This collection offers new research findings, innovations, and industrial technological developments in extractive metallurgy, energy and environment, and materials processing. Technical topics included in the book are thermodynamics and kinetics of metallurgical reactions, electrochemical processing of materials, plasma processing of materials, composite materials, ionic liquids, thermal energy storage, energy efficient and environmental cleaner technologies and process modeling. These topics are of interest not only to traditional base ferrous and non-ferrous metal industrial processes but also to new and upcoming technologies, and they play important roles in industrial growth and economy worldwide.

Wood material has acquired great importance due to its short supply and increasing environmental awareness amongst users and manufacturers. However, its use as an engineering material requires consistent research developments in order to provide accurate responses to industrial processing problems. Research Developments in Wood Engineering and Technology examines the latest research advances and technological developments for wood material as an engineering product and the innovation it provides for environmentally-friendly materials. This reference source is essential for academics, engineers, students, and professionals involved in the multidisciplinary fields of wood science, mechanical, industrial, and manufacturing engineering.

This book presents a differential geometric method for designing nonlinear observers for multiple types of nonlinear systems, including single and multiple outputs, fully and partially observable systems, and regular and singular dynamical systems. It is an exposition of achievements in nonlinear observer normal forms. The book begins by discussing linear systems, introducing the concept of observability and observer design, and then explains the difficulty of those problems for nonlinear systems. After providing foundational information on the differential geometric method, the text shows how to use the method to address observer design problems. It presents methods for a variety of systems. The authors employ worked examples to illustrate the ideas presented. Observer Design for Nonlinear Dynamical Systems will be of interest to researchers, graduate students, and industrial professionals working with control of mechanical and dynamical systems.

The papers in this volume cover a broad spectrum of topics that represent the truly diverse nature of the field of composite materials. This collection presents research and findings relevant to the latest advances in composites materials, specifically their use in aerospace, maritime, and even land applications. The editors have made every effort to bring together authors who put forth recent advances in their research while concurrently both elaborating on and thereby enhancing our prevailing understanding of the salient aspects related to the science, engineering, and far-reaching technological applications of composite materials.

Bio-based plastics and nanocomposites can be used in improved packaging for food. The morphologies and physical and chemical properties of food packaging must be carefully controlled. This book covers topics such as: food packaging types, natural polymers, material properties, regulations and legislation, edible and sustainable food packaging, and trends in end-of-life options. This book is ideal for industrial chemists and materials scientists.

"Kawaii" is a Japanese word that denotes "cute," "lovable," or "charming" although it does not have exactly the same meaning as those adjectives. This book proposes engineering methodologies for systematic measurement of the affective perception of kawaii, by using virtual reality and biological signals, and discusses the effectiveness of kawaii engineering for designing industrial products and services. Kawaii can draw sympathy from people and can embody a special kind of cute design, which reduces fear and makes dull information more acceptable and appealing. Following the introduction of the background of kawaii engineering in Chapter 1, Chapters 2 and 3 describe experiments on the systematic measurement and evaluation methods for kawaii products and affective evaluation experiments. Chapter 4 proposes a mathematical model to identify the physical attributes that determine kawaii in motion. Chapters 5 and 6 explain research that uses biological signals and eye-tracking. After a brief survey of psychological research on kawaii and cuteness in Chapter 7, Chapters 8 and 9 introduce the use of spoons designed to stimulate the appetite of the elderly and the practical implementation of an emotion-driven camera. Chapters 10-14 explain experimental research that examines kawaii perception of people from various cultural backgrounds. Kawaii Engineering will appeal to those who work on affective computing, product design, user experience design, virtual reality, and biological signals.

This book introduces the materials and traditional processes involved in the manufacturing industry. It discusses the properties and application of different engineering materials as well as the performance of failure tests. The book lists both destructible and non-destructible processes in detail. The design associated with each manufacturing processes, such Casting, Forming, Welding and Machining, are also covered.

The second supplement to the comprehensive series Encyclopedia of Fluid Mechanics covers advances in multiphase flow.

This book is about field responsive fluids as smart materials, which includes magneto-rheological (MR) fluids, electro-rheological (ER) fluids and ferrofluids. It reviews the previous works and considers all the aspects that can help researchers and industries to choose proper materials as MR fluid constituents. Topics in magnetism and types of magnetic materials are presented. This includes the effect of magnetizable particles behaviors such as size, shape and density. The type of materials on the rheological properties is also compared for MR, ER and ferro-fluids. The second part of the book discusses advanced topics for MR, ER and ferro-fluids comparing some of the properties between the field responsive fluids. This book appeals to engineers, researchers and practitioners in the area of materials and mechanical engineering with interest in the field responsive fluids.

Rational extended thermodynamics (RET) is the theory that is applicable to nonequilibrium phenomena out of local equilibrium. It is expressed by the hyperbolic system of field equations with local constitutive equations and is strictly related to the kinetic theory with the closure method of the hierarchies of moment equations. The book intends to present, in a systematic way, new results obtained by RET of gases in both classical and relativistic cases, and it is a natural continuation of the book "Rational Extended Thermodynamics beyond the Monatomic Gas" by the same authors published in 2015. However, this book addresses much wider topics than those of the previous book. Its contents are as follows: RET of rarefied monatomic gases and of polyatomic gases; a simplified RET theory with 6 fields being valid far from equilibrium; RET where both molecular rotational and vibrational modes exist; mixture of gases with multi-temperature. The theory is applied to several typical topics (sound waves, shock waves, etc.) and is compared with experimental data. From a mathematical point of view, RET can be regarded as a theory of hyperbolic symmetric systems, of which it is possible to conduct a qualitative analysis. The book represents a valuable resource for applied mathematicians, physicists, and engineers, offering powerful models for many potential applications such as reentering satellites into the atmosphere, semiconductors, and nanoscale phenomena.

This second edition provides a cutting-edge overview of physical, technical and scientific aspects related to the widely used analytical method of confocal Raman microscopy. The book includes expanded background information and adds insights into how confocal Raman microscopy, especially 3D Raman imaging, can be integrated with other methods to produce a variety of correlative microscopy combinations. The benefits are then demonstrated and supported by numerous examples from the fields of materials science, 2D materials, the life sciences, pharmaceutical research and development, as well as the geosciences.

An ideal text for students that ties together classical and modern topics of advanced vibration analysis in an interesting and lucid manner. It provides students with a background in elementary vibrations with the tools necessary for understanding and analyzing more complex dynamical phenomena that can be encountered in engineering and scientific practice. It progresses steadily from linear vibration theory over various levels of nonlinearity to bifurcation analysis, global dynamics and chaotic vibrations. It trains the student to analyze simple models, recognize nonlinear phenomena and work with advanced tools such as perturbation analysis and bifurcation analysis. Explaining theory in terms of relevant examples from real systems, this book is user-friendly and meets the increasing interest in non-linear dynamics in mechanical/structural engineering and applied mathematics and physics. This edition includes a new chapter on the useful effects of fast vibrations and many new exercise problems.

This book highlights the industrial potential and explains the physics behind laser metal deposition (LMD) technology. It describes the laser metal deposition (LMD) process with the help of numerous diagrams and photographs of real-world process situations, ranging from the fabrication of parts to the repair of existing products, and includes case studies from current research in this field. Consumer demand is moving away from standardized products to customized ones, and to remain competitive manufacturers require manufacturing processes that are flexible and able to meet consumer demand at low cost and on schedule. Laser metal deposition (LMD) is a promising alternative manufacturing process in this context. This book enables researchers and professionals in industry gain a better understanding of the LMD process, which they can then use in real-world applications. It also helps spur on further innovations.

This book presents in detail an alternative approach to solving problems involving both linear and nonlinear oscillations of elastic distributed parameter systems. It includes the so-called variational, projection and iterative gradient methods, which, when applied to nonlinear problems, use the procedure of linearization of the original non-linear equations. These methods are not universal and require a different solution for each problem or class of problems.However, in many cases the combination of the methods shown in this book leads to more efficient algorithms for solving important applied problems.To record these algorithms in a unified form, the first part of the book and its appendix devote considerable attention to compiling the general operator equations, which include (as particular cases) equations for vibrations in rods, plates, shells and three-dimensional bodies. They are mainly considered to be periodic or nearly periodic oscillations, which correspond to stat ionary or nearly stationary regimes of machinery operation. In turn, the second part of the book presents a number of solutions for selected applications.

This book covers various aspects of characterization of materials in the areas of metals, alloys, steels, welding, nanomaterials, intermetallic, and surface coatings. These materials are obtained by different methods and techniques like spray, mechanical milling, sol-gel, casting, biosynthesis, and chemical reduction among others. Some of these materials are classified according to application such as materials for medical application, materials for industrial applications, materials used in the oil industry and materials used like coatings. The authors provide a comprehensive overview of structural characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, image analysis, finite element method (FEM), optical microscopy (OM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), infrared photo-thermal radiometry (IPTR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), thermo luminescence (TL), photoluminescence (PL), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and radio frequency (RF). The book includes theoretical models and illustrations of characterization properties-both structural and chemical.

This book gathers the latest advances, innovations, and applications in the field of building design and construction, as presented by researchers and engineers at the International Conference BUILDINTECH BIT 2020, Innovations and Technologies in Construction, held in Belgorod, Russia, on October 8-9, 2020. It covers highly diverse topics, including building materials, industrial and civil construction, structural mechanics and theory of structures, computational methods and IT in construction, organization and technologies of construction production. The contributions, which were selected by means of a rigorous international peer-review process, highlight numerous exciting ideas that will spur novel research directions and foster multidisciplinary collaborations.

Biomechanical engineering is involved with creating and producing a variety of products in everyday use, from environmentally safe plastics to various foods, fabrics, and medicines. A combination of engineering and biology, it is a fast-growing field with many new and exciting opportunities in genetic engineering and biotechnology. However, research surrounding biomechanical applications is scattered and often restricted, leading to the need for a comprehensive publication of the recent advances and developments in this emerging field. Design, Development, and Optimization of Bio-Mechatronic Engineering Products provides pivotal research on the application of combining mechanical engineering with human biological systems in order to develop bio-mechatronic products like pacemakers, artificial kidney replacements, artificial hearts, and new joints or limbs to better and more accurately monitor and advance human health. While highlighting topics such as orthotic devices, inter-electrode gap, and biomaterial applications, this publication explores producing artificial material to work in sync with the human body. This book is ideally designed for engineers, health professionals, technology developers, researchers, academicians, and students.

As the sequel to the proceedings of the International Conference of Continuum Mechanics Focusing on Singularities (CoMFoS15), the proceedings of CoMFoS16 present further advances and new topics in mathematical theory and numerical simulations related to various aspects of continuum mechanics. These include fracture mechanics, shape optimization, modeling of earthquakes, material structure, interface dynamics and complex systems.. The authors are leading researchers with a profound knowledge of mathematical analysis from the fields of applied mathematics, physics, seismology, engineering, and industry. The book helps readers to understand how mathematical theory can be applied to various industrial problems, and conversely, how industrial problems lead to new mathematical challenges.

This book focuses on the latest applications of nonlinear approaches in engineering and addresses a range of scientific problems. Examples focus on issues in automotive technology, including automotive dynamics, control for electric and hybrid vehicles, and autodriver algorithm for autonomous vehicles. Also included are discussions on renewable energy plants, data modeling, driver-aid methods, and low-frequency vibration. Chapters are based on invited contributions from world-class experts who advance the future of engineering by discussing the development of more optimal, accurate, efficient, cost, and energy effective systems. This book is appropriate for researchers, students, and practising engineers who are interested in the applications of nonlinear approaches to solving engineering and science problems. Presents a broad range of practical topics and approaches; Explains approaches to better, safer, and cheaper systems; Emphasises automotive applications, physical meaning, and methodologies.

Preface. 1. Introduction. 2. Some Concepts of Structural Dynamics. 3. Actuators, Piezoelectric Materials, and Active Structures. 4. Collocated Versus Non-Collocated Control. 5. Active Damping with Collocated Pairs. 6. State Space Approach. 7. Analysis and Synthesis in the Frequency Domain. 8. Optimal Control. 9. Controllability and Observability. 10. Stability. 11. Applications. Bibliography. Index.

This book provides a holistic, interdisciplinary overview of offshore wind energy, and is a must-read for advanced researchers. Topics, from the design and analysis of future turbines, to the decommissioning of wind farms, are covered. The scope of the work ranges from analytical, numerical and experimental advancements in structural and fluid mechanics, to novel developments in risk, safety & reliability engineering for offshore wind.The core objective of the current work is to make offshore wind energy more competitive, by improving the reliability, and operations and maintenance (O&M) strategies of wind turbines. The research was carried out under the auspices of the EU-funded project, MARE-WINT. The project provided a unique opportunity for a group of researchers to work closely together, undergo multidisciplinary doctoral training, and conduct research in the area of offshore wind energy generation. Contributions from expert, external authors are also included, and the complete work seeks to bridge the gap between research and a rapidly-evolving industry.

This book combines the contributions of experts in the field to describe the behavior of various materials, micromechanisms involved during processing, and the optimization of cold-spray technology. It spans production, characterization, and applications including wear resistance, fatigue, life improvement, thermal barriers, crack repair, and biological applications. Cold spray is an innovative coating technology based on the kinetic energy gained by particles sprayed at very high pressures. While the technique was developed in the 1990s, industrial and scientific interest in this technology has grown vastly in the last ten years. Recently, many interesting applications have been associated with cold-sprayed coatings, including wear resistance, fatigue life improvement, thermal barriers, biological applications, and crack repair. However, many fundamental aspects require clarification and description.

This book aims to give state of the art in several domains of cultural heritage in which Nanosciences allow fundamental breakthrough. The first part of the book concerns nanostructured materials in ancient artifacts. Understanding their nature and formation processes bring new insight in the apprehension of technical level of ancient societies but can also inspire the design of new materials. The second part is dedicated to the understanding of materials. This crucial issue in material science today, for cultural heritage, needs to perform specific characterization techniques and technologies, but also to create tailored analytical strategies. Part three presents new methods, processes and materials at nano levels that can bring innovative solutions to conservation and restoration issues, linked with the understanding of the alteration processes involved at different scales.

This book presents advances and innovations in grouping genetic algorithms, enriched with new and unique heuristic optimization techniques. These algorithms are specially designed for solving industrial grouping problems where system entities are to be partitioned or clustered into efficient groups according to a set of guiding decision criteria. Examples of such problems are: vehicle routing problems, team formation problems, timetabling problems, assembly line balancing, group maintenance planning, modular design, and task assignment. A wide range of industrial grouping problems, drawn from diverse fields such as logistics, supply chain management, project management, manufacturing systems, engineering design and healthcare, are presented. Typical complex industrial grouping problems, with multiple decision criteria and constraints, are clearly described using illustrative diagrams and formulations. The problems are mapped into a common group structure that can conveniently be used as an input scheme to specific variants of grouping genetic algorithms. Unique heuristic grouping techniques are developed to handle grouping problems efficiently and effectively. Illustrative examples and computational results are presented in tables and graphs to demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the algorithms. Researchers, decision analysts, software developers, and graduate students from various disciplines will find this in-depth reader-friendly exposition of advances and applications of grouping genetic algorithms an interesting, informative and valuable resource.