This book discusses the role of nutrients and vitamins in cancer prevention and treatment. Basic and clinical scientists from different regions of the world have contributed to this volume. The incidence of cancer is on the rise internationally and many of these cancers appear to be attributable to diet, lifestyle, and environmentally related factors. In recent years, many cancer causing substances and cancer protective agents which are associated with these factors have been identified and extensively tested in experimental models. This work also focuses on newer conceptual ideas that have emerged regarding the functions of nutrients on cellular and molecular levels.

The pharmaceutical industry is currently operating under a business model that is not sustainable for the future. Given the high costs associated with drug development, there is a vital need to reform this process in order to provide safe and effective drugs while still securing a profit. Re-Engineering Clinical Trials evaluates the trends and challenges associated with the current drug development process and presents solutions that integrate the use of modern communication technologies, innovations and novel enrichment designs. This book focuses on the need to simplify drug development and offers you well-established methodologies and best practices based on real-world experiences from expert authors across industry and academia. Written for all those involved in clinical research, development and clinical trial design, this book provides a unique and valuable resource for streamlining the process, containing costs and increasing drug safety and effectiveness.

Translational Regenerative Medicine is a reference book that outlines the life cycle for effective implementation of discoveries in the dynamic field of regenerative medicine. By addressing science, technology, development, regulatory, manufacturing, intellectual property, investment, financial, and clinical aspects of the field, this work takes a holistic look at the translation of science and disseminates knowledge for practical use of regenerative medicine tools, therapeutics, and diagnostics. Incorporating contributions from leaders in the fields of translational science across academia, industry, and government, this book establishes a more fluid transition for rapid translation of research to enhance human health and well-being.

Volume 67 in the internationally acclaimed Advances in Clinical Chemistry contains chapters authored by world renowned clinical laboratory scientists, physicians and research scientists. The serial provides the latest and most up-to-date technologies related to the field of Clinical Chemistry and is the benchmark for novel analytical approaches in the clinical laboratory.

This volume includes the information necessary to understand recent critical advances in the mechanisms of intestinal tumorigenesis and to comprehend the complexity of the process. The volume aims to entice new researchers to participate in relevant studies, and to provide a forum for discussion within the scientific community to shape future research in this field. Discoveries in intestinal tumorigenesis lead to further understanding of mechanisms involved in colon cancer. Additionally, advancements in techniques and methods open the doors for new approaches to better define the molecular and organismal mechanisms of intestinal tumorigenesis. Chapters are authored by widely published authorities in the field. Each year, there are close to 150,000 new cases of colorectal cancer, which results in approximately 50,000 deaths per year in the United States; these figures render colorectal cancer a significant health concern. Studies attempting to understand the mechanisms of development and progression of colorectal cancer have been ongoing for decades and each year brings new discoveries yielding a better comprehension of the underlying processes at work.

Despite advances in materials and sterilisation, patients who receive biomaterials of medical device implants are still at risk of developing an infection around the implantation site. This book reviews the fundamentals of biomaterials and medical device related infections and methods and materials for the treatment and prevention of infection. The first part of the book provides readers with an introduction to the topic including analyses of biofilms, diagnosis and treatment of infection, pathology and topography. The second part of the book discusses a range of established and novel technologies and materials which have been designed to prevent infection.

Pathophysiology and Analysis.- Lipid Peroxides and Related Radicals in Clinical Medicine.- Reactive Oxygen Species in Normal Physiology, Cell Injury and Phagocytosis.- Free Radical Mechanisms for Chromosomal Instability in Bloom's Syndrome.- The Analysis of Free Radicals, Lipid Peroxides, Antioxidant Enzymes and Compounds Related to Oxidative Stress as Applied to the Clinical Chemistry Laboratory.- Organ Specific Disorders.- Free Radicals and the Pathogenesis of Neuronal Death: Cooperative Role of Excitatory Amino Acids>.- Free Radicals and Ocular Disease.- Active Oxygen Mechanisms of UV Inflammation.- Oxygen-Free Radicals at Myocardial Level: Effects of Ischaemia and Reperfusion.- Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis: Role of LDL Oxidation.- Tissue Iron Overload and Mechanisms of Iron-Catalyzed Oxidative Injury.- Free Radicals in the Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Injury and Disease.- Lipid Peroxides in Hepatic, Gastrointestinal, and Pancreatic Diseases.- Reactive Oxygen Molecules in the Kidney.- Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Reproduction.- Systemic Involvement.- Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases.- Antioxidants and Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms.- New Directions for Free Radical Cancer Research and Medical Applications.- Shock and Multiple Organ Failure.- Role of Nutrients in the Cause and Prevention of Oxygen Radical Pathology.- Involvement of Free Radical Mechanism in the Toxic Effects of Alcohol: Implications for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.- Therapeutic Intervention.- 21-Aminosteroids ("Lazaroids").- The Potential of Gliclazide, a Sulphonylurea to Influence the Oxidative Processes within the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Vascular Disease.- Interactions between Vitamin E, Free Radicals, and Immunity During the Aging Process.- Vitamins and Carotenoids - A Promising Approach to Reducing the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease, Cancer and Eye Diseases.- Free Radical Scavenging and Antioxidant Activity of Plant Flavonoids.- Plasma Clearance and Immunologic Properties of Long-Acting Superoxide Dismutase Prepared Using 35,000 to 120,000 Dalton Poly-Ethylene Glycol.- Clinical Trials with Dismutec(TM) (Pegorgotein; Polyethylene Glycol-Conjugated Superoxide Dismutase; PEG-SOD) in the Treatment of Severe Closed Head Injury.- Poster Presentations.- A New Method for Detecting Lipid Peroxidation by Using Dye Sensitized Chemiluminescence.- Chemiluminescence and the Challenge to Attomole Detection.- Evidence Against Malondialdehyde Bound to Cellular Consituents in Phospholipid Peroxidation.- Evaluation of In Vivo Free Radical Activity During Endotoxic Schock Using Scavengers, Electron Microscopy, Spin Traps, and Electron Paramagnetic Spectroscopy.- Involvement of Hydroxyl Radicals in Endotoxin-Evoked Shock.- The Role of Nitric Oxide in Endotoxin-Elicited Hypodynamic Circulatory Failure.- In Vivo Evaluation of the Role of Neutrophil-Derived Free Radicals in the Development of Endotoxic Shock.- Photosensitized Formation of 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine by A Cationic meso-Substituted Porphyrin.- Aging Associated Declines in the Antioxidant Enzymes of Human Testis.- Lipid Peroxidation in Normal Pregnancy and Preeclampsia.- Alkylation of Purine Bases By Carbon-Centered Radicals.- Cytochrome Biochemistry in Sheep Retina Following Exposure to Oxygen.- Cytochrome Oxidase Activity in the Fetal Sheep Retina.- Age-Related Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Levels in Gerbil Brain Measured by HPLC-Chemiluminescence Assay and Their Relation to Hydroxyl Radical Stress - Clinical Implications.- Lipid Peroxidation and Diabetic Complications: Effect of Antioxidant Vitamins C and E.- Vascular Complications of Patients in Kuwait with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) and Elevated Serum Lipid Peroxides.- Vascular and Cellular Protein Changes Precede Hippocampal Pyramidal Cell Loss Following Global Ischemia in the Rat.- Dietary Antioxidants and Breast Cancer Risk: Effect Modification by Family History.- Effect of MAK-4 and MAK-5 on Endothelial Cell- and Soyabean Lipoxygenase-Induced LDL Ox

This book presents a comprehensive and up-to-date treatise of a range of methodological and algorithmic issues. It also discusses implementations and case studies, identifies the best design practices, and assesses data analytics business models and practices in industry, health care, administration and business.Data science and big data go hand in hand and constitute a rapidly growing area of research and have attracted the attention of industry and business alike. The area itself has opened up promising new directions of fundamental and applied research and has led to interesting applications, especially those addressing the immediate need to deal with large repositories of data and building tangible, user-centric models of relationships in data. Data is the lifeblood of today's knowledge-driven economy.Numerous data science models are oriented towards end users and along with the regular requirements for accuracy (which are present in any modeling), come the requirements for ability to process huge and varying data sets as well as robustness, interpretability, and simplicity (transparency). Computational intelligence with its underlying methodologies and tools helps address data analytics needs.The book is of interest to those researchers and practitioners involved in data science, Internet engineering, computational intelligence, management, operations research, and knowledge-based systems.

This book offers a compilation of papers on the role of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) in sleep, sleep disorders and neuroendocrine functions. Leading experts in sleep medicine, psychiatry and neuroendocrinology provide a broad perspective on the field, from the anatomical structure and physiology of the MCH system to the connection with other systems influencing sleep and diseases like anxiety and depression. The potential of MCHR-1 antagonists as anxiolytic/antidepressant drugs is also reviewed. The book will represent an interdisciplinary guide for sleep disorder specialists, sleep researchers, psychiatrists, neurologists, psychologists, and behavioral sleep medicine specialists.

Are we satisfied with the rate of drug development? Are we happy with the drugs that come to market? Are we getting our money's worth in spending for basic biomedical research? In Translational Systems Biology, Drs. Yoram Vodovotz and Gary An address these questions by providing a foundational description the barriers facing biomedical research today and the immediate future, and how these barriers could be overcome through the adoption of a robust and scalable approach that will form the underpinning of biomedical research for the future. By using a combination of essays providing the intellectual basis of the Translational Dilemma and reports of examples in the study of inflammation, the content of Translational Systems Biology will remain relevant as technology and knowledge advances bring broad translational applicability to other diseases. Translational systems biology is an integrated, multi-scale, evidence-based approach that combines laboratory, clinical and computational methods with an explicit goal of developing effective means of control of biological processes for improving human health and rapid clinical application. This comprehensive approach to date has been utilized for in silico studies of sepsis, trauma, hemorrhage, and traumatic brain injury, acute liver failure, wound healing, and inflammation.

The conquest of scurvy by James Cook during his three famous circumnavigations of 1768-1780 was a product of Cook's character, of his leadership, and of the wisdom of the naturalists who accompanied Cook; specialists who helped locate antiscorbutic plants during stopovers. In this book, Dr. Cuppage shows the importance of careful observation, and of controlled clinical trials. This is an account of the lasting medical effects of Cook's voyages as he tried to liberate mankind from the scourge of scurvy. Cuppage captures the sense of adventure that explorers and scientists share.

It is now well known that proteases are found everywhere, in viruses and bacteria as well as in all human, animal and plant cells, and play a role in a variety of biological functions ranging from digestion, fertilization, development to senescence and death. Under physiological conditions the ability of proteases is regulated by endogenous inhibitors. However, when the activity of proteases is not regulated appropriately, disease processes can result, as seen in Alzheimer s disease, cancer metastasis and tumor progression, inflammation and atherosclerosis. Thus it is evident that there is an absolute need for a tighter control of proteolytic activities in different cells and tissues.

Aimed at graduate students and researchers with an interest in cellular proteolytic events, "Role of Proteases in Cellular Dysfunctions" is the second book on Proteases in this series. The book consists of three parts in specified topics based on current literatures for a better understanding for the readers with respect to their subject-wise interests. The first section of this book covers a brief idea about the neuronal disorders and the involvement of proteases such as calpains, caspases and matrix metalloproteases (MMPs). The second section covers the deadly disease cancer and its relation to ubiquitin-proteasome system, MMPs and serine proteases. The last section is about the role of proteases such as calpains, MMPs and serine protease as well as urokinase type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) in causing cardiovascular defects. "

The whole field of drug research has become a minefield of sensitive issues with the opponents entrenched at opposite extremes taking pot shots at each other. The attacks made on drug research and the pharmaceutical industry in particular have become so venomous that an attempt needed to be made to provide a balanced ethical appraisal of the situation. Neither pro- nor antagonists are fully right, but some common grounds need to be found. The author believes that this commons grounds resides in the religious and philosophical foundations on which western industrial society has been built.

This volume provides an overview of RNA bioinformatics methodologies, including basic strategies to predict secondary and tertiary structures, and novel algorithms based on massive RNA sequencing. Interest in RNA bioinformatics has rapidly increased thanks to the recent high-throughput sequencing technologies allowing scientists to investigate complete transcriptomes at single nucleotide resolution. Adopting advanced computational technics, scientists are now able to conduct more in-depth studies and present them to you in this book. Written in the highly successful Methods of Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and equipment, step-by-step, readily reproducible bioinformatics protocols, and key tips to avoid known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, RNA Bioinformatics seeks to aid scientists in the further study of bioinformatics and computational biology of RNA.

This book addresses the background and significance of the factors potentially influencing the clinical and biological outcomes of metal-on-metal hip implants.Metal-on-metal bearings were introduced and evaluated as an alternative to other bearing couples, particularly metal-on-polyethylene, due to their enhanced wear resistance as determined in laboratory testing.Initially, reports of short-term clinical outcomes were favorable and an increasing number of metal-on-metal prostheses were implanted. Subsequently, isolated case findings describing adverse tissue responses around the articulation became the harbinger of an increasing number of reports describing pseudotumors and other significant lymphocytic-based responses associated with metal-on-metal prostheses. Questions have been raised as to whether this is an implant, design, or patient-specific response. The reasons why some patients have a negative biological response and pathology while others do not remain to be determined, but tens of thousands of patients in the US, the UK, and around the world are considered to be at risk. Leading researchers and clinicians describe the issues related to the nature of the biological and pathological responses and the protocols that should be followed to determine if an adverse response is occurring. This book is essential reading for researchers, engineers, and orthopaedic surgeons who are involved in the design, evaluation, and implantation of metal-on-metal prostheses."

The book covers novel strategies of state of the art in engineering and clinical analysis and approaches for analyzing abdominal imaging, including lung, mediastinum, pleura, liver, kidney and gallbladder. In the last years the imaging techniques have experienced a tremendous improvement in the diagnosis and characterization of the pathologies that affect abdominal organs. In particular, the introduction of extremely fast CT scanners and high Magnetic field MR Systems allow imaging with an exquisite level of detail the anatomy and pathology of liver, kidney, pancreas, gallbladder as well as lung and mediastinum. Moreover, thanks to the development of powerful computer hardware and advanced mathematical algorithms the quantitative and automated\semi automated diagnosis of the pathology is becoming a reality. Medical image analysis plays an essential role in the medical imaging field, including computer-aided diagnosis, organ/lesion segmentation, image registration, and image-guided therapy. This book will cover all the imaging techniques, potential for applying such imaging clinically, and offer present and future applications as applied to the abdomen and thoracic imaging with the most world renowned scientists in these fields. The main aim of this book is to help advance scientific research within the broad field of abdominal imaging. This book focuses on major trends and challenges in this area, and it presents work aimed to identify new techniques and their use in medical imaging analysis for abdominal imaging.

This book presents recent work on healthcare management and engineering using artificial intelligence and data mining techniques. Specific topics covered in the contributed chapters include predictive mining, decision support, capacity management, patient flow optimization, image compression, data clustering, and feature selection. The content will be valuable for researchers and postgraduate students in computer science, information technology, industrial engineering, and applied mathematics.

This book provides a thorough overview of cutting-edge research on electronics applications relevant to industry, the environment, and society at large. It covers a broad spectrum of application domains, from automotive to space and from health to security, while devoting special attention to the use of embedded devices and sensors for imaging, communication and control. The book is based on the 2016 ApplePies Conference, held in Rome, Italy in September 2016, which brought together researchers and stakeholders to consider the most significant current trends in the field of applied electronics and to debate visions for the future. Areas addressed by the conference included information communication technology; biotechnology and biomedical imaging; space; secure, clean and efficient energy; the environment; and smart, green and integrated transport. As electronics technology continues to develop apace, constantly meeting previously unthinkable targets, further attention needs to be directed toward the electronics applications and the development of systems that facilitate human activities. This book, written by industrial and academic professionals, represents a valuable contribution in this endeavor.

This book presents cutting-edge papers and perspectives on the transport of oxygen to tissues by scientists in a multitude of disciplines such as biochemistry, engineering, mathematics, medicine, physics, physiology, veterinary and complementary medicine. The book is composed of the following 6 parts: Brain Oxygenation and Function, Tumor Oxygenation and Metabolism, Muscle Oxygenation and Sports Medicine, Cell Metabolism and Tissue Oxygenation, Methodology of O2 Measurements, and Special Topics. The articles in this book have been presented at the 42nd annual meeting of the International Society on Oxygen Transport to Tissue (ISOTT 2019) held in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, from July 28 to July 31, 2019. Academics, clinical and industry researchers, engineers, as well as graduate students who are interested in oxygen transport to tissue will find this book a great reference and a useful learning resource.

This book examines the fundamental concepts of multimodality small-animal molecular imaging technologies and their numerous applications in biomedical research. Driven primarily by the widespread availability of various small-animal models of human diseases replicating accurately biological and biochemical processes in vivo, this is a relatively new yet rapidly expanding field that has excellent potential to become a powerful tool in biomedical research and drug development. In addition to being a powerful clinical tool, a number of imaging modalities including but not limited to CT, MRI, SPECT and PET are also used in small laboratory animal research to visualize and track certain molecular processes associated with diseases such as cancer, heart disease and neurological disorders in living small animal models of disease. In vivo small-animal imaging is playing a pivotal role in the scientific research paradigm enabling to understand human molecular biology and pathophysiology using, for instance, genetically engineered mice with spontaneous diseases that closely mimic human diseases.

"Advances in Cancer Research" provides invaluable information on the exciting and fast-moving field of cancer research. Here, once again, outstanding and original reviews are presented on a variety of topics.
Provides information on cancer researchOutstanding and original reviewsSuitable for researchers and students

This book addresses the pressing issues involved with the ethical conduct of research in one developing world region - the Arab Region. Clinical research has soared in the developing world -as pharmaceutical companies continue their search for regions with large, treatment naive populations - including the Arab region, and has profound implications for the health and the economies for the area. The ethical issues involved with the conduct of such research, however, have so far not been adequately addressed. This volume presents the issues regarding research ethics and research governance that have relevance for health authorities, regulators, industry, and academia. As a multi-authored volume it includes both international and local experts on ethical issues in research, representing all stakeholders, thus presenting a balanced view on this timely topic.

This expert volume covers an interdisciplinary and rapidly growing area of biomedical research comprising genetic, biochemical, pathological, and clinical studies aimed at the diagnosis and therapy of human diseases which are either caused by or associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. It dedicates itself to showcasing the tremendous efforts and the progress that has been made over the last decades in developing techniques and protocols for probing, imaging, and manipulating mitochondrial functions. Mitochondrial Medicine: Volume II, Manipulating Mitochondrial Function describes techniques developed for manipulating and assessing mitochondrial function under general pathological conditions and specific disease states. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Comprehensive and practical, Mitochondrial Medicine provides an essential source of know-how and inspiration to all researchers who are fascinated by this tiny organelle that seems so clearly to control the life and death of a single cell and whole organisms alike.

This book outlines comprehensively the main medical uses of aptamers, from diagnosis to therapeutics in fourteen chapters. Pioneering topics covered include aptamer pharmaceuticals, aptamers for malign tumors, aptamers for personalized therapeutics and aptamers for point-of-care testing. The book offers an essential guide for medical scientists interested in developing aptamer-based schemes for better theranostics. It is therefore of interest for not only academic researchers, but also practitioners and medical researchers in various fields of medical science, medical research and bio-analytical chemistry.

The EQ-5D instrument, as a standardized, cross-culturally validated measure of self-assessed health has a hugely important role in understanding population health within and across countries. Over the past two decades a wealth of international population health survey data have been accumulated by the EuroQol Group from research conducted in many countries across four continents. One of the success factors of the EQ-5D instruments has been the easy availability of national or international sets of EQ-5D data, as well as clear explanations and guidance for users. There is an unmet need to produce a comprehensive book that captures up-to-date and expanded information of EQ-5D self-reported health and index values. EQ-5D population norms and cross-country analyses are provided from representative national surveys of 20 countries and additional regional surveys. This book will be a must for those who believe that how people report and value health is very important.