Variational Inequalities and Frictional Contact Problems contains a carefully selected collection of results on elliptic and evolutionary quasi-variational inequalities including existence, uniqueness, regularity, dual formulations, numerical approximations and error estimates ones. By using a wide range of methods and arguments, the results are presented in a constructive way, with clarity and well justified proofs. This approach makes the subjects accessible to mathematicians and applied mathematicians. Moreover, this part of the book can be used as an excellent background for the investigation of more general classes of variational inequalities. The abstract variational inequalities considered in this book cover the variational formulations of many static and quasi-static contact problems. Based on these abstract results, in the last part of the book, certain static and quasi-static frictional contact problems in elasticity are studied in an almost exhaustive way. The readers will find a systematic and unified exposition on classical, variational and dual formulations, existence, uniqueness and regularity results, finite element approximations and related optimal control problems. This part of the book is an update of the Signorini problem with nonlocal Coulomb friction, a problem little studied and with few results in the literature. Also, in the quasi-static case, a control problem governed by a bilateral contact problem is studied. Despite the theoretical nature of the presented results, the book provides a background for the numerical analysis of contact problems. The materials presented are accessible to both graduate/under graduate students and to researchers in applied mathematics, mechanics, and engineering. The obtained results have numerous applications in mechanics, engineering and geophysics. The book contains a good amount of original results which, in this unified form, cannot be found anywhere else.

The term "soft computing" applies to variants of and combinations under the four broad categories of evolutionary computing, neural networks, fuzzy logic, and Bayesian statistics. Although each one has its separate strengths, the complem- tary nature of these techniques when used in combination (hybrid) makes them a powerful alternative for solving complex problems where conventional mat- matical methods fail. The use of intelligent and soft computing techniques in the field of geo- chanical and pavement engineering has steadily increased over the past decade owing to their ability to admit approximate reasoning, imprecision, uncertainty and partial truth. Since real-life infrastructure engineering decisions are made in ambiguous environments that require human expertise, the application of soft computing techniques has been an attractive option in pavement and geomecha- cal modeling. The objective of this carefully edited book is to highlight key recent advances made in the application of soft computing techniques in pavement and geo- chanical systems. Soft computing techniques discussed in this book include, but are not limited to: neural networks, evolutionary computing, swarm intelligence, probabilistic modeling, kernel machines, knowledge discovery and data mining, neuro-fuzzy systems and hybrid approaches. Highlighted application areas include infrastructure materials modeling, pavement analysis and design, rapid interpre- tion of nondestructive testing results, porous asphalt concrete distress modeling, model parameter identification, pavement engineering inversion problems, s- grade soils characterization, and backcalculation of pavement layer thickness and moduli.

Information security and copyright protection are more important today than before. Digital watermarking is one of the widely used techniques used in the world in the area of information security. This book introduces a number of digital watermarking techniques and is divided into four parts. The first part introduces the importance of watermarking techniques and intelligent technology. The second part includes a number of watermarking techniques. The third part includes the hybrid watermarking techniques and the final part presents conclusions. This book is directed to students, professors, researchers and application engineers who are interested in the area of information security.

later versions. In addition, the CD-ROM contains a complete solutions manual that includes detailed solutions to all the problems in the book. If the reader does not wish to consult these solutions, then a brief list of answers is provided in printed form at the end of the book. Iwouldliketothankmyfamilymembersfortheirhelpandcontinuedsupportwi- out which this book would not have been possible. I would also like to acknowledge the help of the editior at Springer-Verlag (Dr. Thomas Ditzinger) for his assistance in bringing this book out in its present form. Finally, I would like to thank my brother, Nicola, for preparing most of the line drawings in both editions. In this edition, I am providing two email addresses for my readers to contact me (pkattan@tedata. net. jo and pkattan@lsu. edu). The old email address that appeared in the ?rst edition was cancelled in 2004. December 2006 Peter I. Kattan PrefacetotheFirstEdition 3 This is a book for people who love ?nite elements and MATLAB . We will use the popular computer package MATLAB as a matrix calculator for doing ?nite element analysis. Problems will be solved mainly using MATLAB to carry out the tedious and lengthy matrix calculations in addition to some manual manipulations especially when applying the boundary conditions. In particular the steps of the ?nite element method are emphasized in this book. The reader will not ?nd ready-made MATLAB programsforuseasblackboxes. Insteadstep-by-stepsolutionsof?niteelementpr- lems are examined in detail using MATLAB.

This volume contains the articles presented at the 21st International Meshing Roundtable (IMR) organized, in part, by Sandia National Laboratories and was held on October 7-10, 2012 in San Jose, CA, USA. The first IMR was held in 1992, and the conference series has been held annually since. Each year the IMR brings together researchers, developers, and application experts in a variety of disciplines, from all over the world, to present and discuss ideas on mesh generation and related topics. The technical papers in this volume present theoretical and novel ideas and algorithms with practical potential, as well as technical applications in science and engineering, geometric modeling, computer graphics, and visualization.

The latest state of simulation techniques to model plasticity and fracture in crystalline materials on the nano- and microscale is presented. Discrete dislocation mechanics and the neighbouring fields molecular dynamics and crystal plasticity are central parts. The physical phenomena, the theoretical basics, their mathematical description and the simulation techniques are introduced and important problems from the formation of dislocation structures to fatigue and fracture from the nano- to microscale as well as it 's impact on the macro behaviour are considered.

The use of computational methods in statistics to face complex problems and highly dimensional data, as well as the widespread availability of computer technology, is no news. The range of applications, instead, is unprecedented. As often occurs, new and complex data types require new strategies, demanding for the development of novel statistical methods and suggesting stimulating mathematical problems. This book is addressed to researchers working at the forefront of the statistical analysis of complex systems and using computationally intensive statistical methods.

The main goal of the book is a coherent treatment of the theory of propagation in materials of nonlinearly elastic waves of displacements, which corresponds to one modern line of development of the nonlinear theory of elastic waves.
The book is divided on five basic parts: the necessary information on waves and materials; the necessary information on nonlinear theory of elasticity and elastic materials; analysis of one-dimensional nonlinear elastic waves of displacement - longitudinal, vertically and horizontally polarized transverse plane nonlinear elastic waves of displacement; analysis of one-dimensional nonlinear elastic waves of displacement - cylindrical and torsional nonlinear elastic waves of displacement; analysis of two-dimensional nonlinear elastic waves of displacement - Rayleigh and Love nonlinear elastic surface waves.
The book is addressed first of all to people working in solid mechanics - from the students at an advanced undergraduate and graduate level to the scientists, professionally interesting in waves. But mechanics is understood in the broad sense, when it includes mechanical and other engineering, material science, applied mathematics and physics and so forth. The genesis of this book can be found in author's years of research and teaching while a head of department at SP Timoshenko Institute of Mechanics (National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine), a member of Center for Micro and Nanomechanics at Engineering School of University of Aberdeen (Scotland) and a professor at Physical-Mathematical Faculty of National Technical University of Ukraine "KPI."
The book comprises 11 chapters. Each chapter is complemented by exercises, which can be used for the next development of the theory of nonlinear waves.

Foundations of Computational Intelligence Volume 4: Bio-Inspired Data Mining Theoretical Foundations and Applications Recent advances in the computing and electronics technology, particularly in sensor devices, databases and distributed systems, are leading to an exponential growth in the amount of data stored in databases. It has been estimated that this amount doubles every 20 years. For some applications, this increase is even steeper. Databases storing DNA sequence, for example, are doubling their size every 10 months. This growth is occurring in several applications areas besides bioinformatics, like financial transactions, government data, environmental mo- toring, satellite and medical images, security data and web. As large organizations recognize the high value of data stored in their databases and the importance of their data collection to support decision-making, there is a clear demand for - phisticated Data Mining tools. Data mining tools play a key role in the extraction of useful knowledge from databases. They can be used either to confirm a parti- lar hypothesis or to automatically find patterns. In the second case, which is - lated to this book, the goal may be either to describe the main patterns present in dataset, what is known as descriptive Data Mining or to find patterns able to p- dict behaviour of specific attributes or features, known as predictive Data Mining. While the first goal is associated with tasks like clustering, summarization and association, the second is found in classification and regression problems.

This volume chronicles the high impact research career of Harvey Greenberg (1940-2018), and in particular, it reviews historical contributions, presents current research projects, and suggests future pursuits. This volume addresses several of his most distinguished hallmarks, including model analysis, model generation, infeasibility diagnosis, sensitivity analysis, parametric programming, energy modeling, and computational biology. There is also an overview chapter on the emergence of computational OR, and in particular, how literature venues have changed the course of OR research. He developed Computer-Assisted Analysis in the 1970s and 80s, creating an artificially intelligent environment for analyzing mathematical programming models and their results. This earned him the first INFORMS Computing Society (ICS) Prize for "research excellence in the interfaces between operations research and computer science" in 1986, notably for his software system, ANALYZE. In 1993, he wrote the first book in the Springer OR/CS Series entitled A Computer-Assisted Analysis System for Mathematical Programming Models and Solutions: A User's Guide for ANALYZE. He applied OR methods to CS problems, ranging from using queuing theory for optimal list structure design to using integer programming for bioinformatic database search. He also applied CS to OR problems, ranging from super-sparse information structures to the use of compiler design in ANALYZE. This book can serve as a guide to new researchers, and will report the historical trajectory of OR as it solves current problems and forecasts future applications through the accomplishments of Harvey Greenberg.

A systematic introduction to the theories and formulations of the explicit finite element method

As numerical technology continues to grow and evolve with industrial applications, understanding the explicit finite element method has become increasingly important, particularly in the areas of crashworthiness, metal forming, and impact engineering. "Introduction to the Explicit Finite" "Element Method for Nonlinear Transient Dynamics "is the first book to address specifically what is now accepted as the most successful numerical tool for nonlinear transient dynamics. The book aids readers in mastering the explicit finite element method and programming code without requiring extensive background knowledge of the general finite element.

The authors present topics relating to the variational principle, numerical procedure, mechanical formulation, and fundamental achievements of the convergence theory. In addition, key topics and techniques are provided in four clearly organized sections:

- Fundamentals explores a framework of the explicit finite element method for nonlinear transient dynamics and highlights achievements related to the convergence theory

- Element Technology discusses four-node, three-node, eight-node, and two-node element theories

- Material Models outlines models of plasticity and other nonlinear materials as well as the mechanics model of ductile damage

- Contact and Constraint Conditions covers subjects related to three-dimensional surface contact, with examples solved analytically, as well as discussions on kinematic constraint conditions

Throughout the book, vivid figures illustrate the ideas and key features of the explicit finite element method. Examples clearly present results, featuring both theoretical assessments and industrial applications.

"Introduction to the Explicit Finite Element Method for Nonlinear Transient Dynamics "is an ideal book for both engineers who require more theoretical discussions and for theoreticians searching for interesting and challenging research topics. The book also serves as an excellent resource for courses on applied mathematics, applied mechanics, and numerical methods at the graduate level.

Digital geometry emerged as an independent discipline in the second half of the last century. It deals with geometric properties of digital objects and is developed with the unambiguous goal to provide rigorous theoretical foundations for devising new advanced approaches and algorithms for various problems of visual computing. Different aspects of digital geometry have been addressed in the literature. This book is the first one that explicitly focuses on the presentation of the most important digital geometry algorithms. Each chapter provides a brief survey on a major research area related to the general volume theme, description and analysis of related fundamental algorithms, as well as new original contributions by the authors. Every chapter contains a section in which interesting open problems are addressed.

This book deals with dynamics of pre-stressed or pre-strained bi-material elastic systems consisting of stack of pre-stressed layers, stack of pre-stressed layers and pre-stressed half space (or half plane), stack of pre-stressed layers as well as absolute rigid foundation, pre-stressed compound solid and hollow cylinders and pre-stressed sandwich hollow cylinders. The problems considered in the book relate to the dynamics of a moving and oscillating moving load, forced vibration caused by linearly located or point located time-harmonic forces acting to the foregoing systems. Moreover, a considerable part of the book relate to the problems regarding the near surface, torsional and axisymmetric longitudinal waves propagation and dispersion in the noted above bi-material elastic systems. The book carries out the investigations within the framework of the piecewise homogeneous body model with the use of the Three-Dimensional Linearized Theory of Elastic Waves in Initially Stressed Bodies.

Intelligent paradigms are increasingly finding their ways in the design and development of decision support systems. This book presents a sample of recent research results from key researchers. The contributions include: Introduction to intelligent systems in decision making - A new method of ranking intuitionistic fuzzy alternatives - Fuzzy rule base model identification by bacterial memetic algorithms - Discovering associations with uncertainty from large databases - Dempster-Shafer structures, monotonic set measures and decision making - Interpretable decision-making models - A general methodology for managerial decision making - Supporting decision making via verbalization of data analysis results using linguistic data summaries - Computational intelligence in medical decisions making.

This book is directed to the researchers, graduate students, professors, decision makers and to those who are interested to investigate intelligent paradigms in decision making.

Over the last fifty-plus years, the increased complexity and speed of integrated circuits have radically changed our world. Today, semiconductor manufacturing is perhaps the most important segment of the global manufacturing sector. As the semiconductor industry has become more competitive, improving planning and control has become a key factor for business success. This book is devoted to production planning and control problems in semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities. It is the first book that takes a comprehensive look at the role of modeling, analysis, and related information systems for such manufacturing systems. The book provides an operations research- and computer science-based introduction into this important field of semiconductor manufacturing-related research.

This book contains papers presented at the International Symposium on Elect- magnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF'07 which was held in Prague, the Czech Republic, from September 13 to 15, 2007. ISEF conferences have been organized since 1985 and from the very beginning it was a common initiative of Polish and other European researchers who have dealt with electromagnetic ?eld in electrical engineering. The conference travels through Europe and is organized in various academic centres. Relatively often, it was held in some Polish city as the initiative was on the part of Polish scientists. Now ISEF is much more international and successive events take place in different European academic centres renowned for electromagnetic research. This time it was Prague, famous for its beauty and historical background, as it is the place where many c- tures mingle. The venue of the conference was the historical building of Charles University, placed just in the centre of Prague. The Technical University of Prague, in turn, constituted the logistic centre of the conference. It is the tradition of the ISEF meetings that they try to tackle quite a vast area of computational and applied electromagnetics. Moreover, the ISEF symposia aim at combining theory and practice; therefore the majority of papers are deeply rooted in engineering problems, being simultaneously of a high theoretical level.

This book focuses on the latest applications of nonlinear approaches in different disciplines of engineering and to a range of scientific problems. For each selected topic, detailed concept development, derivations and relevant knowledge are provided for the convenience of the readers. The topics range from dynamic systems and control to optimal approaches in nonlinear dynamics. The volume further includes invited chapters from world class experts in the field. The selected topics are of great interest in the fields of engineering and physics and this book is ideal for engineers and researchers working in a broad range of practical topics and approaches.

The book is on the geometry of agent knowledge. The important concept studied in this book is the Field and its Geometric Representation. To develop a geometric image of the gravity , Einstein used Tensor Calculus but this is very different from the knowledge instruments used now, as for instance techniques of data mining , neural networks , formal concept analysis ,quantum computer and other topics. The aim of this book is to rebuild the tensor calculus in order to give a geometric representation of agent knowledge. By using a new geometry of knowledge we can unify all the topics that have been studied in recent years to create a bridge between the geometric representation of the physical phenomena and the geometric representation of the individual and subjective knowledge of the agents.

Understanding the fatigue behaviour of structural components under variable load amplitude is an essential prerequisite for safe and reliable light-weight design. For designing and dimensioning, the expected stress (load) is compared with the capacity to withstand loads (fatigue strength). In this process, the safety necessary for each particular application must be ensured. A prerequisite for ensuring the required fatigue strength is a reliable load assumption. The authors describe the transformation of the stress- and load-time functions which have been measured under operational conditions to spectra or matrices with the application of counting methods. The aspects which must be considered for ensuring a reliable load assumption for designing and dimensioning are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the theoretical background for estimating the fatigue life of structural components is explained, and the procedures are discussed for numerous applications in practice. One of the prime intentions of the authors is to provide recommendations which can be implemented in practical applications.

The purpose of this book is to provide tools for a better understanding of the fundamental tradeo's and interdependencies in wireless networks, with the goal of designing resource allocation strategies that exploit these int- dependencies to achieve signi?cant performance gains. Two facts prompted us to write it: First, future wireless applications will require a fundamental understanding of the design principles and control mechanisms in wireless networks. Second, the complexity of the network problems simply precludes the use of engineering common sense alone to identify good solutions, and so mathematics becomes the key avenue to cope with central technical problems in the design of wireless networks. In this book, two ?elds of mathematics play a central role: Perron-Frobenius theory for non-negative matrices and optimization theory. This book is a revised and expanded version of the research monograph "Resource Allocation in Wireless Networks" that was published as Lecture Notes in Computer Sciences (LNCS 4000) in 2006. Although the general structure has remained unchanged to a large extent, the book contains - merous additional results and more detailed discussion. For instance, there is a more extensive treatment of general nonnegative matrices and interf- ence functions that are described by an axiomatic model. Additional material on max-min fairness, proportional fairness, utility-based power control with QoS (quality of service) support and stochastic power control has been added.

An airline schedule represents the central planning element of each airline. In general, the objective of airline schedule optimization is to find the airline schedule that maximizes operating profit. This planning task is not only the most important but also the most complex task an airline is confronted with. Until now, this task is performed by dividing the overall planning problem into smaller and less complex subproblems that are solved separately in a sequence. However, this procedure is only of minor capability to deal with interdependencies between the subproblems, resulting in less profitable schedules than those being possible with an approach solving the airline schedule optimization problem in one step. In this work, two planning approaches for integrated airline scheduling are presented. One approach follows the traditional sequential approach: existing models from literature for individual subproblems are implemented and enhanced in an overall iterative routine allowing to construct airline schedules from scratch. The other planning appraoch represents a truly simultaneous airline scheduling: using metaheuristics, airline schedules are processed and optimized at once without a separation into different optimization steps for its subproblems.

This volume contains selected peer-reviewed papers presented at the IMA 4th International Conference on Mathematics in Transport. These papers deal with the development and application of mathematical and statistical modelling in transport and present research on the mathematical ideas and methodologies required to cope with the increasing demand on transport infrastructure. Authorship is international and a wide variety of topics are covered including public transport and scheduling, pricing issues, travel behaviour and choice modelling, safety and spatial and location modelling. It has an international perspective with authors representing many countries and covering a variety of topics.

Divided into two volumes, the book begins with a pedagogical presentation of some of the basic theory, with chapters on biochemical reactions, diffusion, excitability, wave propagation and cellular homeostasis. The second, more extensive part discusses particular physiological systems, with chapters on calcium dynamics, bursting oscillations and secretion, cardiac cells, muscles, intercellular communication, the circulatory system, the immune system, wound healing, the respiratory system, the visual system, hormone physiology, renal physiology, digestion, the visual system and hearing.

New chapters on Calcium Dynamics, Neuroendocrine Cells and Regulation of Cell Function have been included.

Pedagogical insights gained through 30 years of teaching applied mathematics led the author to write this set of student oriented books. Topics such as complex analysis, matrix theory, vector and tensor analysis, Fourier analysis, integral transforms, ordinary and partial differential equations are presented in a discursive style that is readable and easy to follow. Numerous examples, completely worked out, together with carefully selected problem sets with answers are used to enhance students' understanding and manipulative skill. The goal is to make students comfortable in using advanced mathematical tools in junior, senior, and beginning graduate courses.

Advanced materials play a crucial role in modern engineering applications where they are often exposed to complex loading and environmental conditions. In many cases, new approaches are needed to characterise these materials and to model their behaviour. Such approaches should be calibrated and validated by specific experimental techniques, quantifying both microstructural features and respective mechanisms at various length scales. The book provides an overview of modern modelling tools and experimental methods that can be employed to analyse and estimate properties and performance of advanced materials. A special feature of the book is the analysis of case studies used to demonstrate the strategies of solving the real-life problems, in which the microstructure of materials directly affects their response to loading and/or environmental conditions. The reader will benefit from a detailed analysis of various methods as well as their implementation for dealing with various advanced materials.