters in a study. * Selection of material properties for an AAR finite element simulation, followed by applications in dams and massive reinforced concrete structures. * Micro Model for improved understanding of the essence of the reaction, along with a newly proposed mathematical model for the kinetics of the reaction. * Review of relevant procedures to estimate the residual expansion of a structure suffering from AAR, along with a proposed approach to determine when the reaction will end. The book is extensively illustrated with numerous figures and provides guidance to engineers confronted with swelling in concrete infrastructures.

Shale gas and/or oil play identification is subject to many screening processes for characteristics such as porosity, permeability, and brittleness. Evaluating shale gas and/or oil reservoirs and identifying potential sweet spots (portions of the reservoir rock that have high-quality kerogen content and brittle rock) requires taking into consideration multiple rock, reservoir, and geological parameters that govern production. The early determination of sweet spots for well site selection and fracturing in shale reservoirs is a challenge for many operators. With this limitation in mind, Optimization of Hydraulic Fracture Stages and Sequencing in Unconventional Formations develops an approach to improve the industry's ability to evaluate shale gas and oil plays and is structured to lead the reader from general shale oil and gas characteristics to detailed sweet-spot classifications. The approach uses a new candidate selection and evaluation algorithm and screening criteria based on key geomechanical, petrophysical, and geochemical parameters and indices to obtain results consistent with existing shale plays and gain insights on the best development strategies going forward. The work introduces new criteria that accurately guide the development process in unconventional reservoirs in addition to reducing uncertainty and cost.

This study contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms and processes of sand bypassing in artificial and non-artificial coastal environments through a numerical modelling study. Sand bypassing processes in general is a relevant but poorly understood topic. This study attempts to link the theory and physics of sand bypassing processes which is significantly important in definition of coastal sedimentary budget. The main question is how can we model sand bypassing processes and whether the modelled sand bypassing processes represent the actual sand bypassing processes. In this study, it is shown that a process-based model can be used to simulate the processes of sand bypassing around groyne and headland structures. Both hypothetical and real case studies were successfully developed. Results comparisons were made among analytical models, empirical models and field data measurements. In general, the process-based model can produce reasonable results. In summary, through numerical modelling this study reveals the importance of understanding coastal processes and the role of geological controls in governing headland sand bypassing processes and embayed beach morphodynamics. The morphological model developed in this study is useful to increase understanding of the natural sand distribution patterns due to combination of engineering efforts and natural coastal processes.

This book addresses aspects of human factors in engineering and provides a detailed discussion of novel approaches, systems engineering tools, artificial cognitive systems, and intelligent technologies and automation. It presents applications in diverse areas including digital manufacturing, transportation, infrastructure development, and cybersecurity. This book: Merges the engineering perspective with the human factors and social dimension of Computing and artificial intelligence-based technologies. Covers technological development of human factors engineering and the human dimension in applications across all areas of modern society. Relates to human behavior in the context of technology and systems interactions. Discusses the design and the appropriation of 3D printing techniques in the management of an innovative product system. Presents systems engineering tools, user experience methodologies, artificial cognitive systems, intelligent technologies, and automation. The text is for students, professionals, and researchers in the fields of ergonomics, human factors, industrial engineering, and manufacturing engineering.

Flooding can have devastating impacts on people's livelihood, economy and the environment. An important instrument in flood management is floodplain maps, which assist land planners and local authorities in identifying flood-prone areas, and provide useful information for rescue and relief agencies for their operations. Developing floodplain maps often involves flood inundation modeling. This typically requires precipitation and stream flow data, topographic information, building a hydraulic model and calibration of its parameters. Often however, floodplain maps are built on a single model outcome without an explicit consideration of all the sources of uncertainty in the modeling process. The research presented in this thesis addresses the uncertainty in flood inundation modeling, which may arise from input data and hydraulic modeling approach. The study area is the Sungai Johor basin in Johor, Malaysia, an agriculture-dominated area. The present study analyses the modelling uncertainties arising from estimations of design flow, terrain data sets, geometric description in hydraulic models and different modeling approaches, and develops recommendations for practitioners. Explicit account for uncertainties and studying their impact in flood inundation mapping allow for more informed and effective decision making.

This book investigates human–machine systems through the use of case studies such as crankshaft maintenance, liner piston maintenance, and biodiesel blend performance. Through mathematical modelling and using various case studies, the book provides an understanding of how a mathematical modelling approach can assist in working out problems in any industrial-oriented activity. Mathematical Modelling: Simulation Analysis and Industrial Applications details a data analysis approach using mathematical modelling sensitivity. This approach helps in the processing of any type of data and can predict the result so that based on the result, the activity can be controlled by knowing the most influencing variables or parameters involved in the phenomenon. This book helps to solve field and experimental problems of any research activity using a data-based modelling concept to assist in solving any type of problem. Students in manufacturing, mechanical, and industrial engineering programs will find this book very useful. This topic has continued to advance and incorporate new concepts so that the manufacturing field continues to be a dynamic and exciting field of study.

The Ning-Meng reach of the Yellow River basin is located in the Inner Mongolia region at the Northern part of the Yellow River. Due to the special geographical conditions, the river flow direction is towards the North causing the Ning-Meng reach to freeze up every year in wintertime. Both during the freeze-up and break-up period, unfavourable conditions occur which may cause ice jamming and ice dam formation leading to dike breaching and overtopping of the embankment. Throughout history this has often led to considerable casualties and property loss. Enhanced economic development and human activities in the region have altered the characteristics of the ice regime in recent decades, leading to several ice disasters during freezing or breaking-up periods. The integrated water resources management plan developed by the Yellow River Conservancy Commission (YRCC) outlines the requirements for water regulation in the upper Yellow River during ice flood periods. YRCC is developing measures that not only safeguard against ice floods, but also assure the availability of adequate water resources. These provide the overall requirements for developing an ice regime forecasting system including lead-time prediction and required accuracy. In order to develop such a system, numerical modelling of ice floods is an essential component of current research at the YRCC, together with field observations and laboratory experiments. In order to properly model river ice processes it is necessary to adjust the hydrodynamic equations to account for thermodynamic effects. In this research, hydrological and meteorological data from 1950 to 2010 were used to analyse the characteristics of ice regimes in the past. Also, additional field observations were carried out for ice flood model calibration and validation. By combining meteorological forecasting models with statistical models, a medium to short range air temperature forecasting model for the Ning-Meng reach was established. These results were used to improve ice formation modelling and prolong lead-time prediction. The numerical ice flood model developed in this thesis for the Ning-Meng reach allows better forecasting of the ice regime and improved decision support for upstream reservoir regulation and taking appropriate measures for disaster risk reduction.

Attempting to extend the boundaries of land reclamation, this publication is a collection of conference papers addressing a range of topics from the practical challenges of cleaning up the most conaminated sites to the creation of new landscapes and the ethical issues surrounding land restoration.

The magnitude and urgency of the need to adapt to climate change is such that addressing it has been taken up by the United Nations as one of the sustainable development goals - Goal 13 (SDG13) in 2015. SDG13 emphasises the need to strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate related hazards and natural disasters. Coping with urban floods is one of the major needs of climate adaptation, where integration of climate change responses into flood risk management policies, strategies and planning at international, national, regional and local levels is now the norm. However, much of this integration lacks effectiveness or real commitment from stakeholders involved in adaptation planning and implementation. Hence this research has focused on integrating flexibility based adaptation responses into an urban flood risk management context. The research has synthesised flexible adaptation practices from several disciplines including information technology, automobile and aerospace manufacturing. The outcomes of the research are brought together in a framework for structuring local adaptation responses and an adaptation planning process based on flexibility concepts. The outcomes provide a way to assist with the identification of the appropriate nature and type of flexibility required; where flexibility can best be incorporated; and when is the most appropriate time to implement the flexible adaptation responses in the context of urban flooding.

Hydraulic research is developing beyond traditional civil engineering to satisfy increasing demands in natural hazards, structural safety assessment and environmental research. Hydraulic Engineering V contains 40 technical papers from the 5th International Technical Conference on Hydraulic Engineering (CHE 2017), held in Shanghai (China) 15-17 December 2017. The conference served as a major forum to promote technological progress and activities, technical transfer and cooperation, and opportunities for engineers and researchers to maintain and improve scientific and technical competence in the field of hydraulic engineering, environment and safety engineering, and other related fields. The selected papers mainly focus on theory and technologies related to hydraulic engineering, ecological structures in hydraulic engineering, stability and risk of hydraulic structures, estuary improvement and shoreline restoration, river engineering and sediment transport, dredging technology and equipment, flood hazards and innovative control measures, complex flow modelling, environmental hydraulics and hydrology, water purification, wastewater treatment, and geotechnical aspects in hydraulic engineering. Hydraulic Engineering V will be of interest to academics and engineers involved in Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Engineering.

Provides a roadmap for advancing a pilot's aviation skill development towards a master-level. Discusses decision-making models, complex systems, and situational awareness. Includes real-world examples, situations, and pilot reports. Covers a wide range of airline flying challenges in extensive detail. Explores automation policy, benefits and limitations of automation, automation errors, and automation management techniques.

Stepped channel designs have been used for more than 3,500 years. A significant number of dams were built with overflow stepped spillways during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, before the design technique became outdated with the progresses in hydraulic jump stilling basin design. Recent advances in technology (e.g. RCC, polymer-coated gabion wire) have triggered a regain in interest for the stepped design, although much expertise had been lost in the last eighty years. The steps increase significantly the rate of energy dissipation taking place along the chute and reduce the size of the required downstream energy dissipation basin. Stepped cascades are used also in water treatment plants to enhance the air-water transfer of atmospheric gases (e.g. oxygen, nitrogen) and of volatile organic components (VOC). This book presents the state-of-the-art in stepped channel hydraulics. It is based upon the research expertise of the writer, his professional experience as an expert-consultant, and his experience in teaching stepped spillway hydraulics to undergraduate students, postgraduate research students and professionals since 1982. Results from more than forty-five laboratory studies and four prototype investigations were reanalyzed and compared, enabling the book to provide a new understanding of stepped channel hydraulics, aimed at both the research and professional communities.

On a global scale, sewage represents the main point-source of water pollution and is also the predominant source of nitrogen contamination in urban regions. The present research is focused on the study of the main challenges that need to be addressed in order to achieve a successful inorganic nitrogen post-treatment of anaerobic effluents in the mainstream. The post-treatment is based on autotrophic nitrogen removal. The challenges are classified in terms of operational features and system configuration, namely: (i) the short-term effects of organic carbon source, the COD/N ratio and the temperature on the autotrophic nitrogen removal; the results from this study confirms that the Anammox activity is strongly influenced by temperature, in spite of the COD source and COD/N ratios applied. (ii) The long-term performance of the Anammox process under low nitrogen sludge loading rate (NSLR) and moderate to low temperatures; it demonstrates that NSLR affects nitrogen removal efficiency, granular size and biomass concentration of the bioreactor. (iii) The Anammox cultivation in a closed sponge-bed trickling filter (CSTF) and (iv) the autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite in a sponge-bed trickling filter (STF). Both types of Anammox sponge-bed trickling filters offer a plane technology with good nitrogen removal efficiency.

Contents:
Foreword. Acknowledgements. Chapter I: Basic Requirements for Optimization. 1.0 Introduction. 1.2 Personnel. 1.3 Management Structure. 1.4 Plant Maintenance. 1.5 Housekeeping. Chapter II: Assessing Plant Performance and Identifying Defects. 2.1 Observing Plant Operation. 2.2 Raw Water Intake 2.3 Raw Water Metering 2.4 Coagulent Handling. 2.5 Flocculation Systems. 2.6 Settling Basins. 2.7 Filters. 2.8 Disinfection. 2.9 Stabilizaion. 2.10 Checklist for Plant Review Chapter III: Water Analysis for Treatment Control. 3.1 Physical Contaminants. 3.2 Biological Variables. 3.3 Chemical Variables and Contamination. 3.4 Laboratory Analysis. Chapter IV: Improving Plants and their Operation. 4.1 Plant Records. 4.2 Raw Water Intake and Flow. 4.3 Rehabilitation of the Chemical Building. 4.4 Pretreatment Units. 4.5 Filter Rehabilitation. 4.6 Filter Operation. 4.7 Stabilization. Chapter V: Determining Design Parameters. 5.1 Introduction to Bench Scale Testing. 5.2 Design and Process Parameters. 5.3 Equipment and Laboratory Space. 5.4 Testing in the Laboratory for Conventional Treatment. 5.5 Testing in the Laboratory for Direct Filtration. 5.6 Sampling for Determinination of Treatment Plant Performance. 5.7 Pilot Plants. 5.8 Treatment Plant as a Pilot Plant. Chapter VI. Disinfection. 6.1 Choice of Process. 6.2 Health Risks of Chlorine. 6.3 Design of Chlorination Facilities. Chapter VII: Optimising and Upgrading Treatment Plants. 7.1 Applying New Technology. 7.2 Optimizing the Treatment Process and Plant Performance. 7.3 Design Information. Chapter VIII: Optimisation and Upgrading of a Plant from 100 ls-1 to 250 ls-1. 8.1 Assessment of Existing Plant. 8.2 Characteristics of the Upgraded Plant. 8.3 Inlet Chamber. 8.4 Initial Mixing of Coagulant and Raw Water. 8.5 Flocculation. 8.6 Distribution of Flocculated Water to Settling Basins. 8.7 Settling Basins. 8.8 Filters. 8.9 Summary. Chapter IX: Optimisation and Upgrading of a Plant from 1m3s-1 to 2.5 m3s-1. 9.1 Assessment of Existing Plant. 9.2 Modifications Required for Upgrading and Optimisation. 9.3 Design of Modifications. Chapter X: Optimisation and Upgrading of a Plant from 20 ls-1 to 50 ls-1 10.1 Assessment of Original Plant. 10.2 Plant performance. 10.3 Upgrading Parameters Determined by Jar Testing. 10.4 Design of Modifications for Upgrading and Optimization. Appendix I Sources of Further Information. Appendix II. Glossary of Terms. Index.

Experiential Learning presents an evolving form of education that fundamentally involves "learning by doing" and having students reflect on the work. The book discusses these recent developments pertaining to the use of experiential learning in engineering education. Covering a range of innovations in experiential learning, the book explores development in laboratories, in-class and problem-based learning, project work, and society-based aspects, including indigenous elements in the curriculum. It includes case studies and examples sourced from institutions around the world. Focuses on recent and practical aspects of implementing experiential learning to help improve engineering education. Offers an examination of the undergraduate experience, which leads to professional certification. Includes a chapter on lessons in other professional education areas, such as medicine and health care, business, and social work. A broad readership will find value in this book, including faculty who teach undergraduate engineering courses; engineering education researchers; industry partners that provide co-op experience; and developers of training modules for practicing engineers.

A discussion of the fundamental aspects of fluid flow phenomena in a jointed rock mass, as well as various geological (structural) features and their influence on flow deformation characteristics. Various types of laboratory triaxial apparatus used in testing are also highlighted.

A discussion of the fundamental aspects of fluid flow phenomena in a jointed rock mass, as well as various geological (structural) features and their influence on flow deformation characteristics. Various types of laboratory triaxial apparatus used in testing are also highlighted.

This work describes the key results of the European research project called PROVERBS to develop and implement probability-based methods for the design of monolithic coastal structures and breakwaters subject to sea wave attacks. The issues treated include the hydrodynamic, geotechnical and structural processes involved in the wave-structure-foundation interactions and in the associated failure mechanisms.

Modelling urban flood dynamics requires proper handling of a number of complex urban features. Although high-resolution topographic data can nowadays be obtained from aerial LiDAR surveys, such top-view LiDAR data still have difficulties to represent some key components of urban features. Incorrectly representing features like underpasses through buildings or apparent blockage of flow by sky trains may lead to misrepresentation of actual flood propagation, which could easily result in inadequate flood-protection measures. Hence proper handling of urban features plays an important role in enhancing urban flood modelling. This research explores present-day capabilities of using computer-based environments to merge side-view Structure-from-Motion data acquisition with top-view LiDAR data to create a novel multi-source views (MSV) topographic representation for enhancing 2D model schematizations. A new MSV topographic data environment was explored for the city of Delft and compared with the conventional top-view LiDAR approach. Based on the experience gained, the effects of different topographic descriptions were explored for 2D urban flood models of (i) Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia for the 2003 flood event; and (ii) Ayutthaya, Thailand for the 2011 flood event. It was observed that adopting the new MSV data as the basis for describing the urban topography, the numerical simulations provide a more realistic representation of complex urban flood dynamics, thus enhancing conventional approaches and revealing specific features like flood watermarks identification and helping to develop improved flood-protection measures.

The power sector has undergone a liberalization process both in industrialized and developing countries, involving market regimes, as well as ownership structure. These processes have called for new and innovative concepts, affecting both the operation of existing hydropower plants and transmission facilities, as well as the development and implementation of new projects. At the same time a sharper focus is being placed on environmental considerations. In this context it is important to emphasize the obvious benefits of hydropower as a clean, renewable and sustainable energy source. It is however also relevant to focus on the impact on the local environment during the planning and operation of hydropower plants. New knowledge and methods have been developed that make it possible to mitigate the local undesirable effects of such projects. Development and operation of modern power systems require sophisticated technology. Continuous research and development in this field is therefore crucial to maintaining hydropower as a competitive and environmentally well-accepted form of power generation.

No manufacturer can afford to ignore the pressing environmental issues of today. To do so puts both their profit line and their legacy at risk. As part of the Enterprise Excellence Series, this book brings together articles and case studies covering environmental, and energy issues that were previously published in the Association of Manufacturing Excellence's Target Magazine. It covers both areas of moral responsibility, as well as legal and economic considerations. Chapters are organized in three areas: Protecting the Environment, Using Energy Wisely, and EPA Case Studies, making it easy to track down the information desire.

By the year 2000, the world had built more than 45,000 large dams to irrigate crops, generate power, control floods in wet times and store water in dry times. Yet, in the last century, large dams also disrupted the ecology of half the world's rivers, displaced tens of millions of people from their homes and left nations burdened with debt. Their impacts have inevitably generated growing controversy and conflicts. Resolving their role in meeting water and energy needs is vital for the future and illustrates the complex development challenges that face our societies. The Report of the World Commission on Dams: - is the product of an unprecedented global public policy effort to bring governments, the private sector and civil society together in one process - provides the first comprehensive global and independent review of the performance and impacts of dams - presents a new framework for water and energy resources development - develops an agenda of seven strategic priorities with corresponding criteria and guidelines for future decision-making. Challenging our assumptions, the Commission sets before us the hard, rigorous and clear-eyed evidence of exactly why nations decide to build dams and how dams can affect human, plant and animal life, for better or for worse. Dams and Development: A New Framework for Decision-Making is vital reading on the future of dams as well as the changing development context where new voices, choices and options leave little room for a business-as-usual scenario.

Effective coastal engineering is expensive, but it is not as costly as neglect or ineffective intervention. Good practice needs to be based on sound principles, but theoretical work and modelling also need to be well grounded in practice, which is continuously evolving. Conceptual and detailed design has been advanced by new industry publications since the publication of the second edition. This third edition provides a number of updates: the sections on wave overtopping have been updated to reflect changes brought in with the recently issued EurOtop II manual; a detailed worked example is given of the calculation of extreme wave conditions for design; additional examples have been included on the reliability of structures and probabilistic design; the method for tidal analysis and calculation of amplitudes and phases of harmonic constituents from water level time series has been introduced in a new appendix together with a worked example of harmonic analysis; and a real-life example is included of a design adapting to climate change. This book is especially useful as an information source for undergraduates and engineering MSc students specializing in coastal engineering and management. Readers require a good grounding in basic fluid mechanics or engineering hydraulics, and some familiarity with elementary statistical concepts.