Nanostructured materials have at least one dimension in the nanometer range. They became a very active research area in solid state physics and chemistry in recent years with anticipated applications in various domains, including solar cells, electronics, batteries and sensors.

Nanocrystalline metals and oxides are dense polycrystalline solids with a mean grain size below 100 nm. This book is intended to give an overview on selected properties and applications of nanocrystalline metals and oxides by leading experts in the field. The first three chapters provide a very complete theoretical treatment of thermodynamics and atom/ion transport for nanocrystalline materials. The following chapters are experts' views on the development of experimental characterization techniques for nanocrystalline solids with emphasis on electroceramic materials.

Nanocrystalline Metals and Oxides is intended for a broad range of readers, foremost chemists, physicists and materials scientists. Theoretical physicists and chemists will certainly also profit from this book. The electroceramics and solid state ionics community are particularly addressed, given the main interests of the editors.

Metal-Ligand Interactions - Structure and Reactivity emphasizes the experimental determination of structure and dynamics, supported by the theoretical and computational approaches needed to establish the concepts and guide the experiments. Leading experts present masterly surveys of: clusters, inorganic complexes, surfaces, catalysis, ab initio theory, density functional theory,semiempirical methods, and dynamics. Besides the presentations of the fields of study themselves, the papers also bring out those aspects that impinge on, or could benefit from, progress in other disciplines. Refined in the fire of an interactive and stimulating conference, the papers presented here represent the state of the art of current research.

Materials for Sustainable Energy, Volume 72, the latest release in the Advances in Inorganic Chemistry series presents timely and informative summaries on the current progress in a variety of subject areas. In this volume, concise, authoritative reviews provide updates on the photocatalytic generation of solar fuels (heterogeneous systems), Photocatalytic materials for energy and environment, The photoelectrocatalytic production of solar fuels, Artificial photosynthesis (homogeneous catalysis), The photocatalytic synthesis of chemicals, Dye sensitized solar cells, Supercapacitors, Lithium ion cells, Catalytic air purification (VOCs, soot), Catalytic air purification (NOx), and more.

An eclectic mix of studies on chemical and electrochemical behaviour of membrane surfaces. The book looks at membranes - both organic and inorganic - from a host of different perspectives and in the context of many diverse disciplines. It explores the behaviours of both synthetic and biological membranes, employing physical, chemical and physiochemical perspectives, and blends state-of-the-art research of many disciplines into a coherent whole.

Responding to the exponential growth in new technology and research activity on the contemporary carbon fiber scene, this thoroughly updated and expanded Third Edition offers the latest information on the structural, surface, mechanical, electronic, thermal, and magnetic properties of carbon fibers as well as their manufacture and industrial applications from many of the world's most distinguished specialists in the field. Helps resolve everyday production, development, and marketing issues Organized to ensure a smooth, logical progression from one topic to the next, the Third Edition presents excellent, in-depth coverage of new topics, including procedures for preparing pitch-based and vapor-grown carbon fibers structures of carbon fibers from commercial to experimental examples industrial treatments of carbon fiber surfaces with surface sizings and carbon fiber composites with surface coatings surface characterizations by instrumental methods, such as FTIR, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and atomic force microscopy carbon nanotubes and their electrical resistivity and magnetoresistance qualities the manufacture and characterization of activated carbon fibers as well as their uses as adsorbents, catalyst supports, and electronic materials and more Providing exceptional literature and patent references-over 400 new to this edition -as well as photographs of currently available carbon fiber products from major American, French, and Japanese companies, this Third Edition will remain a valuable guide into the 21st century for physical, polymer, surface, and colloid chemists; materials scientists; mechanical and chemical engineers; researchers and marketing personnel working in carbon fiber and related industries; and graduate-level students in these disciplines.

Each chapter of "Phosphorus Compounds: Advanced Tools in Catalysis and Material Sciences" have been carefully selected by the editors in order to represent a state-of-the-art overview of how phosphorus chemistry can provide solutions in various fields of applications.

The editors have assembled an international array of world-renowned scientists and each chapter is written by experts in the fields of synthetic chemistry, homogeneous catalysis, dendrimers, theoretical calculations, materials science, and medicinal chemistry with a special focus on the chemistry of phosphorus compounds.
"Phosphorus Compounds: Advanced Tools in Catalysis and Material Sciences" is of interest to a general readership ranging from advanced university course students to experts in academia and industry.

Electrochemical synthesis of inorganic compounds is a relatively unknown field. The successful, large industrial processes, such as chlorine-caustic production, are well known, but the large number of other compounds that have been synthesized electrochemically are much less appreciated, even by electrochemists and inorganic chemists. The last comprehensive book on this subject was published in the 1930's and no modern review or summary of the whole field is in existence. But the field is in no way dormant, as attested by the large number of publications, undiminished throughout the years, describing new syntheses and improvements of old ones. Indeed, it can be expected that practical applications of electrochemical inor ganic syntheses will increase in the future as an increasing portion of our energy will be available in electrical form. Electrochemical processes have important advantages over chemical routes: often the selectivity of the reaction can be better controlled through the use of potential control at the electrode, and the creation of environmen tally harmful waste material can be avoided more easily since one is using the purest reagent - the electron. In addition to development of new synthetic routes, many old ones, which were found to be un economical in the past, are worth reexamining in light of the recent considerable advances in cell design principles, materials of construc tion, and electrode and separator materials, together with our im proved understanding of electrode reactions and electrocatalysis. It is in the hope of accelerating this process that this bibliography is published."

This book investigates applicability of various emerging strategies to improve important properties and features of metal oxide materials that can be used further to advance their photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical performances. The range of discussed strategies includes introduction of intrinsic and extrinsic deficiencies, fabrication of heterojunction and utilizing of metal nanoparticles in the form of deposited or embedded formations. Each of them is addressed as separate case in order to reach full and comprehensive assessment of their most fundamental principles and basics as well as accessing pivotal advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, additional discussion is dedicated to achieving thorough awareness over methods and experimental protocols that are used to realize them and also probing changes which they induce in electronic and geometrical configurations of metal oxide materials. It is believed that this book might become a valuable addition to extend further current knowledge about photocatalysis and material processing.

Over the past several decades, vanadium has increasingly attracted the interest of biologists and chemists. The discovery by Henze in 1911 that certain marine ascidians accumulate the metal in their blood cells in unusually large quantities has done much to stimulate research on the role of vanadium in biology. In the intervening years, a large number of studies have been carried out to investigate the toxicity of vanadium in higher animals and to determine whether it is an essential trace element. That vanadium is a required element for a few selected organisms is now well established. Whether vanadium is essential for humans remains unclear although evidence increasingly suggests that it probably is. The discovery by Cantley in 1977 that vanadate is a potent inhibitor of ATPases lead to numerous studies of the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of vanadium on phosphate metabolizing enzymes. As a consequence vanadates are now routinely used as probes to investigate the mechanisms of such enzymes. Our understanding of vanadium in these systems has been further enhanced by the work of Tracy and Gresser which has shown striking parallels between the chemistry of vanadates and phosphates and their biological compounds. The observation by Shechter and Karlish, and Dubyak and Kleinzeller in 1980 that vanadate is an insulin mimetic agent has opened a new area of research dealing with the hormonal effects of vanadium. The first vanadium containing enzyme, a bromoperoxidase from the marine alga Ascophyllum nodosum, was isolated in 1984 by Viltner.

A stand-alone, monograph present results on mechanochemical synthesis of nanostructured composite materials on the base of inorganic and organic components The book summarizes and systematizes the results of a fundamentally new complex approach to the creation of composite polymer-inorganic systems by mechanochemical treatment, both as a result of the traditional approach with the use of dynamic mills (mechanical reactors) and ultrasonic action on powder mixtures In addition, the book will present a chapter that will focus on the method of mechanochemical preparation of materials for high-energy systems, which are the most promising, since it allows the most productive management of the formation of new structural compositions that increase the energy intensity of the system.

The intricate interactions between transition metals and ligands are at the heart of a wide variety of chemical, physical and biological phenomena. Understanding these interactions provides a challenge of the first order, cutting across many fields of modern science and impinging on numerous areas of application. The fascinating behavior of these systems has attracted the attention of experimentalists and theorists alike. In this book are collected the main lectures of the NATO ASI on "Metal-Ligand Interactions in Chemistry, Physics and Biology" held in Cetraro, Italy, in September, 1998. This event followed two previous NATO ASI held also in Cetraro in 1991 and 1994 dedicated to "Metal- Ligand Interactions: from Atoms, to Clusters, to Surfaces" and to "Metal- Ligand Interactions: Structure and Reactivity," respectively. The increasing number of participants (115) and of requests to attend (more than 400) confirms the importance and timeliness of this sequence of ASI's as well as the high level of interest for the themes treated. The lectures were organized on the basis of the following topics: -clusters and surfaces -catalysis -inorganic complexes -bioinorganic systems -new experimental techniques -theoretical methodologies and were given by well known leading experts such as: Ivano Bertini, David A. Case, Bernard Coq, Gernot Frenking, Hans J. Freund, Francesc Illas, Jacek Lipkowski, Julius Jellinek, Nino Russo, Dennis R. Vll viii Salahub, Karlheinz Schwarz, Friedrich Siebert, Benoit Simard, Edward I. Solomon and Michael Zemer.

This book by Kaplan and Vekhter brings together the molecular world of the chemist with the condensed matter world of the physicist. Prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union, chemists in the West devoted lit to relationships between molecular electronic structure and tle attention solid-state vibronic phenomena. Treating quantum mechanical problems wherein the adiabatic Born-Oppenheimer approximation fails was done by "brute force. " With bigger and better computers available in the West, molecular orbital calculations were done on observed and conceived static structures with little concern for any cooperativity of vibrational behavior that might connect these states. While it had long been understood in the West that situations do occur in which different static structures are found for molecules that have identical or nearly identical electronic structures, little attention had been paid to understanding the vibrational states that could connect such structures. It was easier to calculate the electronic structure observed with several possible distortions than to focus on ways to couple electronic and vibrational behavior. In the former Soviet Union, computational power was not as acces sible as in the West. Much greater attention, therefore, was devoted to conserving computational time by considering fundamental ways to han dle the vibrational connectivity between degenerate or nearly degenerate electronic states.

The second edition of this reference provides comprehensive examinations of developments in the processing and applications of carbon black, including the use of new analytical tools such as scanning tunnelling microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and inverse gas chromatography.;Completely rewritten and updated by numerous experts in the field to reflect the enormous growth of the field since the publication of the previous edition, Carbon Black: discusses the mechanism of carbon black formation based on recent advances such as the discovery of fullerenes; elucidates micro- and macrostructure morphology and other physical characteristics; outlines the fractal geometry of carbon black as a new approach to characterization; reviews the effect of carbon black on the electrical and thermal conductivity of filled polymers; delineates the applications of carbon black in elastomers, plastics, and zerographic toners; and surveys possible health consequences of exposure to carbon black.;With over 1200 literature citations, tables, and figures, this resource is intended for physical, polymer, surface and colloid chemists; chemical and plastics engineers; spectroscopists; materials scientists; occupational safety and health physicians; and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.

Preface by Sir Harold W. Kroto, FRS Although the discovery of C60 is now almost 15 years old and the extraction occurred 60 nearly ten years ago it is amazing that the range of spin-off research still seems to expand without limits. The birth of the Fullerenes has spawned fascinating research programmes in almost every area of chemistry and physics and this monograph explores a particularly interesting and important area - the behaviour of these pure carbon cages in the presence of high-energy radiation. The C molecules must also be in the space 60 between the stars (albeit in quantities too small to detect at this time) as the conditions in the atmospheres of some carbon stars appear to be almost identical to the plasmas generated in the Kratschmer-Huffman system for making C60. The conditions in space 60 are very varied as it is pervaded by a plethora of high-energy particles (photons, cosmic rays, etc.) and the chapters in this book discuss, among other things, the response of C60 and various derivatives to probing by a range of high-energy particles. Various fullerenes and fullerene salts have been examined by positron annihilation techniques, revealing details of their electronic and structural properties as well as phase transition behaviour. Muons have been implanted to enable mSR techniques to probe with high sensitivity the endohedral electronic structures of fullerenes including those in superconducting systems. Mossbauer spectroscopy can give valuable information about the interactions in certain types of organometallic complexes and in particular it can reveal the degree of charge transfer in endohedral species. Nuclear irradiation/radiochemical analytical techniques have been applied resulting in information ranging widely from the stability of the fullerene cage containing endohedral metal atoms in various oxidation states to pharmaceutical studies of the distribution of fullerenes in the internal organs of animals. Time resolved pulsed radio lysis provides information at high sensitivity enabling micromolar concentrations to be probed e.g. C60 in water in which it is almost insoluble! Redox and rate constant measurements have given useful information on photolytically generated radical ion pairs involving a variety of fullerenes. Interesting accounts of observations involving the production of rare gas endohedral species by nuclear recoil have revealed information about the recoil mechanism. From the first moment of its discovery the unique cage structure of C60 initiated thoughts about the interesting possibility of encapsulation of atoms and molecules. One possibility that immediately suggested itself was the isolation of chemically toxic radionuclides by encapsulation in the (supposedly chemically innocuous) cage for pharmaceutical purposes. The possibility of creating cages carrying a radioactive atom inside the cage and moieties outside with molecular recognition capabilities is a most exciting prospect and discussion is included of some important first steps aimed at achieving this fascinating breakthrough. Another problem dealt with in this monograph is the effect of elemental impurities which has, as our studies progress, become more and more a matter of concern and interest. Impurities can have important effects on the observed physical and chemical behaviour of fullerenes, especially when very sensitive probe techniques are applied. This valuable book reviews some detailed studies of fundamental properties of fullerenes, which are leading to a deeper understanding of their behaviour in the presence of high energy radiation. The information obtained already and that which will be garnered in future studies of the kind described here is an absolutely necessary prerequisite for success in applications.

This book discusses current techniques and instrumentation for cluster chemistry. It addresses both the experimental and theoretical aspects of gas-phase metal cluster reactivities, especially those pertaining to pollution removal, energetic reactions and corrosion and anticorrosion. These metal cluster systems have attracted enormous interest as they display a completely new class of physical, chemical, electronic, magnetic and catalytic properties. As these properties change with size and composition, it can thus be understood how their nature evolves from atoms to bulk solids. The book offers readers a basic understanding of the structural chemistry and reactivity of metal clusters in both gas-phase and wet chemistry. Further, the lessons they learn here regarding metal cluster chemistry will prepare researchers for the study of condensed phase dynamics that pertain to wet chemical synthesis, soft-landing deposition and cluster assembly.

Extractions of Metals from Soils and Waters represents a new emphasis in the series Modern Inorganic Chemistry, namely the impact inorganic chemistry can have on the environment. Also, this is the first volume ever to introduce the reader to all aspects of heavy metal extraction. While the primary emphasis is on complexation chemistry, attention is also paid to phase transfer aspects. Particular methods of note include electrokinetics, phytoremediation, and sensors. Aimed primarily at chemists, this book will also appeal to engineers, plant biochemists, environmental health specialists, and practitioners or students of environmental law.

The current volume covers electron transfer reactions, substitution and relation reactions, and reactions of organometallic compounds.

The Symposium on "Transport through Membranes : Carriers. Channels and Pumps" Inaugurates the third decade of the Jerusalem Symposia. It enlarges substantially their conceptual scope by Introducing a new subject not treated there previously. In fact. It Is a topic particularly well suited for the general object of these International meetings which Is to reassemble In an exhaustive Interdisciplinary discussion chemists. physicists and biologists. theoreticians and experimentalists. The main theme of the Symposium was the presentation and evaluation of the most up-to-date data on the structural and dynamic aspects of transport through membranes within the three main pathways: through carriers. channels and pumps. This goal was fully achieved thanks to the participation of a most outstanding assembly of world's experts In the field. We wish to thank Madame Pullman. the real organizer and mainspring of this meeting. for having composed a most exciting and excellent program and for carrying It out successfully. As the twenty preceding ones this Symposium was held under the auspices of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. It was sponsored by the Instltut de Blologle Physlco Chimique. Fondatlon Edmond de Rothschild of Paris. We wish to express once again our gratitude to the Baron Edmond de Rothschild for his constant and generous support which makes this continuous endeavour possible.

This publication presents cleaning and etching solutions, their applications, and results on inorganic materials. It is a comprehensive collection of etching and cleaning solutions in a single source. Chemical formulas are presented in one of three standard formats - general, electrolytic or ionized gas formats - to insure inclusion of all necessary operational data as shown in references that accompany each numbered formula. The book describes other applications of specific solutions, including their use on other metals or metallic compounds. Physical properties, association of natural and man-made minerals, and materials are shown in relationship to crystal structure, special processing techniques and solid state devices and assemblies fabricated. This publication also presents a number of organic materials which are widely used in handling and general processing...waxes, plastics, and lacquers for example. It is useful to individuals involved in study, development, and processing of metals and metallic compounds. It is invaluable for readers from the college level to industrial R & D and full-scale device fabrication, testing and sales. Scientific disciplines, work areas and individuals with great interest include: chemistry, physics, metallurgy, geology, solid state, ceramic and glass, research libraries, individuals dealing with chemical processing of inorganic materials, societies and schools.

Interest in the transition metal oxides with perovskite related structures goes back to the 1950s when the sodium tungsten bronzes NaxWO3 were shown to be metallic [1 ], the system Lal_xSr~MnO3 was found to contain a ferromagnetic conductive phase [2], and La0.sSr0.sCoO3 was reported to be a ferromagnetic metal, but with a peculiar magnetization of 1.5 #a/Co atom [3]. Stoichiometric oxide perovskites have the generic formula AMO3 in which the A site is at the center of a simple cubic array of M sites; the oxide ions form (180 4)) M O M bridges to give an MO3 array of corner shared MO6/2 octahedra and the larger A cations have twelvefold oxygen coordination. Mismatch between the A O and M O equilibrium bond lengths introduces internal stresses. A compressive stress on the MO3 array is accommodated by a lowering of the M O M bond angle from 180 to (180 4)); a tensile stress on the M O M bonds is accommodated by the formation of hexagonal polytypes [4].

The six-volume CRC Handbook of Ion Exchange Resins reviews the application of ion exchange resins to inorganic analytical chemistry. Extracted from over 6,000 original publications, it presents the information in over 1,000 tables complemented by concise descriptions of analytical methods involving virtually all the elements of the periodic table. Also, the ion exchange characteristics of the elements, as well as other important information required by analysis using ion exchange resins, are presented in separate tables. The methods that allow the multi-element analysis of complex matrices are emphasized. This work includes a general discussion of the theoretical, instrumental, and other principles underlying the various applications of ion exchange resins in inorganic analytical chemistry with special attention focused on techniques based on ion chromatography.

Molecular clusters, in the broad sense that the term is commonly understood, today comprise an enormous class of species extending into virtually every important area of chemistry: "naked" metal clusters, transition metal carbonyl clusters, hydrocarbon cages such as cubane (C H ) and dodecahedrane (C H ), 8 8 20 20 organometallic cluster complexes, enzymes containing Fe S or MoFe S 4 4 3 4 cores, high polymers based on carborane units, and, of course, the many kinds of polyhedral borane species. So large is the area spanned by these diverse classes that any attempt to deal with them comprehensively in one volume would, to say the least, be ambitious-and also premature. We are presently at a stage where intriguing relationships between the various cluster families are becoming apparent (particularly in terms of bonding descriptions), and despite large dif ferences in their chemistry an underlying unity is gradually developing in the field. For example, structural changes occurring in Fe S cores as electrons are 4 4 pumped in and out, in some measure resemble those observed in boranes and carboranes. The cleavage of alkynes via incorporation into carborane cages and subsequent cage rearrangement, a sequence familiar to boron chemists, is a thermodynamically favored process which may be related to the behavior of unsaturated hydrocarbons on metal surfaces; analogies of this sort have drawn attention from theorists and experimentalists."

Reactive and functional polymers are manufactured with the aim of improving the performance of unmodified polymers or providing functionality for different applications. These polymers are created mainly through chemical reactions, but there are other important modifications that can be carried out by physical alterations in order to obtain reactive and functional polymers. This volume presents a comprehensive analysis of these reactive and functional polymers. Reactive and Functional Polymers Volume One provides the principles and foundations for the design, development, manufacture and processing of reactive and functional polymers based primarily on biopolymers, polyesters and polyurenthanes. The text provides an in-depth review of updated sources on reactive resins and silicones. In this book, world-renowned researchers have participated, including Dr. Runcang Sun (Associate editor for the journal 'Carbohydrate Polymers'). With its comprehensive scope and up-to-date coverage of issues and trends in Reactive and Functional Polymers, this is an outstanding book for students, professors, researchers and industrialists working in the field of polymers and plastic materials.