This book presents an original investigation into alternative photovoltaic absorbers. Solar power is a highly promising renewable energy solution; however, its success is hampered by the limited cost-effectiveness of current devices. The book assesses the photovoltaic performance of over 20 materials using state-of-the-art, first-principles methods. Adopting a computational approach, it investigates atomic-scale properties at a level of accuracy that is difficult to achieve using laboratory-based experimental techniques. Unlike many theoretical studies, it provides specific advice to those involved in experimental investigations. Further, it proposes directions for future research. This book advances the field of photovoltaics in three crucial ways: firstly, it identifies why one class of proposed materials cannot achieve high efficiency, while at the same time gaining insights that can be used to design future absorbers. Secondly, it shows that poor performance in the bismuth chalcohalides is not due to fundamental limitations, and can be overcome by finely controlling synthesis conditions. Lastly, it describes a range of new stable materials that are expected to show excellent photovoltaic performance.

Magnetic nanocatalysts are garnering attention for development of greener catalytic processes due to their ease of recovery from a reaction medium. This book delves into a variety of magnetic nanocatalysts, their use in the industrial context, and recyclability. Topics covered include wastewater treatment, drug delivery, and industrial catalysis; another available volume focuses on the use of magnetic nanocatalysts in synthetic appliances and transformations.

The series Structure and Bonding publishes critical reviews on topics of research concerned with chemical structure and bonding. The scope of the series spans the entire Periodic Table and addresses structure and bonding issues associated with all of the elements. It also focuses attention on new and developing areas of modern structural and theoretical chemistry such as nanostructures, molecular electronics, designed molecular solids, surfaces, metal clusters and supramolecular structures. Physical and spectroscopic techniques used to determine, examine and model structures fall within the purview of Structure and Bonding to the extent that the focus is on the scientific results obtained and not on specialist information concerning the techniques themselves. Issues associated with the development of bonding models and generalizations that illuminate the reactivity pathways and rates of chemical processes are also relevant.
The individual volumes in the series are thematic. The goal of each volume is to give the reader, whether at a university or in industry, a comprehensive overview of an area where new insights are emerging that are of interest to a larger scientific audience. Thus each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years should be presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. A description of the physical basis of the experimental techniques that have been used to provide the primary data may also be appropriate, if it has not been covered in detail elsewhere. The coverage need not be exhaustive in data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the new principles being developed that will allow the reader, who is not a specialist in the area covered, to understand the data presented. Discussion of possible future research directions in the area is welcomed. Review articles for the individual volumes are invited by the volume editors.
Readership: research scientists at universities or in industry, graduate students
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Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes for Electroorganic Chemistry, by Siegfried R. Waldvogel, Stamo Mentizi und Axel Kirste.- Modern Developments in Aryl Radical Chemistry, by Gerald Pratsch und Markus R. Heinrich.- Radical Additions to Chiral Hydrazones: Stereoselectivity and Functional Group Compatibility, by Gregory K. Friestad.- Hydrogen Atom Donors: Recent Developments, by Andreas Gansauer, Lei Shi, Matthias Otte, Inga Huth, Antonio Rosales, Iris Sancho-Sanz, Natalia M. Padial und J. Enrique Oltra.- Radicals in Transition Metal Catalyzed Reactions? Transition Metal Catalyzed Radical Reactions? - A Fruitful Interplay Anyway Part 1. Radical Catalysis by Group 4 to Group 7 Elements, by Ullrich Jahn.- Radicals in Transition Metal Catalyzed Reactions? Transition Metal Catalyzed Radical Reactions? - A Fruitful Interplay Anyway Part 2. Radical Catalysis by Group 8 and 9 Elements, by Ullrich Jahn.- Radicals in Transition Metal Catalyzed Reactions? Transition Metal Catalyzed Radical Reactions?: A Fruitful Interplay Anyway Part 3: Catalysis by Group 10 and 11 Elements and Bimetallic Catalysis, by Ullrich Jahn.-"

Almost all contemporary organic synthesis involve transition metal complexes as catalysts or particular reagents. The aim of this book is to provide the reader with detailed accounts of elementary processes within molecular catalysis to allow its development and as an aid in designing novel catalytic systems. The book comprises authoritative reviews on elementary processes from experts working at the forefront of organometallic chemistry.
.This is the first book that focuses on elementary processes in transition metal complexes for understanding catalytic mechanisms
.Provides detailed description of elementary processes involved in catalytic cycles by experts in the field
.Provides an overview of the mechanisms of various homogeneous catalyses

The. first edition of this work appeared almost thirty years ago, when, as we can see in retrospect, the study of the actinide elements was in its first bloom. Although the broad features of the chemistry of the actinide elements were by then quite weil delineated, the treatment of the subject in the first edition was of necessity largely descriptive in nature. A detailed understanding ofthe chemical consequences of the characteristic presence of 5f electrons in most of the members ofthe actinide se ries was still for the future, and many ofthe systematic features ofthe actinide elements were only dimly apprehended. In the past thirty years all this has changed. The application of new spectroscopic techniques, which came into general use during this period, and new theoretical insights, which came from a better understanding of chemical bonding, inorganic chemistry, and solid state phenomena, were among the important factors that led to a great expansion and maturation in actinide element research and a large number of new and important findings. The first edition consisted of aserial description of the individual actinide elements, with a single chapter devoted to the six heaviest elements (lawrencium, the heaviest actinide, was yet to be discovered). Less than 15 % of the text was devoted to a consideration of the systematics of the actinide elements.

The current volume includes articles on the elementary processes in nonsymmetric collisions of inert gas atoms, the parameters of gaseous dimers, and the physical properties of strongly coupled plasmas.

This book introduces readers to the preparation of two-dimensional metal sulfide/oxide for CO2 photoreduction. Based on two-dimensional metal sulfide/oxide materials, this book establishes the structure-to-property relationships of photocatalyst for CO2 photoreduction, and reveals the intrinsic mechanism of the CO2 photoreduction by virtue of the in situ characterization techniques and the density functional theory calculations. It is anticipated that this book will help to identify empirical guidelines for designing and fabricating high-performance catalysts of solar-driven CO2 reduction.

Xiao-Ming Jiang, Sheng-Ping Guo, Hui-Yi Zeng, Ming-Jian Zhang, Guo-Cong Guo: Large Crystal Growth and New Crystal Exploration of Mid-Infrared Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Materials.- Kechen Wu: Simulation and Design of Infrared Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Materials in Metal Cluster Compounds.- Chaoyang Tu: The Recent Development Of SRS and SRS SF- conversion Laser Crystal.- Hua-Jun Zhao, Xin-Tao Wu, Li-Ming Wu: Exploration of New Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Compounds Containing Main Group Elements.

KrAtschmer and Huffman's revolutionary discovery of a new solid phase of carbon, solid C60, in 1990 opened the way to an entire new class of materials with physical properties so diverse that their richness has not yet been fully exploited. Moreover, as a by-product of fullerene research, carbon nanotubes were later identified, from which novel nanostructures originated that are currently fascinating materials scientists worldwide. Rivers of words have been written on both fullerenes and nanotubes, in the form of journal articles, conference proceedings and books. The present book offers, in a concise and self-contained manner, the basics of the science of these materials as well as detailed information on those aspects that have so far been better explored. Structural, electronic and dynamical properties are described as obtained from various measurements and state-of-the-art calculations. Their interrelation emerges as well as their possible dependence on, for example, preparation conditions or methods of investigation. By presenting and comparing data from different sources, experiment and theory, this book helps the reader to rapidly master the basic knowledge, to grasp important issues and critically discuss them. Ultimately, it aims to inspire him or her to find novel ways to approach still open questions. As such, this book is addressed to new researchers in the field as well as experts.

1 Oxford and Webster's dictionaries,2 give trans-Atlantic agreement in English with a common definition for 'Quality' as 'degree of excellence'. Compared with the many words taken up by other authors' definitions, this is remarkably brief and no doubt unsatisfactory to many people. Yet if 'degree' means a stage in an ascending or descending series, in intensity or in amount, then measurement is by definition explicitly required if terms such as 'quality level', 'good quality', 'high quality' etc. are to have any real meaning. Using measurement is inherent in the methods of all the major writers on the achievement of business improvement through quality. Results from measurements allow improvement by using tools commonly grouped under the heading Statistical Process Control (SPC). Results also form part of the judging criteria of Total Quality Management (TQM) models such as the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award in the USA and the more recent European Quality Award. Future revisions of the ISO 9000 series of quality management system standards will specifically require measure ment of defects. However, it is not easy for quality professionals or line managers to find examples of what they should measure and how to do it in their own particular functions in their own particular industries; case st\}dies always seem to refer to others."

Nitric oxide (NO) has been discovered to play a fundamental role in a number of biological phenomena. This book describes various aspects of nitric oxide biology, physiology and pharmacology. It is divided into three sections. The first part deals with the basic chemistry and enzymology of NO, thus laying a molecular basis for what follows. The middle part surveys the physiological roles of NO under normal conditions. The concluding part explores the relevance of NO to disease, both as a pathogenic factor and a therapeutic target. The book thus provides detailed information on NO biology to the reader unfamiliar with the field and represents a reference work for scientists working in an NO-related field of biomedical research. Each chapter, written by experts in their fields, gives a broad introduction followed by a comprehensive review of the current knowledge and a detailed reference list.

This collection addresses new research and technology for increased efficiency, energy reduction, and waste minimization in mineral processing, extractive metallurgy, and recycling. Professor Patrick R. Taylor and his students have been studying these topics for the past 45 years. Chapters include new directions in:* Mineral Processing * Hydrometallurgy * Pyrometallurgy * Electrometallurgy * Metals and E waste recycling * Waste minimization (including by-product recovery) * Innovations in metallurgical engineering education and curriculum development

This book presents the fundamentals of bonding in polyoxometalates and related oxides based on classical bonding concepts and the bond valence model. The in-depth treatment includes a revision of the procedure for the determination of the parameters of bond length-bond valence functions, the application of the bond valence model to polyoxometalates and related oxides, and the explanation of the distribution of the bond valences, and hence of the bond lengths, over the metal-oxygen bond and of the ionic charge on the oxygen atoms. Numerous tables and figures underline and illuminate the results. The principal author is a leader in the field of polyoxometalate chemistry. This work provides for the first time a comprehensive analysis of the structure and bonding in polyoxometalates, based on classical chemical concepts and the bond valence approach, and as such is a valuable resource for chemists, physicists and material scientists working in the field.

When presented with a new compound or material, the inorganic chemist will usually have several questions in mind about its composition and structure. Although a simple elemental analysis may answer many questions about its composition, the chemist will still have questions about its structure, and, ifthe material contains a metal atom, he will often want to know its oxidation state, coordination number and geometry. Further, at an increasingly frequent rate, the chemist may need details of the spin state, magnetic and perhaps dynamic properties of the material. If the investigator is fortunate, the material or compound may contain an ele ment such as iron, tin, antimony, iodine, gold, or one of several of the rare earth metals which are amenable to study by the Mossbauer effect. Often the Mossbauer effect can, sometimes with quite simple experiments, provide the answers to all of these questions. The goal of this book is to illustrate the effectiveness of the Mossbauer effect in providing the answers to the many questions that arise in char acterizing new materials and, indeed, in studying known materials in more detail. Several chapters introduce the effect to the novice and provide details about the various hyperfine interactions that are the "bread and butter" of the Mossbauer spectroscopist. Three chapters deal specifically with the experimental aspects of the technique and the increasing impor tance of sophisticated computer analysis of the resulting data."

This collection explores state-of-the-art methods and protocols for research on photodynamic therapy (PDT) and its use in a wide range of medical applications, from antiviral to anticancer. Beginning with an extensive section on in vitro and in vivo models, the volume continues with chapters on oxygen-independent photosensitizers, next-generation photosensitization strategies, contemporary insights into the immunomodulatory effects of PDT, antimicrobial effects of PDT, as well as a variety of general biochemical and molecular biological techniques. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include the kind of detailed implementation advice that ensures successful results in the lab. Thorough and authoritative, Photodynamic Therapy: Methods and Protocols serves as an ideal source of inspiration for both new and established PDT scientists and a guide for designing innovative research programs in this continuously advancing and multidisciplinary field.

This NATO Advanced Research Workshop was devoted to a specialized topic in molten salt chemistry and was held in an exotic location (as far as Westerners were concerned) well within the Arctic Circle. It nevertheless facilitated a fruitful week, both ofscience and ofhuman contacts. The 42 oral presentations and posters from nine countries enabled the 59 participants to learn a great deal about many areas of recent research in the molten salt chemistry of refractory metals, while making new contacts as well as renewing old friendships. The time ofinformal contact ledto the beginningofa numberofnew research cooperations with interchangeofpersonnel. Thus the twin aimsofadvancing science and improving East-West understanding were both amply fulfilled. Indeed a warm and happy family atmosphere was very tangible doth during the scientific sessions and the social events, which participants, accompanying persons and local staffall enjoyed. This opportunity of living for a short time within the Arctic Circle was a novelty for most Westerners, who generally appreciated the very warm weather (the hottest for 20 years according to some residents), as well as the beautiful surroundings ofvery green birch/pine forest, rushing rivers, vast lakes and rounded mountains, frequently illuminated by wonderful sunsets. The evening barbeque beside Lake Imandra (100 km long) and the coach tour beside the beautiful White Sea dotted with islands in the Kandalaksha Recreational Area (National Park), to sample Pomor culture, dancing and fresh salmon soup, were high spots ofthe social programm

This book provides a collection of contributed chapters, delivering a comprehensive overview of topics related to the synthesis and crystal growth of nitride compounds under supercritical ammonia conditions. Focusing on key chemical and technological aspects of ammonothermal synthesis and growth of functional nitride compounds, the book also describes many innovative techniques for in-situ observation and presents new data fundamental for materials synthesis under ammonothermal conditions. With its detailed coverage of many thermodynamic and kinetics aspects, which are necessary for understanding and controlling crystal growth, this contributed volume is the ideal companion to materials chemists and engineers at any point in their journey in this rich and exciting field.

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, Pugnochiuso, Italy, June 22-July 3, 1986

This collection of nine articles, translated from the 1987 Russian edition, begins a new series. The topics include recommended data on the rate constants of chemical reactions among molecules consisting of nitrogen and oxygen atoms, metal dimers, laser magnetic resonance studies of processes involv

In September, 1999, with the generous support of NATO, scientists from 18 different nations gathered in Katsiveli, Yalta, Ukraine at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Hydrogen Materials Science and Chemistry of Metal Hydrides to present their research and to discuss world energy problems and possible solutions, interactions of hydrogen with materials, the role of hydrogen in materials science, and the chemistry of metal hydrides. High level and highly professional presentations were accompanied by a great deal of discussion and debate of the issues from both fundamental and global perspectives. The result was a large number of new collaborations, new directions, and better understanding of energy and materials issues. The research presented at this meeting can be found in this volume. These papers range from global perspectives such as the new vision of energy and how hydrogen fits into that future, to reviews such as a look at nickel hydride over the last 40 years, to very specific current research. A large number of papers are included on hydrogen and materials. These papers include articles on properties such as superconductivity, diffusion EMF, magnetic properties, physico chemical properties, phase composition, and permeability as a result of the interaction with or incorporation of hydrogen. Also included are papers discussing the use of hydrogen as a processing or alloying agent. The use of hydrogen in the synthesis of battery electrode materials, composite materials, and alloys is also presented."

This concise, easy-to-read book outlines the basic principles needed to understand the chemical mechanisms of explosion. Written for students with no previous knowledge of explosives but some understanding of chemical reactions in mind, it takes the reader through the history of explosives and introduces the concepts of high explosives, propellants and pyrotechnics. Covering combustion, deflagration, and detonation; ignition, initiation, and thermal decomposition; thermochemistry, thermodynamics and kinetics, the text includes detailed formulations and reactions presented with thermochemical calculations to aid understanding. This edition includes environmental legislation and its impact on explosives, together with a section on safety hazard tests. It also contains the latest developments in synthesis and manufacturing of explosives. Covering all aspects of the properties of explosives, The Chemistry of Explosives is a unique text which introduces difficult subjects in a readable manner. Ideal for A-level students and new graduates with no previous knowledge of explosive materials, it will also be useful to anyone needing succinct information on the subject, such as the more experienced chemist in the explosives sector.

This thesis systematically introduces readers to a new metal-organic framework approach to fabricating nanostructured materials for electrochemical applications. Based on the metal-organic framework (MOF) approach, it also demonstrates the latest ideas on how to create optimal MOF and MOF-derived nanomaterials for electrochemical reactions under controlled conditions. The thesis offers a valuable resource for researchers who want to understand electrochemical reactions at nanoscale and optimize materials from rational design to achieve enhanced electrochemical performance. It also serves as a useful reference guide to fundamental research on advanced electrochemical energy storage materials and the synthesis of nanostructured materials.

Optical Properties of Metal Clusters deals with the electronic structure of metal clusters determined optically. Clusters - as state intermediate between molecules and the extended solid - are important in many areas, e.g. in air pollution, interstellar matter, clay minerals, photography, heterogeneous catalysis, quantum dots, and virus crystals. This book extends the approaches of optical molecular and solid-state methods to clusters, revealing how their optical properties evolve as a function of size. Cluster matter, i.e. extended systems of many clusters - the most frequently occuring form - is also treated. The combination of reviews of experimental techniques, lists of results and detailed descriptions of selected experiments will appeal to experts, newcomers and graduate students in this expanding field.