Preface by Sir Harold W. Kroto, FRS Although the discovery of C60 is now almost 15 years old and the extraction occurred 60 nearly ten years ago it is amazing that the range of spin-off research still seems to expand without limits. The birth of the Fullerenes has spawned fascinating research programmes in almost every area of chemistry and physics and this monograph explores a particularly interesting and important area - the behaviour of these pure carbon cages in the presence of high-energy radiation. The C molecules must also be in the space 60 between the stars (albeit in quantities too small to detect at this time) as the conditions in the atmospheres of some carbon stars appear to be almost identical to the plasmas generated in the Kratschmer-Huffman system for making C60. The conditions in space 60 are very varied as it is pervaded by a plethora of high-energy particles (photons, cosmic rays, etc.) and the chapters in this book discuss, among other things, the response of C60 and various derivatives to probing by a range of high-energy particles. Various fullerenes and fullerene salts have been examined by positron annihilation techniques, revealing details of their electronic and structural properties as well as phase transition behaviour. Muons have been implanted to enable mSR techniques to probe with high sensitivity the endohedral electronic structures of fullerenes including those in superconducting systems. Mossbauer spectroscopy can give valuable information about the interactions in certain types of organometallic complexes and in particular it can reveal the degree of charge transfer in endohedral species. Nuclear irradiation/radiochemical analytical techniques have been applied resulting in information ranging widely from the stability of the fullerene cage containing endohedral metal atoms in various oxidation states to pharmaceutical studies of the distribution of fullerenes in the internal organs of animals. Time resolved pulsed radio lysis provides information at high sensitivity enabling micromolar concentrations to be probed e.g. C60 in water in which it is almost insoluble! Redox and rate constant measurements have given useful information on photolytically generated radical ion pairs involving a variety of fullerenes. Interesting accounts of observations involving the production of rare gas endohedral species by nuclear recoil have revealed information about the recoil mechanism. From the first moment of its discovery the unique cage structure of C60 initiated thoughts about the interesting possibility of encapsulation of atoms and molecules. One possibility that immediately suggested itself was the isolation of chemically toxic radionuclides by encapsulation in the (supposedly chemically innocuous) cage for pharmaceutical purposes. The possibility of creating cages carrying a radioactive atom inside the cage and moieties outside with molecular recognition capabilities is a most exciting prospect and discussion is included of some important first steps aimed at achieving this fascinating breakthrough. Another problem dealt with in this monograph is the effect of elemental impurities which has, as our studies progress, become more and more a matter of concern and interest. Impurities can have important effects on the observed physical and chemical behaviour of fullerenes, especially when very sensitive probe techniques are applied. This valuable book reviews some detailed studies of fundamental properties of fullerenes, which are leading to a deeper understanding of their behaviour in the presence of high energy radiation. The information obtained already and that which will be garnered in future studies of the kind described here is an absolutely necessary prerequisite for success in applications.

Extractions of Metals from Soils and Waters represents a new emphasis in the series Modern Inorganic Chemistry, namely the impact inorganic chemistry can have on the environment. Also, this is the first volume ever to introduce the reader to all aspects of heavy metal extraction. While the primary emphasis is on complexation chemistry, attention is also paid to phase transfer aspects. Particular methods of note include electrokinetics, phytoremediation, and sensors. Aimed primarily at chemists, this book will also appeal to engineers, plant biochemists, environmental health specialists, and practitioners or students of environmental law.

This book investigates applicability of various emerging strategies to improve important properties and features of metal oxide materials that can be used further to advance their photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical performances. The range of discussed strategies includes introduction of intrinsic and extrinsic deficiencies, fabrication of heterojunction and utilizing of metal nanoparticles in the form of deposited or embedded formations. Each of them is addressed as separate case in order to reach full and comprehensive assessment of their most fundamental principles and basics as well as accessing pivotal advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, additional discussion is dedicated to achieving thorough awareness over methods and experimental protocols that are used to realize them and also probing changes which they induce in electronic and geometrical configurations of metal oxide materials. It is believed that this book might become a valuable addition to extend further current knowledge about photocatalysis and material processing.

The Symposium on "Transport through Membranes : Carriers. Channels and Pumps" Inaugurates the third decade of the Jerusalem Symposia. It enlarges substantially their conceptual scope by Introducing a new subject not treated there previously. In fact. It Is a topic particularly well suited for the general object of these International meetings which Is to reassemble In an exhaustive Interdisciplinary discussion chemists. physicists and biologists. theoreticians and experimentalists. The main theme of the Symposium was the presentation and evaluation of the most up-to-date data on the structural and dynamic aspects of transport through membranes within the three main pathways: through carriers. channels and pumps. This goal was fully achieved thanks to the participation of a most outstanding assembly of world's experts In the field. We wish to thank Madame Pullman. the real organizer and mainspring of this meeting. for having composed a most exciting and excellent program and for carrying It out successfully. As the twenty preceding ones this Symposium was held under the auspices of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. It was sponsored by the Instltut de Blologle Physlco Chimique. Fondatlon Edmond de Rothschild of Paris. We wish to express once again our gratitude to the Baron Edmond de Rothschild for his constant and generous support which makes this continuous endeavour possible.

The current volume covers electron transfer reactions, substitution and relation reactions, and reactions of organometallic compounds.

This publication presents cleaning and etching solutions, their applications, and results on inorganic materials. It is a comprehensive collection of etching and cleaning solutions in a single source. Chemical formulas are presented in one of three standard formats - general, electrolytic or ionized gas formats - to insure inclusion of all necessary operational data as shown in references that accompany each numbered formula. The book describes other applications of specific solutions, including their use on other metals or metallic compounds. Physical properties, association of natural and man-made minerals, and materials are shown in relationship to crystal structure, special processing techniques and solid state devices and assemblies fabricated. This publication also presents a number of organic materials which are widely used in handling and general processing...waxes, plastics, and lacquers for example. It is useful to individuals involved in study, development, and processing of metals and metallic compounds. It is invaluable for readers from the college level to industrial R & D and full-scale device fabrication, testing and sales. Scientific disciplines, work areas and individuals with great interest include: chemistry, physics, metallurgy, geology, solid state, ceramic and glass, research libraries, individuals dealing with chemical processing of inorganic materials, societies and schools.

This book discusses current techniques and instrumentation for cluster chemistry. It addresses both the experimental and theoretical aspects of gas-phase metal cluster reactivities, especially those pertaining to pollution removal, energetic reactions and corrosion and anticorrosion. These metal cluster systems have attracted enormous interest as they display a completely new class of physical, chemical, electronic, magnetic and catalytic properties. As these properties change with size and composition, it can thus be understood how their nature evolves from atoms to bulk solids. The book offers readers a basic understanding of the structural chemistry and reactivity of metal clusters in both gas-phase and wet chemistry. Further, the lessons they learn here regarding metal cluster chemistry will prepare researchers for the study of condensed phase dynamics that pertain to wet chemical synthesis, soft-landing deposition and cluster assembly.

Interest in the transition metal oxides with perovskite related structures goes back to the 1950s when the sodium tungsten bronzes NaxWO3 were shown to be metallic [1 ], the system Lal_xSr~MnO3 was found to contain a ferromagnetic conductive phase [2], and La0.sSr0.sCoO3 was reported to be a ferromagnetic metal, but with a peculiar magnetization of 1.5 #a/Co atom [3]. Stoichiometric oxide perovskites have the generic formula AMO3 in which the A site is at the center of a simple cubic array of M sites; the oxide ions form (180 4)) M O M bridges to give an MO3 array of corner shared MO6/2 octahedra and the larger A cations have twelvefold oxygen coordination. Mismatch between the A O and M O equilibrium bond lengths introduces internal stresses. A compressive stress on the MO3 array is accommodated by a lowering of the M O M bond angle from 180 to (180 4)); a tensile stress on the M O M bonds is accommodated by the formation of hexagonal polytypes [4].

The six-volume CRC Handbook of Ion Exchange Resins reviews the application of ion exchange resins to inorganic analytical chemistry. Extracted from over 6,000 original publications, it presents the information in over 1,000 tables complemented by concise descriptions of analytical methods involving virtually all the elements of the periodic table. Also, the ion exchange characteristics of the elements, as well as other important information required by analysis using ion exchange resins, are presented in separate tables. The methods that allow the multi-element analysis of complex matrices are emphasized. This work includes a general discussion of the theoretical, instrumental, and other principles underlying the various applications of ion exchange resins in inorganic analytical chemistry with special attention focused on techniques based on ion chromatography.

Molecular clusters, in the broad sense that the term is commonly understood, today comprise an enormous class of species extending into virtually every important area of chemistry: "naked" metal clusters, transition metal carbonyl clusters, hydrocarbon cages such as cubane (C H ) and dodecahedrane (C H ), 8 8 20 20 organometallic cluster complexes, enzymes containing Fe S or MoFe S 4 4 3 4 cores, high polymers based on carborane units, and, of course, the many kinds of polyhedral borane species. So large is the area spanned by these diverse classes that any attempt to deal with them comprehensively in one volume would, to say the least, be ambitious-and also premature. We are presently at a stage where intriguing relationships between the various cluster families are becoming apparent (particularly in terms of bonding descriptions), and despite large dif ferences in their chemistry an underlying unity is gradually developing in the field. For example, structural changes occurring in Fe S cores as electrons are 4 4 pumped in and out, in some measure resemble those observed in boranes and carboranes. The cleavage of alkynes via incorporation into carborane cages and subsequent cage rearrangement, a sequence familiar to boron chemists, is a thermodynamically favored process which may be related to the behavior of unsaturated hydrocarbons on metal surfaces; analogies of this sort have drawn attention from theorists and experimentalists."

The phenomenon of catalysis is found in many homogeneous and heterogeneous systems undergoing chemical change, where it effects the rates of approach to the equilibrium state in processes as diverse as those found in the stars, the earth's mantle, living organisms, and the various chemistries utilized by industry. The economies and the living standards of both developed and developing countries depend to varying degrees upon the efficacy of their chemical industries. Con sequently, this century has seen a wide exploration and expansion of catalytic chemistry together with an intensive investigation of specific, essential processes like those contributing to life-supporting agricultures. Prime among the latter must surely be the "fixation" of atmospheric nitrogen by catalytic hydrogenation to anhydrous ammonia, still the preferred synthetic precursor of the nitrogenous components of fertilizers. In each decade contemporary concepts and techniques have been used to further the understanding, as yet incomplete, of the catalyst, the adsorbates, the surface reactions, and the technology of large-scale operation. The contributors to the present volume review the state of the art, the science, and the technology; they reveal existing lacunae, and suggest ways forward. Around the turn of the century, Sabatier's school was extending the descriptive catalytic chemistry of hydrogenation by metals to include almost all types of multiple bond. The triple bond of dinitrogen, which continued to be more resistant than the somewhat similar bonds in carbon monoxide and ethyne, defied their efforts."

This book contains a series of papers and abstracts from the 7th Industry-University Cooperative Chemistry Program symposium held in the spring of 1989 at Texas A&M University. The symposium was larger than previous IUCCP symposia since it also celebrated the 25 years that had elapsed since the initial discovery by F. A. Cotton and his co-workers of the existence of metal-metal quadruple bonds. Cotton's discovery demonstrated that multiple bonding in inorganic systems is not governed by the same constraints observed in organic chemistry regarding s and p orbital involvement. The d orbitals are involved in the multiple bonding description. The quadruple bond involves considerable d orbital overlap between adjacent metal centers. Part I of this series of papers focuses upon the impact of this discovery and describes further contributions to the development of the field. Multiple metal-metal bonding now is known to permeate broad areas of transition metal chemistry. The understanding of metal-metal bonding that developed as a result of the discovery of multiple metal-metal bonding awakened a new chemistry involving metal clusters. Clusters were defined by Cotton to be species containing metal-metal bonding. Clusters in catalysis therefore seemed a logical grouping of papers in this symposium. Clusters play an every increasing role in the control of chemical reactions. Part II of this book describes some of the interesting new developments in this field. In Part III the papers examine the role clusters play in describing and understanding solid state materials.

Reactive and functional polymers are manufactured with the aim of improving the performance of unmodified polymers or providing functionality for different applications. These polymers are created mainly through chemical reactions, but there are other important modifications that can be carried out by physical alterations in order to obtain reactive and functional polymers. This volume presents a comprehensive analysis of these reactive and functional polymers. Reactive and Functional Polymers Volume One provides the principles and foundations for the design, development, manufacture and processing of reactive and functional polymers based primarily on biopolymers, polyesters and polyurenthanes. The text provides an in-depth review of updated sources on reactive resins and silicones. In this book, world-renowned researchers have participated, including Dr. Runcang Sun (Associate editor for the journal 'Carbohydrate Polymers'). With its comprehensive scope and up-to-date coverage of issues and trends in Reactive and Functional Polymers, this is an outstanding book for students, professors, researchers and industrialists working in the field of polymers and plastic materials.

This collection brings together engineers, scientists, scholars, and entrepreneurs to present their novel and innovative contributions in the domain specific to metal-matrix composites and on aspects specific to processing, characterization, mechanical behavior, measurements, failure behavior, and kinetics governing microstructural influences on failure by fracture. Topics include but are not limited to: * Metals and metal-matrix composites * Nano-metal based composites * Intermetallic-based composites Contributions in the above topics connect to applications in industry-relevant areas: automotive; nuclear and clean energy; aerospace; failure analysis; biomedical and healthcare; and heavy equipment, machinery, and goods.

This volume provides the reader with the most up-to-date and relevant knowledge on the reactivity of metals located in zeolite materials, either in framework or extra-framework positions, and the way it is connected with the nature of the chemical environment provided by the host. Since the first report of the isomorphous substitution of titanium in the framework of zeolites giving rise to materials with unusual catalytic properties, the incorporation of many other metals have been investigated with the aim for developing catalysts with improved performance in different reactions. The continuous expansion of the field, both in the variety of metals and zeolite structures, has been accompanied by an increasing focus on the relationship between the reactivity of metal centers and their unique chemical environment. The concepts covered in this volume are of interest to people working in the field of inorganic and physical chemistry, catalysis and chemical engineering, but also for those more interested in theoretical approaches to chemical reactivity. In particular the volume is useful to postgraduate students conducting research in the design, synthesis and catalytic performance of metal-containing zeolites in both academic and application contexts.

Assembling a program in bioinorganic chemistry that is scientifi cally relevant, well defined, and self-consistent is not an easy task. In this attempt we decided to consider zinc enzymes, copper oxidases, cytochromes and cytochrome oxidase. The choice is in part due to the great attention that the current specialized literature devotes to these topics, which are now debated among chemists, biochemists, biophysicists, etc .. We believe that hydration reactions, hydrolytic and oxidative processes have much in common from the point of view of the reaction mechanisms, the comprehension of which represents a frontier of science. For these reasons these topics have been the subject of the NATO-ASI held at San Miniato, Pisa, Italy, from May 28 to June 8, 1982. We hope we can transfer here the main conclusions of what (we believe) was a very stimulating scientific meeting. We would like to thank the local saving bank, Cassa di Risparmio di San Miniato, for helping in many ways. The financial contribution from the European Research Office of the US Army, and from the Bruker Spectrospin s.r.l., Italy, is also acknowledged. The National Science Foundation of the United States has provided a travel grant to one of the participants from the U.S.A. We are grateful to the NATO Scientific Affairs Division which provided a grant to finance this Institute."

This book presents the lectures and posters of some of the main leaders in the field of th magnesium research and medical applications delivered at the 8 International Symposium on Magnesium, which took place on 5-9 October, 1997 in Heraklion, Crete under the chairmanship of Professor Theophilos Theophanides. The meeting was sponsored by the National Technical University of Athens and Ministry of Industry, Energy and Technology. The aim of this meeting was to promote research and applications of magnesium and interface between medical doctors, clinicians and scientists in order to understand the mechanisms responsible for magnesium involvement in the pathogenesis of diseases, its biological significance, metabolism and many other utilizations which are associated with membranes and cells. The success of this interface is due to the contribution of its participants who came from all continents and to their high scientific level. The topics, which were presented, and the questions, which were asked, concerned mechanisms of mode of action of free magnesium cations, Mg2+, hydrated cations, 2 Mg2+. 6 HP, and magnesium linked cations Mg +.LxH 0, where L: ligand and x = 2 1...6 Hp. We would like to express our utmost gratitude to the sponsers and to extend our deep appreciation and thanks to all those who helped and encouraged the scientific and material organization of this meeting. We wish to thank all the members of the scientific committee and the organizing committee.

Potable water supplies that contain arsenic concentrations high enough to pose a human health hazard are a problem of international proportion. Surface water and ground water are both at risk of arsenic contamination. However, most incidences of high concentrations of arsenic have been reported for ground water, which is the subject of this book. The geochemistry of arsenic in aqueous environments is complex. This book consolidates much of what is known about the geochemistry of arsenic and provides new information on relationships between high concentrations of arsenic in ground water and geochemical environments. The subject matter of this book ranges in scope from molecular-scale geochemical processes that affect the mobility of arsenic in ground water, to arsenic contaminated ground water at the national scale. Chapters were contributed by an international group of research scientists from a broad range of backgrounds.
Information includes reviews of existing thermodynamic data for arsenic containing mineral phases and aqueous arsenic species, factors that affect adsorption of arsenic in common ground water environments, and spectroscopic techniques used to determine the chemical reactions controlling arsenic partitioning between solid and liquid phases at particle-water interfaces. A significant portion of this book is devoted to regions where high concentrations of arsenic in ground waters have a natural source. The original source of arsenic can vary; however, arsenic becomes concentrated in the solid and aqueous phases of an aquifer given appropriate geochemical conditions. Often, high arsenic concentrations in the solid phase become mobile if there is a change in ground water chemistry, either natural or anthropogenically induced. Research presented in this book covers several different geologic settings and provides explanations of the geochemical processes that have caused the arsenic concentrations observed in ground water. In situ remediation of arsenic-contaminated ground water can provide a relatively inexpensive alternative to above ground treatment. One chapter of this book discusses natural remediation of an aquifer where naturally occurring arsenic was mobilized by leachate from a landfill. Two chapters discuss results from field experiments designed to alter aquifer geochemistry in order to remove arsenic from ground water prior to withdrawal.
This book will be of interest to scientists working in the field of arsenic, health professionals interested in arsenic exposure, and water-resource managers and regulators.

This book provides comprehensive coverage of nanocomposite materials obtained by the sol-gel method, from synthesis to applications and including design tools for combining different properties. Sol-gel nanocomposites are of great interest in meeting processing and application requirements for the development of multifunctional materials. These materials are already commercialized for a number of applications from scratch-resistant and anti-adhesive coatings to optical materials with active and passive properties. Biomedical applications, holographic recordings, fuel cells and hydrogen storage, resists and catalysts are among the potential uses. The novel mechanical, optical and electronic properties of nanocomposite materials depend not only on the individual component materials, but also on their morphology and nanoscale interfacial characteristics. Sol-gel is a highly versatile method for obtaining both the matrix and the filler of the nanocomposite and for chemically adjusting the interface to optimize structure and properties. Although nanocomposites are widely discussed in the literature, the focus has been mainly on polymer nanocomposites. This book addresses nanocomposites based on inorganic or hybrid organic-inorganic matrices, with an emphasis on the scientific principles which are the basis for nanocomposite sol-gel synthesis and applications. A didactic approach is followed, with different topics developed from a fundamental point of view together with key examples and case studies. First comprehensive treatment of nanocomposites obtained by sol-gel methods Focuses on nanocomposites with inorganic and hybrid organic-inorganic matrices Describes design tools to optimize structure and properties for various applications Covers synthesis, processing, characterization, and modeling Uses first principles to describe the influence of interfacial characteristics on materials properties Presents case studies for both films and bulk applications Provides examples of products on the market, with descriptions of the scientific principles at the base of their success Includes contributions from recognized leaders in this multidisciplinary area.

This outstanding thesis describes a detailed investigation into the use of low-oxidation-state group 14 complexes in catalysis, developed at the cutting edge of inorganic and organometallic chemistry. It includes the preparation of a number of landmark compounds, some of which challenge our current understanding of metal-metal bonding and low-oxidation-state main group chemistry. Among the many highlights of this thesis, the standout result is the development of the first well-defined, low- oxidation-state main group hydride systems as highly efficient catalysts in the hydroboration of carbonyl substrates, including carbon dioxide, which are as efficient as those observed in more traditional, transition-metal catalyses. These results essentially define a new subdiscipline of chemistry.

This volume presents recent advances and current knowledge in the field of supramolecular assemblies based on electrostatic interactions. The flexibility and simplicity of constructing assemblies is explained via several examples, illustrations, figures, case studies, and historical perspectives. Moreover, as there is an increasing demand for the use of theoretical and computational models of the interaction strengths for assisting with the experimental studies, one chapter specifically focuses on the "modelling'' of supramolecular assemblies. Finally, various aspects of the recent advances of the field as well as potential future opportunities are discussed, with the goal being to stimulate critical discussions among the community and to encourage further discovery. This volume aims to inspire and guide fellow scientists and students working in this field and thus it provides a great tool for all researchers, graduates and professionals specializing on the topic.

Structural Chemistry of Inorganic Actinide Compounds is a collection of 13 reviews on structural and coordination chemistry of actinide compounds. Within the last decade, these compounds have attracted considerable attention because of their importance for radioactive waste management, catalysis, ion-exchange and absorption applications, etc. Synthetic and natural actinide compounds are also of great environmental concern as they form as a result of alteration of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste under Earth surface conditions, during burn-up of nuclear fuel in reactors, represent oxidation products of uranium miles and mine tailings, etc. The actinide compounds are also of considerable interest to material scientists due to the unique electronic properties of actinides that give rise to interesting physical properties controlled by the structural architecture of respective compounds.
The book provides both general overview and review of recent developments in the field, including such emergent topics as nanomaterials and nanoparticles and their relevance to the transfer of actinides under environmental conditions.
* Covers over 2,000 actinide compounds including materials, minerals and coordination polymers
* Summarizes recent achievements in the field
* Some chapters reveal (secret) advances made by the Soviet Union during the 'Cold war'

This collection presents papers from a symposium on extraction of rare metals from primary and secondary materials and residues as well as rare extraction processing techniques used in metal production. Authors cover the extraction of less common or minor metals including elements such as antimony, bismuth, barium, beryllium, boron, calcium, chromium, gallium, germanium, hafnium, indium, manganese, molybdenum, platinum group metals, rare earth metals, rhenium, scandium, selenium, sodium, strontium, tantalum, tellurium, and tungsten. Contributions also discuss rare metals of low-tonnage sales compared to high-tonnage metals (iron, copper, nickel, lead, tin, zinc, or light metals such as aluminum, magnesium, or titanium and electronic metalloid silicon). Authors also cover biometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and electrometallurgy while novel high-temperature processes such as microwave heating, solar-thermal reaction synthesis, and cold crucible synthesis of rare metals are addressed. Also included in this collection is the design of extraction equipment used in these processes from suppliers as well as laboratory and pilot plant studies.

MICHAEL T. POPE AND ACHIM MULLER Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057-2222, U.S.A.; Department of Chemistry, University of Bielefeld, D-4BOO Bielefeld 1, F.R.G. Polyoxometalates, from their discovery and early development in the final decades of the 19th century to their current significance in disciplines as diverse as chemistry, mathematics, and medicine, continue to display surprisingly novel structures, unexpected reactivities and applications, and to attract increasing attention worldwide. Most of the contributors to the present volume participated in the workshop held at the Center for Interdisciplinary Research at the University of Bielefeld, July 15-17, 1992. The choice of topics illustrates some of the variety of directions and fields in which polyoxometalates can play an important role. Although many of the leading polyoxometalate research groups are represented here, we regret that time constraints, financial limitations, and in some cases difficulties of communication did not allow us to include significant and imp- tant work from other groups outside Europe and North America. In the following we briefly review the current status of the field of po- oxometalates.