"One of the Most Valuable Contributions to the History of International Law Yet Made" J.P. Bullington, Yale Law Review This history is divided into three sections. The first, The Age of the Prince, gives the history of fundamental doctrines of international law regulating the intercourse between states on land and sea in peace and war. The second, The Age of the Judge, is chiefly devoted to commercial relations, the development of neutrality and maritime law. The third, The Age of the Concert, addresses the conference method of adjusting international problems, tracing its development and accomplishments from its introduction at the Congress of Vienna through the recently established League of Nations. Much useful information on the social and economic forces that shaped the development of international law is provided. Originally published in 1928, it addresses several issues introduced or modified during the First World War, such as aerial warfare, the right to search neutral shipping and the protection of minorities, and an early assessment of the League of Nations. Sir Geoffrey Butler 1887-1929] was a Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, a Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge and an expert on the procedures of the League of Nations. His books include The Tory Tradition: Bolinbroke, Disrali, Salisbury (1914), A Handbook to the League of Nations (1919, final rev. ed. 1928) and Studies in Statecraft (1920). Simon Maccoby, one of Butler's former students, was a notable historian of English politics and society. A prolific scholar and editor, his most important study is the six-volume English Radicalism (1935-1961). The most striking feature of this work is the method of treatment--quite the most effective which has yet been employed in dealing with the subject. (...) The author rarely, ventures a conclusion or an opinion, but when he does it usually reveals a strong sense of reality, and a thorough knowledge of the meaning of history. The compactness of the work reveals the immense amount of labor which must have been expended in its preparation. (...) Based on a wide knowledge of history, filtered through an objective and realistic brain, this book must take its place as one of the most valuable contributions to the history of international law yet made. J.P. Bullington, Yale Law Review 38 (1828-1929) 843, 845

In a lively narrative that includes fascinating historical research as well up-to-date information on the current effort to combat piracy, this lucidly presented book provides a coherent, practical blueprint for tackling, and perhaps resolving, the international menace of both piracy and terrorism. Attacks on cargo ships along the Somali coast by maritime thieves have recast the image of piracy for the twenty-first century. Gone is the faded sepia image of Captain Kidd and buried treasure. In its place are gangs of seaborne brigands with rocket launchers, who bear a striking resemblance in appearance and actions to terrorists. This compelling study shows that the case for linking piracy and terrorism goes much deeper than shared imagery. In fact, from a legal standpoint piracy may offer civilized society the key to fighting international terrorism. Drawing both from historical examples and the present-day situation in the Gulf of Aden, the author proves that piracy and terrorism are the same crime. If the international community took the logical step of defining terrorists as pirates, these thugs would no longer find a safe harbor and they could be captured wherever they are found under the customary law of universal jurisdiction. Moreover, the current maze of legal restrictions that hampers the prosecution of both pirates and terrorists would be eliminated. Examining measures taken by states over one hundred years ago to stamp out piracy, the author constructs a model law for terrorism based on piracy. He then suggests how such a law for terrorism might transform the hunt for al-Qaeda and other terrorist organizations. It would provide both a precedent and a legal framework for future trials and would facilitate the capture of suspected terrorists around the world.

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This book reviews natural health product laws and regulations for Canada's primary natural health products (NHP) trading partners, namely, Australia, China, France, Germany, Hong Kong, India, USA, United Kingdom, and the European Union and compare them to Canada's natural health product regulations. The study was also undertaken to identify priority areas where policy research should be focussed and then propose strategies to address these selected policy research areas. The Canadian NHP definition was used to compare similar classes of products for these other countries. Further, the major components of the Canadian regulatory framework for NHPs that were used for research purposes were the following: Product Licensing including Standards of Evidence, Site Licensing, Good Manufacturing Practices and Adverse Reaction Reporting. Tables of regulatory information were prepared for each country, providing sections for certain aspects of the Canadian NHP regulatory framework and including the main governmental regulatory authority for each country. This work reveals a fast-paced change and revision of national and international regulations for NHPs such as herbals, vitamins, minerals and homeopathic medicines. Many changes in the European countries were precipitated by the implementation of European Union Directives. Canada's major trading partner, the United States, classifies some NHPs as dietary substances, while other NHPs are under the U.S. FDA's control as non-prescription medicine and homeopathic medicines which are classified as drugs. In the United States, dietary substances require little regulatory scrutiny yet the regulatory environment in the United States is moving toward a more regulated system. Strategies for prioritizing policy research needs in the area of international regulations of Natural Health Products (NHPs) were developed. The priority areas for policy research fell into two main categories: the safety of the products being manufactured and sold to Canadians and processes to facilitate trade between countries. The overall aim for trade development should be to look for methods and means of further harmonization with trading partners and to develop Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRAs).

This scarce antiquarian book is included in our special Legacy Reprint Series. In the interest of creating a more extensive selection of rare historical book reprints, we have chosen to reproduce this title even though it may possibly have occasional imperfections such as missing and blurred pages, missing text, poor pictures, markings, dark backgrounds and other reproduction issues beyond our control. Because this work is culturally important, we have made it available as a part of our commitment to protecting, preserving and promoting the world's literature.

This paper proposes improving anti-dumping 's (AD) procedural institutions by enhancing the quality of public governance in the formulation of AD decisions by national authorities. It further examines the AD practices and laws of China and South Africa, arguing that poor governance in emerging economies contributes to their prolific use of AD, usually disproportionate to their small share of world imports. These economies already maintain higher tariff barriers than industrial countries, so that without effective steps to ensure better governance to restrain the arbitrary and proliferating use of AD, they may lose out significantly on the gains from the trade liberalization for which they have been striving for decades.

Trade negotiations are a topic of growing importance, and the popularity of bilateral and regional trade deals as an alternative to slow negotiations at the World Trade Organization (WTO) is growing. But so is the anti-free trade sentiment among environmental and social-justice associations. Today, an important question is how free trade can be designed in a sustainable way. Based on the theoretical concept of two-level diplomacy, Astrid Fritz Carrapatoso analyzes whether domestic consultations help to further integrate trade-related environmental issues into trade agreements. Because the domestic dimension of international negotiations is often neglected, this study focuses on consultation procedures between the government and interest groups. Determinants for the integration of environmental aspects into trade agreements can thus be worked out. The book is aimed at scholars and students in the field of social sciences, economics, environmental studies, journalists interested in global and regional trade issues as well as environmental themes, politicians dealing with trade and environment issues and NGOs and other interest groups working in the environmental and/or trade sector.

In a broad survey this issue of "Current African Issues" presents a multifaceted picture of the current state of the African economy. After a period of falling per capita incomes that started in the 1970s, Africa finally saw a turnaround from about 1995. The last few years have seen average per capita incomes in Africa grow by above 3 per cent per year on average, partly due to the resource boom but also due to improved economic policies. Africa receives more aid per capita than any other major region in the world and there is a significantly positive effect of aid on growth.One of the most notable aspects of the current process of globalization is the increase in trade between Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, particularly China and India. The authors conclude with a call for policy coherence among donors. The most problematic areas politically for policy change of those discussed in the paper are not aid policy but trade policy and the European Union Common Agricultural Policy. This is a challenge to EU policy makers, since the latter areas are probably the most important to change if we take our commitment to development seriously.

The UK's third statutory trade union recognition procedure appeared to have thrown unions a lifeline following many years of unfavourable legislation and attacks on their immunities. This book suggests that, despite the vast majority of new agreements being voluntary in nature, the statutory provisions do not encourage voluntary negotiations in every case. There is still a resistant trend towards unions generally even if recognition cases vary in terms of employer orientations. This book identifies weaknesses in the procedure allowing employers to use this ambiguous state regulation as a means of avoiding recognition, but also suggests that opposition is not extensive. The book identifies how despite reacting to the provisions in a proactive manner certain union strategies may actually hinder recognition. Debates have centred on whether the promotion of cooperative relations might marginalize unions. The book suggests that unions are often reactive to employers' agendas resulting in a restricted role. Although limited roles may subsequently lead to a greater involvement. This book would be of particular interest to industrial relations and HRM academics, practitioners and unions alike.

HOW THE CITY OF HAMILTON AND THE ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL LICENCE BUREAU CONSPIRED TO STEAL TWO U.S. NAVY WARSHIPS FROM THE PEOPLE OF THE WORLD. The War of 1812 was ravaging the countryside when two U.S. Navy warships - the Hamilton and the Scourge - foundered in Lake Ontario in a sudden nighttime squall. Seventy American sailors drowned in darkness. Both shipwrecks were discovered off Port Dalhousie, Ontario in 1975. Factions within the U.S. Navy immediately asserted American ownership. In 1979, title to the wrecks was transferred from the Navy to the Royal Ontario Museum, which, like a clearing house, quickly transferred title to the City of Hamilton. As a condition of custody, the City promised to conduct scientific studies and archaeological assessments of the sites, after which it would consider the possibility of raising the wrecks as tourist attractions. Now, a quarter of a century later, the City has done absolutely nothing to honor its pledge. Worse, it has taken an active stance in preventing others from conducting studies. After twenty-five years of apathetic treatment, the wrecks are still rotting away on the lake bed, suffering from the ravages of zebra mussels and inevitable natural decay. Stolen Heritage is the saga of one Americans attempt to visit these relics of his countrys heritage - a heritage that was usurped by bureaucratic fiat. Those who control these historic sites would rather see them decompose than permit anyone - including Americans - to see or photograph them. This book is a story of conspiracy, double dealing, lies, and deceit: an ugly trip through the political machinations of the City of Hamiltons corrupt bureaucrats, and the manipulations of individualswithin the Ontario Archaeological Licence Bureau.

Since the 1970s, securitization has become a major financial technique in the international financial arena. Most developed countries and some developing countries utilize it for financing and hedging credit risks. After the Basel II Accord was released in June 2004, true sale securitization transactions play an increasingly important role for banks to find cheap funding and therefore to gain or increase their competitiveness. All member states of the European Union will implement the Basel II Accord into their domestic laws. German banks and the German Federal Ministry of Finance are seeking new methods and policies to support them. The incentive for this study is provided by the similarities between the German and Chinese financial system. In addition, due to China's commitments to the World Trade Organization (WTO) China is under huge pressures to open its financial market to foreign banks. Analyzing the legal obstacles that lie in true sale securitization transactions in Germany, I will draw some useful conclusions for developing securitization in China.

Russia's accession negotiations to the WTO have been dragging on for over a decade. An exact entry date has not been set as of the time of this writing. Various challenges remain which leave the largest accession candidate and former communist country as one of the few states outside the world trading system. What are the key challenges that need solving? Is there a linkage to the country's economic past? Do political reasons play a role? The author introduces the topic by giving a comprehensive introduction to the WTO system as well as the formal accession process. Following a detailed analysis of the economic transition process, including the elements of liberalization, privatization, stabilization and institutional building gives an idea of Russia's economic particularities. Based on these findings, the investigation into Russia's current condition in the accession process gives an in-depth view of the country's current economic situation, its trading system and the challenged that need solving before becoming a member of the WTO. The book addresses university students, in particular in the field of economics and international studies, scholars and people interested in the topic of the international trading system.

This scarce antiquarian book is included in our special Legacy Reprint Series. In the interest of creating a more extensive selection of rare historical book reprints, we have chosen to reproduce this title even though it may possibly have occasional imperfections such as missing and blurred pages, missing text, poor pictures, markings, dark backgrounds and other reproduction issues beyond our control. Because this work is culturally important, we have made it available as a part of our commitment to protecting, preserving and promoting the world's literature.

This scarce antiquarian book is included in our special Legacy Reprint Series. In the interest of creating a more extensive selection of rare historical book reprints, we have chosen to reproduce this title even though it may possibly have occasional imperfections such as missing and blurred pages, missing text, poor pictures, markings, dark backgrounds and other reproduction issues beyond our control. Because this work is culturally important, we have made it available as a part of our commitment to protecting, preserving and promoting the world's literature.

The delayed development of the Islamic world, in defiance of the formulaic approaches long favored by economists, suggests that the traditional Sharia and Islamic values and principles are at least partially responsible for the region's persistent backwardness. By analyzing the impact of the legal regime of the Sharia on Saudi Arabia during the Arab Oil Bust of the 1980s, this thesis concludes that Islamic social values and the Sharia's de facto role as an uncodified pre-emptive Arab common law implemented with high regard to precedent by ulama with extraordinary power of judicial review had the effect of accentuating the effects of the Oil Bust, making the theory of the Petrocurse a subset of a larger Cost of Being Muslim. On the other hand, the author concludes that not only is the Sharia not constrained by its nature to playing a deleterious economic role, but that it has broad commercial application, both domestically and internationally, and a new generation of more flexible Muslim economists, lawyers, and financial theorists have pointed the way toward a possible comprehensive modern adaptation of Islamic laws and principles.