Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths is a continuous series of books covering all aspects of rare earth science, including chemistry, life sciences, materials science, and physics. The book's main emphasis is on rare earth elements [Sc, Y, and the lanthanides (La through Lu], but whenever relevant, information is also included on the closely related actinide elements. Individual chapters are comprehensive, broad, up-to-date critical reviews written by highly experienced, invited experts. The series, which was started in 1978 by Professor Karl A. Gschneidner Jr., combines and integrates both the fundamentals and applications of these elements and publishes two volumes a year.

Borate-based phosphors have attracted much attention, due to their high optical stability, low-cost synthesis via conventional and non-conventional methods and resulting technology to be environmentally friendly. This book discusses the structural and chemical parameters of borates as a phosphor including suitable synthesis methods and proper characterization of materials. Further, it includes applications of borate materials such as photoluminescence, UV application, UVU application, photo therapy application and radiological applications. Features: Provides information on borate phosphors and their structure. Aids selection of proper structural and functional borates used in applications based on phosphor technology. Discloses the modification in properties of borate functional group upon mixing or substitution with other metallic functional groups. Discusses biological applications such as photo-thermal heating-based therapy, temperature sensors, imaging, and diagnosis. Includes current trends and innovations, limitations and challenges, prospects, and scope in each chapter. This book is aimed at researchers and graduate students in inorganic materials, luminescent/optical materials, materials science/engineering, and physics.

Chemistry: The Key to our Sustainable Future is a collection of selected contributed papers by participants of the International Conference on Pure and Applied Chemistry (ICPAC 2012) on the theme of "Chemistry: The Key for our Future" held in Mauritius in July 2012. In light of the significant contribution of chemistry to benefit of mankind, this book is a collection of recent results generated from research in chemistry and interdisciplinary areas. It covers topics ranging from nanotechnology, natural product chemistry to analytical and environmental chemistry. Chemistry: The Key to our Sustainable Future is written for graduates, postgraduates, researchers in industry and academia who have an interest in the fields ranging from fundamental to applied chemistry.

This book focuses on recent topics of quantum science in both physics and chemistry. Until now, quantum science has not been fully discussed from the interdisciplinary vantage points of both physics and chemistry. This book, however, is written not only for theoretical physicists and chemists, but also for experimentalists in the fields of physical chemistry and condensed matter physics, as collaboration and interplay between construction of quantum theory, and experimentation has become more important. Tips for starting new types of research projects will be found in an understanding of cutting-edge quantum science. In Part I, quantum electronic structures are explained in cases of strongly correlated copper oxides and heavy elements. In Part II, quantum molecular dynamics is investigated by computational approaches and molecular beam experiments. In Part III, after lithium problem in big bang nucleosynthesis scenario is considered using supersymmetric standard model, quantum theories in atomic and molecular systems are reviewed. Finally, in Part IV, the development of quantum computational method is introduced.

Photonic and Electronic Properties of Fluoride Materials: Progress in Fluorine Science, the first volume in this new Elsevier series, provides an overview of the important optical, magnetic, and non-linear properties of fluoride materials. Beginning with a brief review of relevant synthesis methods from single crystals to nanopowders, this volume offers valuable insight for inorganic chemistry and materials science researchers. Edited and written by leaders in the field, this book explores the practical aspects of working with these materials, presenting a large number of examples from inorganic fluorides in which the type of bonding occurring between fluorine and transition metals (either d- or 4f-series) give rise to peculiar properties in many fundamental and applicative domains. This one-of-a-kind resource also includes several chapters covering functional organic fluorides used in nano-electronics, in particular in liquid crystal devices, in organic light-emitting diodes, or in organic dyes for sensitized solar cells. The book describes major advances and breakthroughs achieved by the use of fluoride materials in important domains such as superconductivity, luminescence, laser properties, multiferroism, transport properties, and more recently, in fluoro-perovskite for dye-sensitized solar cells and inorganic fluoride materials for NLO, and supports future development in these varied and key areas. The book is edited by Alain Tressaud, past chair and founder of the CNRS French Fluorine Network. Each book in the collection includes the work of highly-respected volume editors and contributors from both academia and industry to bring valuable and varied content to this active field.

Spectral Methods in Transition Metal Complexes provides a conceptual understanding on how to interpret the optical UV-vis, vibrational EPR, and NMR spectroscopy of transition metal complexes. Metal complexes have broad applications across chemistry in the areas of drug discovery, such as anticancer drugs, sensors, special materials for specific requirements, and catalysis, so a thorough knowledge in preparation and characterization of metal complexes, while niche, is critical. Accessible to both the seasoned researcher and the graduate student alike, this book provides readers with a single source of content that addresses spectral methods in transition metal complexes.

Presents cutting-edge research in biomedical engineering from materials, devices, imaging, and information perspectives All chapters are results of collaborative research in engineering and life sciences Useful resource for researchers, students, and general readers in biomedical engineering

Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage of progress in the major areas of chemical research. Written by experts in their specialist fields the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, supplying regular critical in-depth accounts of progress in particular areas of chemistry. For over 80 years the Royal Society of Chemistry and its predecessor, the Chemical Society, have been publishing reports charting developments in chemistry, which originally took the form of Annual Reports. However, by 1967 the whole spectrum of chemistry could no longer be contained within one volume and the series Specialist Periodical Reports was born. The Annual Reports themselves still existed but were divided into two, and subsequently three, volumes covering Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry. For more general coverage of the highlights in chemistry they remain a 'must'. Since that time the SPR series has altered according to the fluctuating degree of activity in various fields of chemistry. Some titles have remained unchanged, while others have altered their emphasis along with their titles; some have been combined under a new name whereas others have had to be discontinued. The current list of Specialist Periodical Reports can be seen on the inside flap of this volume.

The principal idea of this volume is to offer a Capita Selecta of unconventional and thought-provoking topics in organometallic chemistry, presented by experts in each field. As intended, this approach leads either to reviews covering a specific uncommon class of organometallic compounds or to overviews which relate uncommon physical properties with various classes of organometallic compounds. The contributions are streamlined thus onto two main axes - unusual properties reflecting structures and bonding situations, on the one hand, and uncommon structural features or structure-reactivity relationships, on the other. Extensive cross-referencing of useful information is provided, making this volume accessible for people working in rather different areas of organometallic chemistry.

The synthesis of molecules with 'extreme' properties is a challenge for all those working in organometallic chemistry, irrelevant of theoretical/computational, synthetic or application interests. This book presents case studies at the interface of these overlapping interests.

Unusual Structures and Physical Properties in Organometallic Chemistry:

• Provides test cases for computational and theoretical models
• Presents a challenge for synthetic chemists
• Provides ideal show cases for analytical techniques

Organophosphorus Chemistry presents a groundbreaking resource in this branch of organic chemistry that demonstrates how phosphorus-containing compounds can be manipulated in a variety of organic reactions. The authors give an overview of the newest trends and synthesis strategies, introduce bioactive and environmentally friendly organophosphorus compounds and show their importance in mainstream organic chemistry.

An in-depth discussion of the thermodynamics and kinetics of natural waters

Divided into three major parts–structure of matter, chemical thermodynamics, and chemical kinetics– physical chemistry is concerned with the measurement, description, and prediction of the characteristics of chemical systems and their interaction with each other with respect to the transfer of mass and energy. Physical Chemistry of Natural Waters explores how the basic concepts of physical chemistry can be used to understand the chemistry of natural waters, with most of the text confined to chemical thermodynamics and kinetics.

The extensive material in this book is the result of a course in marine physical chemistry that the author has taught over the past decade. Dr. Millero incorporates his own personal interest in solution physical chemistry and his approach to understanding the physical chemistry of seawater with the text’s vast coverage of the physical chemistry of liquid phases. In addition, detailed reviews of the basics of thermodynamics and kinetics provide a comprehensive overview for a clearer understanding of the topics covered.

Environmental and physical chemists conducting research on water, seawater, rivers, lakes, and groundwater as well as graduate students studying environmental chemistry will find Physical Chemistry of Natural Waters a solid foundation on the subject of the physical chemistry of natural waters.

This book describes the luminescence mechanism of polynuclear lanthanide complexes, focusing on energy transfer processes using a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches. Lanthanide complexes show intense luminescence from the lanthanide ion through sensitization by the organic ligands. The high chromaticity of the emission and the long lifetimes of the complexes are particularly attractive for applications such as organic light-emitting diodes and bioprobes. Polynuclear lanthanide complexes (coordination polymers and clusters) have attracted considerable interest for functionalization by energy transfer between lanthanide ions. At the same time, such extra processes complicate the luminescence mechanism, hindering the rational design of functional polynuclear lanthanide complexes. Firstly, the book explains the principle of the theoretical methods, and then describes the concentration-quenching mechanism in coordination polymers. It also examines the effect of intrinsic spin-orbit coupling arising from lanthanide ions on the ligand-to-lanthanide energy transfer efficiency and the mechanism of back energy transfer (the opposite of sensitizing energy transfer) in lanthanide clusters. This sets the stage for the final topic: the suppression of back energy transfer by energy transfer between lanthanide ions in lanthanide clusters, which is of critical importance, showing that the lanthanide clusters can be considered a new generation of functional and efficient luminescent material and could also provide a breakthrough in lanthanide photophysics.

This unique book presents an integrated approach to the chemistry of art materials, exploring the many chemical processes involved. The Chemistry and Mechanism of Art Materials: Unsuspected Properties and Outcomes engages readers with historical vignettes detailing examples of unexpected outcomes due to materials used by known artists. The book discusses artists' materials focusing on relevant chemical mechanisms which underlie the synthesis and deterioration of inorganic pigments in paintings, the ageing of the binder in oil paintings, and sulfation of wall paintings as well as the toxicology of these pigments and solvents used by artists. Mechanisms illustrate the stepwise structural transformation of a variety of art materials. Based on the author's years of experience teaching college chemistry, the approach is descriptive and non-mathematical throughout. An introductory section includes a review of basic concepts and provides concise descriptions of analytical methods used in contemporary art conservation. Additional features include: Illustrations of chemical reactivity associated with art materials Includes a review of chemical bonding principles, redox and mechanism writing Covers analytical techniques used by art conservation scientists Accessible for readers with a limited science background Provides numerous references for readers seeking additional information

The series Structure and Bonding publishes critical reviews on topics of research concerned with chemical structure and bonding. The scope of the series spans the entire Periodic Table and addresses structure and bonding issues associated with all of the elements. It also focuses attention on new and developing areas of modern structural and theoretical chemistry such as nanostructures, molecular electronics, designed molecular solids, surfaces, metal clusters and supramolecular structures. Physical and spectroscopic techniques used to determine, examine and model structures fall within the purview of Structure and Bonding to the extent that the focus is on the scientific results obtained and not on specialist information concerning the techniques themselves. Issues associated with the development of bonding models and generalizations that illuminate the reactivity pathways and rates of chemical processes are also relevant. The individual volumes in the series are thematic. The goal of each volume is to give the reader, whether at a university or in industry, a comprehensive overview of an area where new insights are emerging that are of interest to a larger scientific audience. Thus each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years should be presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. A description of the physical basis of the experimental techniques that have been used to provide the primary data may also be appropriate, if it has not been covered in detail elsewhere. The coverage need not be exhaustive in data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the new principles being developed that will allow the reader, who is not a specialist in the area covered, to understand the data presented. Discussion of possible future research directions in the area is welcomed. Review articles for the individual volumes are invited by the volume editors. Readership: research scientists at universities or in industry, graduate students.

Volume 2 presents the latest applications of M ssbauer spectroscopy to the study of magnetic materials. Topics include: Surface and thin film analysis, iron-based amorphous ribbons and wires, diffusion studies, analytical methods for M ssbauer spectral analysis of complex materials, and quasicrystalline materials among others. These discussions will be invaluable to materials scientists, inorganic chemists, and solid-state chemists.

This title takes researchers in as well as out of the field of metal-organic framework (MOF) and then guides them on a journey to rediscover and rethink how these designer coordination polymers will influence the realm of materials science. This book opens with a look at a deeply controversial issue, MOF stability, which has plagued many systems, but ultimately has led to better materials that proved to be more robust allowing them to be investigated for multiple applications. This book successfully highlights many of these useful applications that MOFs are well adapted for. Because MOF components, inorganic and organic, can combine the best of both chemical domains, MOFs will improve our environment by removing harmful contaminants from the air and water, reduce the energy required to perform chemical reactions, partition hard to separate molecular mixtures, and form the next-generation of magnetic and electronic materials. MOFs will eventually be used for everyday activities - for monitoring or reacting to changing conditions. Readers of this book can then take note and implement MOFs in their line of research.

Inspired by a symposium held at the University of Southern California, in March 1988, dedicated to Paul van R. Schleyer, contributors examine the role of 'hypercarbons' in several areas of chemistry in this book. The multicenter bonding of 'hypercarbons' relative to the chemistry of main group elements, organometallics, cluster chemistry, carbocations, and hydrocarbon chemistry are systematically covered.

D. Stalke, U. Flierler: More than Just Distances from Electron Density Studies.- A.O. Madsen: Modeling and Analysis of Hydrogen Atoms.- B.B. Iversen/J. Overgaard: Charge Density Methods in Hydrogen Bond Studies.- U. Flierler, D. Stalke: Some Main Group Chemical Perceptions in the Light of Experimental Charge Density Investigations.- D. Leusser: Electronic Structure and Chemical Properties of Lithium Organics Seen Through the Glasses of Charge Density.- L. J. Farrugia, P. Macchi: Bond Orders in Metal-Metal Interactions Through Electron Density Analysis.- W. Scherer, V. Herz, Ch. Hauf: On the Nature of -Agostic Interactions: A Comparison Between the Molecular Orbital and Charge Density Picture.

This book aims to provide comprehensive and systematic introduction and summary of corrosion characteristics, mechanisms, and control methods of candidate alloys in sub- and supercritical water environment. First of all, corrosion types of candidate alloys and the effects of major alloying elements on corrosion resistance of potential alloys in sub- and supercritical water are compared and analyzed. At the same time, research status of candidate materials, and development and application trends of several corrosion-resistant alloys are summarized. Then, corrosion characteristics of Ni-Cr, Ni-Cr-Mo, Ni-Fe-Cr and Ni-Fe-Cr-Mo-Cu corrosion-resistant alloys, FeCrAl alloy, and Zircaloy are discussed in detail, including the corrosion rate, the structure and composition of oxide film, and the effects of various surface treatment processes, etc. More specifically, it also investigates corrosion behavior of Ni-based alloy, Fe-Ni-based, and stainless steels in supercritical water. The effects of aggressive species on the corrosion behavior of Ni-base alloys are also explored in supercritical water. Readers will further discover the total corrosion processes and mechanisms of typical candidate alloys in sub- and supercritical water environment. Finally, the work explores the corrosion control methods such as ceramic coatings and passivation processes in supercritical water oxidation and in subcritical water, respectively. Future challenges and development trends of corrosion research of candidate materials in sub- and supercritical water environments are covered at the end of this book. It offers valuable reference for theoretically guiding material selection and design and operating parameter optimization of key equipment in the sub- and supercritical water technologies. The book is written for senior undergraduates, graduate students, scholars, and researchers who are interested in corrosion behavior of candidate materials of supercritical water oxidation system, supercritical water gasification system, and nuclear reactor.

The Biological Chemistry of Magnesium Edited by J. A. Cowan Recent years have witnessed a revolution in the understanding of magnesium biochemistry, especially the pivotal role of magnesium ion in nucleic acid biochemistry. This graduate text presents a unique and comprehensive review of all major areas of current research interest, from inorganic chemistry, nucleic acid biochemistry, and enzymology through ribozyme activation, drug-magnesium-DNA interactions, and magnesium transport by selective membrane channels. Introductory chapters provide a useful review for the non-specialist, including descriptions of essential solution chemistry and physical methods for monitoring magnesium biochemistry. Its readable style and emphasis on understanding at the molecular level makes The Biological Chemistry of Magnesium accessible and relevant to researchers and graduate students in the field, as well as non-specialists in biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, bioinorganic chemistry, and pharmaceutical sciences. Also available from VCH: Inorganic Biochemistry: An Introduction J.A. Cowan Hardcover (ISBN 1-56081-537-X) Manganese Redox Enzymes V.L. Pecoraro, ed. Hardcover (ISBN 0-89573-729-9) The Bioinorganic Chemistry of Nickel J.R. Lancaster, Jr. Hardcover (ISBN 0-89573-338-2)

The primary goal of nanotechnology is to achieve nanoscale materials and devices with atomic precision. Toward this goal, breakthroughs have recently been made in the solution-phase synthesis and applications of atomically precise nanoclusters. This book presents the exciting progress in this new research field. The chapters are contributed by leading experts of the field and cover the synthetic methods, atomic structures, electronic and optical properties, and catalytic applications of noble metal nanoclusters. Such new nanocluster materials offer exciting opportunities for chemists and physicists to understand the fundamental science of nanoclusters, especially the atomic-level structure-property correlation and design of new materials, as well as for developing a range of applications including catalysis, biomedicine, sensing, imaging, optics, and energy conversion. The book will be of interest to readers and researchers in nanotechnology, nanochemistry, catalysis, and computational chemistry, as well as practitioners in industry R&D for new materials. It is written to be accessible to undergraduate and graduate students and, therefore, is an excellent teaching material.

Molecular similarity has always been an important conceptual tool of chemists, yet systematic approaches to molecular similarity problems have only recently been recognized as a major contributor to our understanding of molecular properties. Advanced approaches to molecular similarity analysis have their foundation in quantum similarity measures, and are important direct or indirect contributors to some of the predictive theoretical, computational, and also experimental methods of modern chemistry. This volume provides a survey of the foundations and the contemporary mathematical and computational methodologies of molecular similarity approaches, where special emphasis is given to applications of similarity studies to a range of practical and industrially significant fields, such as pharmaceutical drug design. The authors of individual chapters are leading experts in various sub-fields of molecular similarity analysis and the related fundamental theoretical chemistry topics, as well as the relevant computational and experimental methodologies. Whereas in each chapter the emphasis is placed on a different area, nevertheless, the overall coverage and the wide scope of the book provides the reader with a general yet sufficiently detailed description that may serve as a good starting point for new studies and applications of molecular similarity approaches. The editors of this volume are grateful to the authors for their contributions, and hope that the readers will find this book a useful and motivating source of information in the rapidly growing field of molecular similarity analysis.

There has been enormous progress in our understanding of molybdenum and tungsten enzymes and relevant inorganic complexes of molybdenum and tungsten over the past twenty years. This set of three books provides a timely and comprehensive overview of the field and documents the latest research. Building on the first and second volumes that focussed on biochemistry and bioinorganic chemistry aspects, the third volume focusses on spectroscopic and computational methods that have been applied to both enzymes and model compounds. A particular emphasis is placed on how these important studies have been used to reveal critical components of enzyme mechanisms. This text will be a valuable reference to workers both inside and outside the field, including graduate students and young investigators interested in developing new research programs in this area.