This volume provides an abundance of valuable first-hand information about the diversity, biology, ecology culture of the portunid crabs of the word seas. Marine crabs play an important role directly or indirectly in the livelihood of millions of people around the world. They have been reported to make up about 20% of all marine crustaceans caught, farmed, and consumed worldwide. Among these marine crabs, portunid crabs (or swimming crabs of the family Portunidae) assume greater significance in the marine industry, owing to their delicate meat with nutritional qualities. Although several species of portunid crabs are edible and commercially important, only a few species have been widely cultivated. This is largely due to the lack of information on the biology of portunid crabs. Keeping this in view, this volume presents the biology and aquaculture of marine portunid crabs. This volume will be of great use for researchers and students of disciplines such as fisheries science, marine biology, aquatic biology and fisheries, and zoology, and will also serve as a standard reference for college, university, and research libraries around the world.

It was gratifying to be invited to prepare a third edition of this book, which first appeared in 1951. Preliminary discussions with the publishers, however, revealed a considerable challenge in the present high costs of printing, so that changes and some improvements were clearly necessary to justify the venture. It was immediately apparent that the chapter on chemical control measures would have to be substantially re-written, because of the great changes in usage due to resistance and the regulations introduced to prevent environmental pollution. Also, I decided to expand the scope of the book by increased coverage of the pests of continental Europe and North America, including some new figures and keys in the Appendix. These two undertakings resulted in considerable expansion in length, with about 370 new references and 250 additional specific names in the Index. In order to avoid too alarming an increase in price, I decided to sacrifice three chapters from the earlier editions: those dealing with the structure and classification of insects, their anatomy and physiology, and their ecology. Readers who require basic biological information on insects should buy one of the various short introductions to entomology available.

Courses on the invertebrates have two principal aims: (1) to introduce students to the diversity of animal life and (2) to make them aware that organisms are marvellously integrated systems with evolutionary pasts and ecological presents. This text is concerned exclusively with the second aim and assumes that the reader will already know something about the diversity and classification of invertebrates. Concepts of whole-organism function, metabolism and adaptation form the core of the subject-matter and this is also considered in an ecological setting. Hence, the approach is multi-disciplinary, drawing from principles normally restricted to comparative morphology and physiology, ecology and evolutionary biology. Invertebrate courses, as with all others in a science curriculum, also have another aim - to make students aware of the general methods of science. And these I take to be associated with the so-calledhypothetico deductive programme. Here, therefore, I make a conscious effort to formulate simple, some might say naive, hypotheses and to confront them with quantitative data from the real world. There are, for example, as many graphs in the book as illustrations of animals. My aim, though, has not been to test out the principles of Darwinism, but rather to sharpen our focus on physiological adaptations, given the assumption that Darwinism is approximately correct. Whether or not I succeed remains for the reader to decide."

An analysis of the particular topics in biological control programmes all over the world indicates an increased interest in the utilization of aphid parasites. Besides the so-called traditional biological control of introduced aphids, there appears a situation which could perhaps be called a renaissance of biocontrol, i. e. the utilization of biotic agents against insecticide-resistant populations of aphid pests. The rapid increase in the amount of information as well as the necessity of syntheti cal papers are the well-known features in today's entomology. This requirement is much more topical in the groups where brief summarized information is needed for research workers in applied branches. The author has been well aware of all these difficulties and requirements owing to his own experience both in basic and applied research. Several years ago he decided to summarize our knowledge on the aphid parasites of the world by elaborating synthetical studies on the particular zoogeographical areas. These papers have been intended to represent annotated reviews of the parasite fauna, distribution, biologies and utilization in aphid pest management, with keys to genera and species, hos- parasite catalogue, and a list of references added. Naturally, these studies are only relatively updated, with respect to a certain deadline from which the research may be further continued. At present, the Far East Asian and the Mediterranean areas have been reviewed in this or at least in a similar manner.

The authors are two of the best taxonomic experts in crustacean decapods, who have established the actual taxonomy and systematic of numerous and important groups of decapods. They have introduced new views and approaches on the taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of these crustaceans. This international edition adds diagnoses and identification keys to all world families and genera: this information simply doesn't exist in any other book. During the last decade, the world register of marine species (WORMS) has created the list of known species and promoted the publication of numerous compilations on crustacean decapods. However, except specialists of each taxa, very few colleagues can identify correctly the new families and genera - there are no keys to these new groups. This book is the first to contain these world keys and is therefore a life rope for students, marine biologists, taxonomists and naturalists. The mixture of taxonomic line drawings, color illustrations and images of real-life specimens is extremely helpful for identification, especially when working in the field.

There has been a considerable upsurge in interest in insect bio chemistry and physiology in recent years and this has been reflected in a notable expansion in the number of original papers in this field. Whereas insect physiology has tended to receive ample attention from reviewers, the same has not always been true for the more biochemical aspects of insect research. This book is a venture to help redress the balance. No attempt has been made to cover all aspects of insect biochemistry, but rather a few topics have been selected which seemed to us to merit a review at the present time. One reason for this increased interest in insect biochemistry is perhaps the growing realization that insects can be very useful organisms to act as model systems for the experimental study of general biochemical principles. One remembers, for instance, that Keilin's perceptive observations on the flight muscles of living bees and wax moths led to his discovery of the cytochromes. The fundamental unity of biochemistry has long been accepted as a dogma by the faithful and the insect kingdom provides no exception to it. The main biochemical processes in insects are being revealed as essentially the same as in other life forms but, as so often found in comparative biochemistry, there are interesting variations on the central theme."

In his preface to early editions of this book, the late Dr. A. D. Imms said that he intended it to be an elementary account of entomology as a branch of general biology. He had especiaHy in mind the needs of university students of zoology and agriculture, as weH as those intending later to specialize in entomology, and he suggested that the book might also interest teachers of advanced biology in schools. These general aims and the balance between the different aspects of the subject have changed linIe in this and in our previous revision. We have, however, tried to bring the present edition up to date on the lines of our revised tenth edition of Imms' General Textbook 0/ Entomology, published in 1977. The text has been entirely re-set and eleven illustrations have been replaced by new figures. The same orders of insects are recognized as in the last edition, but the sequence in which the Endopterygote groups appear has been changed to reflect more accurately their probable evolutionary relationships. Many small changes and some addi tions have been made in the physiological sections, the chapter on the origin and phylogeny of insects has been rewritten, and a new bibliography provides a selection of modern references for the in tending specialist. It has been our object to make these alterations without materially increasing the length of the book or its level of difficulty."

seem as appropriate now as the original balance was when Dr A. D. Imms' textbook was first published over fifty years ago. There are 35 new figures, all based on published illustrations, the sources of which are acknowledged in the captions. We are grateful to the authors concerned and also to Miss K. Priest of Messrs Chapman & Hall, who saved us from many errors and omissions, and to Mrs R. G. Davies for substantial help in preparing the bibliographies and checking references. London O.W.R. May 1976 R.G.D. Part I ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Chapter I INTRODUCTION Definition of the Insecta (Hexapoda) The insects are tracheate arthropods in which the body is divided into head, thorax and abdomen. A single pair of antennae (homologous with the anten nules of the Crustacea) is present and the head also bears a pair of mandibles and two pairs of maxillae, the second pair fused medially to form the labium. The thorax carries three pairs of legs and usually one or two pairs of wings. The abdomen is devoid of ambulatory appendages, and the genital opening is situated near the posterior end of the body. Postembryonic development is rarely direct and a metamorphosis usually occurs."

This title offers a guide to the world of arthropods, covering many insect orders, including beetles, flies, stick insects, dragonflies, ants and wasps, as well as microscopic creatures. It provides a fascinating overview of insects and spiders, including their habitats and classification, all shown in over 195 beautiful photographs and illustrations. All aspects of insect life are covered, such as the way insects defend themselves and how they are able to jump, leap and fly. It describes cryptic coloration, and the way insects can use camouflage to blend into their background and escape attack from predators. It offers various methods of feeding are discussed, from biting and chewing to lapping, sucking, piercing and filter feeding, according to their different mouthparts. It outlines their useful role in pollination of crops, production of honey, and removing insect pests. In the arthropoda phylum, insects are one of the most successful species, and spiders are one of the largest groups. This book studies how they organize their lives. The first section provides information of every aspect of insect life: evolution, anatomy, life cycles, flight and social organization. The last section describes the 30 orders within the class Insecta, demonstrating the huge variety of insects, from microscopic creatures to giant stick insects and large beetles. Typical features of insects in each order are highlighted. With expert text, illustrations and clear photographs, this guide will be enjoyed by all who take an interest in natural history.

Covering 100 years of zoological research, the Handbook of Zoology represents a vast store of knowledge. Handbook of Zoology provides an in-depth treatment of the entire animal kingdom covering both invertebrates and vertebrates. It publishes comprehensive overviews on animal systematics and morphology and covers extensively further aspects like physiology, behavior, ecology and applied zoological research. Although our knowledge regarding many taxonomic groups has grown enormously over the last decades, it is still the objective of the Handbook of Zoology to be comprehensive in the sense that text and references together provide a solid basis for further research. Editors and authors seek a balance between describing species richness and diversity, explaining the importance of certain groups in a phylogenetic context and presenting a review of available knowledge and up-to-date references. New contributions to the series present the combined effort of an international team of editors and authors, entirely published in English and tailored to the needs of the international scientific community. Upcoming volumes and projects in progress include volumes on Annelida (Volumes 1-3), Bryozoa, Mammalia, Miscellaneous Invertebrates, Nannomecoptera, Neomecoptera and Strepsiptera and are followed later by fishes, reptiles and further volumes on mammals. Background The renowned German reference work Handbook of Zoology was founded in the 1920's by Professor Willi Kukenthal in Berlin and treated the complete animal kingdom from single cell organisms to mammals in eight thematic volumes: Volume I Protozoa, Porifera, Colenteratea, Mesozoa (1925); Volume II Vermes (1933/34); Volume III Arthropoda ex. Insecta (1927/1932); Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta; Volume V Solenogastres, Mollusca, Echinoderma (1925); Volume VI Pisces / Amphibia (1930); Volume VII Reptilia / Aves (1931); Volume VIII Mammalia. The Volumes IV Arthropoda: Insecta and VII Mammalia continued publication into the present with the most recent contributions in English language. Adapting to the accelerating speed of scientific discovery in the past decades the Handbook of Zoology entered a next phase in 2010. In the new edition of the Handbook of Zoology, the original eight thematic volumes gave way for smaller and more flexible groupings that reflect the current state of phylogenetic knowledge. All subsequent volumes were published in print as well as e-book format. The Handbook of Zoology is additionally offered as a database, the Handbook of Zoology Online, which can easily be searched and rapidly updated. Original Handbook material (ca. 28 000 pages) has been reordered along taxonomic (instead of bibliographical) categories and forms the historical basis of this Online Reference Work. As a living Online Reference, the content is continuously updated and new content added. The material can be accessed through taxonomic and subject categories as well as free text, with a diversity of linking and search options. Faster publication times through online-first publication, reference- and cross-linking, and make the Handbook of Zoology highly attractive to both authors and users.

When Patrick A. Buxton was appointed by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in 1926 to head their Department of Medical Entomology, he had formed the opinion that the control of the insect-borne diseases of the tropics was being impeded by lack of knowledge about the physiology of insects. He persuaded the Board of Management to agree to the selection of a lecturer who would endeavour to advance the subject of insect physiology; and at the suggestion of Sir Gowland Hopkins, under whom I had worked at Cambridge, and with the support of Sir Walter Morley Fletcher, Secretary of the Medical Research Council and a member of the Board of Management, I was appointed to this post - with opportunity for extensive travel to study medical entomology in the tropics and with abundant time for research. Some seventeen years later, during the war years, W. W. C. Topley, as Secretary of the Agricultural Research Council, was faced with the urgent need for improved methods of control of insect pests in agriculture and horticulture by insecticidal or other means. As a support for this objective he recommended the establishment of a Unit of Insect Physiology to carry out basic research which would be of potential value to agriculture; and I was invited to act as director. So once again I was able to undertake world-wide travel - to learn the elements of agricultural entomology.

seem as appropriate now as the original balance was when Dr A. D. Imms' textbook was first published over fifty years ago. There are 35 new figures, all based on published illustrations, the sources of which are acknowledged in the captions. We are grateful to the authors concerned and also to Miss K. Priest of Messrs Chapman & Hall, who saved us from many errors and omissions, and to Mrs R. G. Davies for substantial help in preparing the bibliographies and checking references. O. W. R. London R. G. D. May 1976 Part III THEORDERSOFINSECTS THE CLASSIFICATION AND PHYLOGENY OFINSECTS The classification of insects has passed through many changes and with the growth of detailed knowledge an increasing number of orders has come to be recognized. Handlirsch (1908) and Wilson and Doner (1937) have reviewed the earlier attempts at classification, among which the schemes of Brauer (1885), Sharp (1899) and Borner (1904) did much to define the more distinctive recent orders. In 1908 Handlirsch published a more revolutionary system, incorporating recent and fossil forms, which gave the Collembola, Thysanura and Diplura the status of three independent Arthropodan classes and considered as separate orders such groups as the Sialoidea, Raphidioidea, Heteroptera and Homoptera. He also split up the old order Orthoptera, gave its components ordinal rank and regrouped them with some of the other orders into a subclass Orthopteroidea and another subclass Blattaeformia.

An analysis of the particular topics in biological control programmes all over the world indicates an increased interest in the utilization of aphid parasites. Besides the so-called traditional biological control of introduced aphids, there appears a situation which could perhaps be called a renaissance of biocontrol, i. e. the utilization of biotic agents against insecticide-resistant populations of aphid pests. The rapid increase in the amount of information as well as the necessity of syntheti- cal papers are the well-known features in today's entomology. This requirement is much more topical in the groups where brief summarized information is needed for research workers in applied branches. The author has been well aware of all these difficulties and requirements owing to his own experience both in basic and applied research. Several years ago he decided to summarize our knowledge on the aphid parasites of the world by elaborating synthetical studies on the particular zoogeographical areas.These papers have been intended to represent annotated reviews of the parasite fauna, distribution, biologies and utilization in aphid pest management, with keys to genera and species, hos- parasite catalogue, and a list of references added. Naturally, these studies are only relatively updated, with respect to a certain deadline from which the research may be further continued. At present, the Far East Asian and the Mediterranean areas have been reviewed in this or at least in a similar manner.

In past years there have been several unsuccessful attempts to arrange a symposium on Trichoptera. Letters from fellow workers suggested that now might be an appropriate time, and that a symposium should be held in Lunz. Today it is clear that large congresses are losing their value because of the difficulty of attending all relevant lectures and of finding colleagues. In consequence, small symposia for specialist groups are becoming increasingly important. As I felt that the success of such a symposium must depend on the suggestions from its potential members, I sent out in April 1973, together with a first circular, a questionnaire, asking for opinions on time and length of the symposium, numbers of participants, types of communication, interests within Trichopterology, and lan guages which should be used. The majority of answers suggested the following: The number of participants should be between 20 and 50, and the duration, excluding excursions, should be three to five days; main interests were in ecology and systematics, but there were also interests in physiology, behaviour, zoogeography, morphology, cytotaxonomy and evolution. There was a clear preference for local excursions. Languages should be English, French and German, with a preference for English. The symposium should consist of both formal papers and informal progress reports, with adequate time for discussion. The arrangements have therefore been based on these results."

Diseases of insects are important factors reducing the number of insects in natural populations. They are density dependent and they act especially under conditions of outbreaks and close contact of susceptible hosts. They are im portant allies of man in his effort to replace toxic chemicals with non-toxic, biological means in the conservation of the environment of mankind. The importance of diseases as reducing factors has often been disregarded in studies on insect ecology and population dynamics. Most cases of mortality in carefully watched experiments have simply been characterized as "natural mortality," neglecting the fact that there is no "natural" mortality before the insects have finished their life assignment, the deposition of their eggs. The environmental factors including the pathogens are responsible for any other than natural mortality of the larvae, pupae and young adults of the pests. It is rather difficult to distinguish the different symptoms of a disease in insects. Therefore they are not noticed and their influence on populations is overlooked. We feel that a series of photographs of different stages of a collection of insect diseases could help such workers in a general orientation and we are sure from own experience that each specialist needs some broader oriented guide for the fields bordering his own homeland."

entiated free-living organism (larva), which is The success of the Insecta as a class (nearly extensively destroyed and rebuilt into a mor 1 million spp.; phylum Arthropoda) is largely phologically different form (adult) suitable for due to their adaptability to profoundly different ecological niches. Insects have attracted the life in a different ecological niche, is controlled attention of scientists both as useful model by a single genome. This is probably the most systems for the study of many basic biological dramatic reorganization of a growing animal phenomena, and also for the rational develop known. Certain carefully selected insect ment of new methods of controlling the pest material can, thus, provide suitable model species. As a class, insects have played an systems for developmental studies. important role in the elucidation of numerous The majority of the individual metabolic basic biochemical phenomena. For example, reactions occurring in insects are similar to work on the genetic control of eye pigment those found in other groups of organisms."

by Professor L. E. Eastham Formerly Professor of Zoology in the University of Sheffield Most books are written with the intention of supplying some particular need, but few end with such single purpose. Mrs. Mellanby's is no exception, for while the author planned this work to serve as a guide to the school pupil, which function it fulfils in an admirable way, it will also prove of value to the teacher, the university student and the amateur naturalist. While it may be argued that it is not the function of the Uni versities to teach Natural History in the commonly accepted sense, it will always be the aim of Zoologists to know more about animals, what they are and do, where they live and why they live in particular environments. It is unfortunate, in view of the fact that the majority of students of Zoology enter the teaching pro fession, that the increasing load of instruction in morphology, physiology, cytology, genetics, evolution and the like frequently makes a personal study of animal life in relation to environment almost impossible. The fortunate ones visit the sea for a fort night's course in Marine Ecology; the others take posts in schools without even this respite and set about converting their academic learning to a school curriculum. The result is an undesirable and often slavish imitation of university method in the school class room."

Tableau des abreviations du glossaire . 9 Glossaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Annexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Annexe 1. Liste alphab6tique des termes synonymes 75 Annexe 2. Notations, abreviations, lettres grecques, signes symbo- ques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 . . . . Annexe 3. Notations differentes de la litterature opilioacarologique. 85 Annexe 4. La terminologie anglaise (avec les references aux termes franc;ais) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 . . . . Annexe 5. La terminologie allemande (avec les references aux termes franc;ais) . . . . . . . . 95 Annexe 6. Bibliographie . . . . . . 101 Annexe 7. Tableaux, figures, planches . 105 INTRODUCTION Dans son important travail sur Opilioacarus segmentatus With, Grandjean (1936) remarquait que la terminologie joue un role capital dans Ie develop pement des sciences, et que la rendre precise et uniforme dans la classe des Arachnides serait un tres grand progreso En novembre 1967, quand on parlait chez lui, a Geneve, de la possibilite d'organiser des reunions d'acaro logues de langue fran9aise, Grandjean lui. meme nous suggerait de profiter de ces contacts pour jeter les bases d'un glossaire de la terminologie acaro logique; un tel glossaire pourrait contribuer a l'usage et a la propagation d'une terminologie plus generale. La Societe des Acarologues de Langue Fran9aise (fondee en 1968) crea a cet effet une commission (dont j'etais Ie responsable), et la preparation de plusieurs parties de ce glossaire (la partie generale et la partie sur les Opilioacarides, entre autres) me furent confiees. Le present travail, complet en soi-meme, constitue une des parties de ce glossaire (suivant Ie projet general il y aura une partie generale et huit parties speciales, une pour chaque ordre des Acariens)."

Packed with beautiful scenes showing butterflies of the world flitting among flowers. Simply brush water over the black and white designs to watch the butterflies burst into a rainbow of colours.

Readers familiar with the first three editions of Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates (edited by J.H. Thorp and A.P. Covich) will welcome the comprehensive revision and expansion of that trusted professional reference manual and educational textbook from a single North American tome into a developing multi-volume series covering inland water invertebrates of the world. The series entitled Thorp and Covich's Freshwater Invertebrates (edited by J.H. Thorp) begins with the current Volume I: Ecology and General Biology (edited by J.H. Thorp and D.C. Rogers), which is designed as a companion volume for the remaining books in the series. Those following volumes provide taxonomic coverage for specific zoogeographic regions of the world, starting with Keys to Nearctic Fauna (Vol. II) and Keys to Palaearctic Fauna (Vol. III). Volume I maintains the ecological and general biological focus of the previous editions but now expands coverage globally in all chapters, includes more taxonomic groups (e.g., chapters on individual insect orders), and covers additional functional topics such as invasive species, economic impacts, and functional ecology. As in previous editions, the 4th edition of Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates is designed for use by professionals in universities, government agencies, and private companies as well as by undergraduate and graduate students.

There has been a considerable upsurge in interest in insect bio chemistry and physiology in recent years and this has been reflected in a notable expansion in the number of original papers in this field. Whereas insect physiology has tended to receive ample attention from reviewers, the same has not always been true for the more of insect research. This book is a venture to help biochemical aspects redress the balance. No attempt has been made to cover all aspects of insect biochemistry, but rather a few topics have been selected which seemed to us to merit a review at the present time. One reason for this increased interest in insect biochemistry is perhaps the growing realization that insects can be very useful organisms to act as model systems for the experimental study of general biochemical principles. One remembers, for instance, that Keilin's perceptive observations on the flight muscles of living bees and wax moths led to his discovery of the cytochromes. The fundamental unity of biochemistry has long been accepted as a dogma by the faithful and the insect kingdom provides no exception to it. The main biochemical processes in insects are being revealed as essentially the same as in other life forms but, as so often found in comparative biochemistry, there are interesting variations on the central theme.

'Brilliant, Fantastic and Significant' - Dr George McGavin Ants are seemingly everywhere, and this familiarity has led to some contemptuous and less than helpful stereotypes. In this compelling insight into the natural and cultural history of ants, Richard Jones helps to unravel some of the myths and misunderstanding surrounding their remarkable behaviours. Ant aggregations in large (often mind-bogglingly huge) nests are a complex mix of genetics, chemistry, geography and higher social interaction. Their forage trails - usually to aphid colonies but occasionally into the larder - are maintained by a wondrous alchemy of molecular scents and markers. Their social colony structure confused natural philosophers of old and still taxes the modern biologist today. Beginning the book with a straightforward look at ant morphology, Jones then explores the ant species found in the British Isles and parts of nearby mainland Europe, their foraging, nesting, navigating and battle instincts, how ants interact with the landscape, their evolution, and their place in our understanding of how life on earth works. Alongside this, he explores the complex relationship between humans and ants, and how ants went from being the subject of fables and moral storytelling to become popular research tools. Drawing on up-to-date science and featuring striking colour photographs throughout, this book presents a convincing case for why ants are worth our greater recognition and respect.

It is now generally accepted for a variety of reasons - morphological as well as physiologica- that the visual systems of arthropods provide a suitable model for the study of information proces sing in neuronal networks. Unlike the neurophysiology of the visual pathway in the frog and the cat which is more than adequately documented, recent work on the compound eye and optical ganglia of spiders, crustaceans, and insects has scarcely been summarized. In order to fill this void so that others, especially vertebrate neurophysiologists may become familiar with the advan tages of these systems, our group at Zurich University organized here in March 1972, a European meeting to discuss the anatomical. ! neurophysiological and behavioral knowledge on the compound eye and the visual. pathway of arthropods. Systems analysis was regarded as the main theme of the conference, but systems analysis of a network of neurons cannot be done as a mere "black-box" maneuver. The conference therefore tried to reconcile neurophysiology and behavioral analysis in order to make predictions about a necessary and sufficient neural structure. The "wiring dia grams" of such a structure might then be confirmed histologically. Hence the aim of the conferen ce was not to deal only with the structure and function of the compound eye - i. e.